基础英语4

until-11

1.Whatever great achievements the future may have in store for China,it is likely that many of them will be born in northwestern Beijing.无论中国将来会有什么样的伟大成就,其中许多很有可能就诞生在北京的西北部。whatever此处意为“无论什么”,引导让步状语从   句,相当于no mat-ter what,类似的还有 whenever,wherever,whichever等。如:①Whatever sort of weather it is, we shall start at nine o'clock.无论天气怎样,我们都将于九点钟开始。②Wherever you are, you can't be happy without a friend.无论你在哪里,没有朋友就不会快乐。③Whoever comes, he is welcome.不管谁来都受欢迎。④Whichever you choose, you will be pleased.不管你选择哪一个你都会满意。⑤However dificult the task may be, I will finish it on time.不管这项任务有多困难,我都会按时完成。【注】上述例句都可改成“no matter+疑问词+从句”的结构。如:⑥No matter what sort of weather it is, we shall start at nine o'clock.⑦No matter where you are, you can't be happy without a friend.⑧No matter who comes, heis welcome.⑨No matter which you choose, you will be pleased.⑩No matter how difficult the task may be, I will finish it on time.【注】whatever还可引导名词性从句,这一点从句子的结构中可以看出来,请同学们不要将名词性从句和状语从句相混淆。如:⑪Whatever I have is at your service.(主语从句)我所有的一切都由你使用。⑫I'll just say whatever comes into my head.(宾语从句)我想到什么就说什么。⑬One should stick to whatever one has begun.(宾语从句)开始了的事就要坚持下去。⑭Talk to me about whatever is troubling you.(宾语从句)跟我谈谈任何使你烦恼的事。in store意为“准备着”“贮藏着”“供将来用的”。如:
⑮That's a treat in store.那件乐事你等着瞧吧。⑯The runner kept some energy in store for spurting at the end.那名赛跑的人为最后冲刺贮存体力。
in store亦可作“将要发生”“就要出现”解释。如:⑰There was another accident in store for him.那天还有另外一场灾难在等着他。⑱Who knows what the future has in store for us?谁知道我们将面临什么?⑲He's got a few surprises in store if he thinks he can order us around.如果他认为他可以把我们差来谴去,将会有一些令他吃惊的事等着他。likely是形容词,意为“可能的”“看来要发生的”,通常作表语,后接不定式或that从句,如本课。再如:⑳Are we likely to arrive in time?我们有可能及时到达吗?21 Are you likely to be in London this year?你今年可能到伦敦来吗?22We are not likely to veto our own proposal,are we?我们不大可能会否决我们自己的提案,是吧?23She does not seem likely to get it from you.她似乎不大可能从你这儿得到它。【注】likely后接 that从句时,通常用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如:24 It's highly likely that he will succeed.很可能他会成功。25 Is it likely that he will do very well?他有可能干得很好吗?26 It did not seem likely that he would continue long in that position.他似乎不大可能长期留在那个职位。27I don't think it likely that she'd go out for a walk.我认为她不大可能会出去散步。likely后面也可以跟其他结构。如:28Rain is likely in all parts of the region today.今天该地区各处都可能下雨。29That story of yours doesn't sound very likely.你讲的那个情况听起来不太可能。

③That. I think, is hardly likely.这个我想几乎不大可能。第十一单元likely有时还可作定语,作“可能的”“可信的”“合适的”解释。如:31This is a likely place for him to stay.这是他可能待的地方。Your story is a likely one.你讲的情况很可信。【注】另外有两个形容词也表示“可能的”,即probable和possible。如:3Is there a possible chance of success?有可能成功的机会吗?34He is the only possible man for the position.他是唯一可能担任这个职务的人。35The weather forecast is for probable showers.天气预报说可能有阵雨。36I think it is ninety percent probable.我想这有百分之九十的可能性。【注】这两个词表示的可能性有差别,probable表示较大的可能性,而possible表示“有可能的”,但不强调可能性大小。如:37It's possible, but hardly probable.这是可能的,但可能性不是很大。

2.It is home to the Chinese Academy of Sciences and more than ten fa-mous universities.这是中国科学院和十多所著名大学的所在地。home原意是“家”,此处作“所在地”“发源地”“大本营”解释,是名词,在句中可以不带冠词。如:①East,west,home is best.东跑,西跑,家里最好。②Mr Thompson left home at the age of fifteen.汤普森先生十五岁时离家。③He left India for home.他离开印度回国了。④When I retire I shall make my home in the country.等我退休了,我要在乡下安家。⑤He was born in England but he now looks on Paris as his home.他出生于英格兰,但他现在把巴黎看作自己的家。
【注】当homc前有形容词修饰时,可在形容词前加不定冠词。如:⑥She has a pleasant home.第十一单元她有一个愉快的家。⑦She had a strong desire for a comfortable home.她非常想有一个舒适的家。【注】home可作副词用,意为“到家”“往家里”等。如:⑧Is he home yet? I saw him on his way home.他到家了吗?我看见他在回家的路上。⑨We ought to turn back and get home.我们应该掉转头回家。⑩He arranged to go home on Thursday.他安排星期四回家。

3.The centre itself got started in the early 1980s.这个中心本身是在二十世纪八十年代初期开始运转的。get started意为“开始”,此处get是指进入或变为某种状态,多作连系动词,后接过去分词作表语。请阅读下列例句,体会get的这种用法及含义。①Don't get excited about it.别为这事激动。②You didn't get hurt in any way?你没伤着哪儿吧?③What's more, they often got stuck in the mud.而且他们常常陷到泥里。④He got more and more absorbed in the work.他的心思越来越集中在这项工作上。⑤I'm getting all mixed up.我完全给弄糊涂了。get后也可以跟形容词作表语,表示“进入某种状态”。如:⑥You go and get ready. I'll be with you in a minute.你去准备好,我一会儿就来。⑦Let's go right now before it gets too late.咱们别等太晚,现在就走吧!【注】请注意“get+过去分词”与“get+宾语+过去分词”的区别,前者S表示主语进入某种状态;而后者表示宾语与宾补之间呈被动关系,相当于have sth.done的句型。试比较:⑧They got caught in the storm.
他们赶上暴雨了。⑨They tried to get us interested in the idea.第十一单元他们设法让我们对这想法感兴趣。⑩Five soldiers got wounded in the battle.在这次战斗中,有五位战士受了伤。⑪Tom got his wrist broken when playing volleyball.汤姆打排球时手腕骨折了。【注】get后可以跟现在分词,表示“开始······起来”。如:⑫It's half past eight; let's get going.已经八点半了,咱们开始干吧。⑬We got talking, anddidn't notice the time.我们谈了起来,时间过去也没注意。⑭They went in and got chatting together.他们走进去,开始攀谈起来。in the late 1990s意为“在二十世纪九十年代后期”。表示年代,应在数词后面加s或's,前面加定冠词the;表示“在该年代的初期或后期”,分别在数词前加形容词early或late。如:in the early 1990s 在二十世纪九十年代初期in the late 1980s 在二十世纪八十年代后期

4.come true及其他此处

 come true意为“实现”“成为现实(事实)”。如:①Your dream will come true some day.你的理想总有一天会实现的。②What he had hoped at last came true.他希望的事最后成为现实了。【注】此处come是连系动词,后面跟形容词或过去分词,表示一种变化。如:③The handle has come loose.把手松了。④It comes easy after a time.过一段时间就会变得容易起来。⑤The buttons on your coat came unfastened.你大衣上的扣子开了。⑥The belt came unbuckled.腰带开了。⑦Things will come right in the end.情况最后一定会变好的。⑧That package you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包儿快散了。⑨That problem will also come under discussion.第十一单元那个问题也是要讨论的。⑩What time does he come on duty?他什么时候上班?⑪When did you first come in contact with him?你什么时候开始和他接触的?【注】come可以和cheap,expensive,dear等连用,表示“算  起来” 。⑫It comes cheaper if you have a monthly ticket.你要是有月票,会合算一些。

5.set foot in/on 

base 常与on或upon连用

basic为形容词, 表示“基本的”,basically是副词,表示“基本上”

I will never forget how happy I was when I set my foot in China a-gain.我永远也不会忘记当我再次踏上中国的土地时是多么的高兴。set foot in/on,意思是“踏上······”“进入······”。如:①I left him, determined never to set foot in that house again.我离开了他,决心再也不进这屋子里来了。②From the moment they set foot on our school they were warmly receivedby the students.他们一走进我们的校园,就受到了学生们的热情接待。③As they got off the bus and set foot on the grassland they were struck bythe beauty of it.他们一走下汽车踏上草地,就被这草原的美景迷住了。6.动词base的用法base为及物动词,常以被动语态或过去分词形式出现,本文中其后接介词in,表示地点。如:①The company's main activities are based in Paris.该公司的主要经营活动在巴黎。②Our firm is based in Tokyo.本公司设在东京。③He was based in London during the war.战争期间,他的驻地是伦敦。
base 常与on或upon连用,意为“以······为基础”“以······为依据”。
如:④Her theory is based on careful research.她的理论建立在仔细研究的基础上。
⑤One should always base one's opinion on facts.人们的看法总是应该以事实为依据。(6)I base my hopes upon the news we had yesterday.我把希望寄托在昨天得到的消息上。第十一弟光(7)Direct laxation(=Taxe on income) is usually based upon income.直接税收(收入所得税)通常是以收入为基础的。(8)The figures are based upon average market prices.这些数字是根据市场价格的平均数得来的。
【注】base也可以作名词用,意为“基础”“基地 ” 。如:(9)The tired soldiers marched back to the base.疲惫的士兵开回基地。(1)Shelley thus laid the base for his future thinking.就这样,冒莱打下了未来思想的基础。①At last Marx went to England and made London the base for his revolu-tionary work.最后马克思去了英国并把伦敦作为他革命工作的基地。【注】由base还可派生出另外三个词,即basis,,basic和basically,其中basis是名词,意为“根据”“基础”。如:⑫The text can be used as a basis of discussion.课文可以用作讨论的基础。⑬They want all groups to be treated on an equal basis.他们希望所有的小组都受到平等的对待。【注】on the basis of...意为“根据······”“在······的基础上”。如:⑭We made the decision on the basis of what we had been told.我们是根据得到的信息作出这个决定的。⑮On the basis of our sales forecasts, we may begin to make money nextyear.根据我们的市场预测,我们可能明年开始赚钱。basic为形容词, 表示“基本的”,basically是副词,表示“基本上”。如:⑯As students of English, we should improve our basic skills of reading,writing and communicating.作为学英语的学生,我们应该提高读写及交流的基本技巧。⑰They lacked the basic necessities of life.他们缺乏生活的基本必需品。⑱They believe that men are basically good.他们相信人基本上是好的。

7.have an effect on

affect

as well as

Zhongguancun has had a positive effect on business as well as science.中关村无论对商业还是科学都产生了积极的影响。
have an effect on意为“对······产生影响”。如:①The medicine has little effect on the patient.这药对这个病人没有多少效果。②The radiation leak has had a disastrous effect on the environment.放射线泄漏对周围环境造成了灾难性的后果。【注】另外有一个词 affect与effect 在词形上相似,容易混淆,但意思及词性不同,作“影响”“打动”“感染”解释,需要学生加以特别注意,请看下列例句:③Their opinion will not affect my decision.他们的意见不会影响我的决定。④Drought affected the whole country.旱灾影响了整个国家。⑤All the people in the room were affected to tears.屋内的人都感动得流下了眼泪。⑥They were all deeply affected by the news of her death.她去世的消息使我们全都深为感伤。⑦AIDS seems to affect men and women in equal numbers.艾滋病在男性和女性中的感染率似乎是相同的。as well as意为“除······外还有”“也”“和”。如:⑧As well as a son, she also has a daughter.除了有一个儿子外,她还有个女儿。⑨John can speak Chinese as well as French.除法语外,约翰还会讲汉语。⑩It is important for you as well as for me.这不仅对我重要,对你也很重要。【注】as well as后面需引出另一个人或事物,与前面提到过的人或事物作比较,as well则作“另外”“还”解释,放在句末。⑪She can ride a horse and swim; she can shoot as well.她会骑马和游泳,另外她还会射击。⑫He needs to develop his reading further, and his writing as well.他需要进一步提高阅读和写作能力。

8.rely on

You may rely on it 你放心好了

Relying on science, technology, and knowledge to increase econornipower.
依靠科学、技术和知识发展经济。rely on意思是“依靠”“依赖”也可以作“信任”“信赖”解释。如:①We must rely on our own efforts.我们必须依靠自己的努力。②You may not rely on the weather report.天气预报不足为信。③I rely on her to pay back the money.我相信她会还钱。④You may rely on him coming on time.你可以放心,他会按时来的。⑤She is forced to rely on social security money.她被迫依赖社会保险金生活。⑥They made little use of missiles, but relied upon tanks.他们很少使用导弹,但却依仗坦克。【注】rely on后面接宾语后,还可以接不定式或现在分词作 宾 补。也可以接动名词的复合结构作宾语。如:⑦You can rely on Peter to do whatever he promises.你可以相信彼得会做他答应做的任何事情。⑧Don't rely on the bank lending you the money.别指望这家银行会借钱给你。⑨Rely on my/me doing it.放心吧,我会做这件事的。⑩I think we can rely on Dick not to tell anyone.我认为我们可以信任狄克不会对别人说的。【注】我们还可以用rely on sb. for sth.来表示“依靠(指望)某人获得某物”。如:⑪They have to rely on the river for their water.他们得靠这条河供应用水。⑫Tim always relies on his wife for advice on clothes.狄姆总是靠妻子给他安排穿着。【注】rely on it后可接that从句,表示“一定”“确定”。如:⑬You may rely on it that he will come to meet you.你放心好了,他会来接你的。⑭You may rely on it that they will come and join you.
你可以放心,他们会来和你们一道干的。
【注】rely on可用于被动结构。如:
⑮ We know such people are not to be relied upon.我们知道这种人是靠不住的。
⑯She had proved that she could be relied on in a crisis.她已证明,在危急时刻她是靠得住的。

9.As Yufang puts it.就像瑜芳所说的那样。
此处as引导方式状语从句,as表示“和”“像”“依照”“按照”。
如:①I have changed it as you suggested.我已按照你的建议修改了。②I did as he asked.我依照他的要求做了。③When in Rome, do as the Romans do.入乡随俗(谚语)。④As a man lives, so he dies.正如人能活,也能死。⑤I am as you imagine short of money.正如你所想像的,我很缺钱。⑥Robin didn't feel as she did.罗宾没有她那种感觉。
【注】方式状语从句也可以由like引起。如:⑦She can't cook like her mother does.她菜没有她妈妈做得那样好。⑧I feel just like I did when I was a boy.我的感觉就和小时候一样。【注】方式状语从句也可由as if或as though 引起。如:⑨I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.整件事我记得很清楚,就像发生在昨天似的。⑩Fancy you sitting there as if nothing had happened.想不到你竟然坐在那里,仿佛什么也没发生似的。
【注】just as和much as也可引起方式状语从句。如:⑪They tried to conceal this fact much as I did last year.他们设法隐瞒事实,就像我去年做的那样。⑫It swims above the sea floor just as its ancestors did.它在海底上方游动,就像它的祖辈一样。
【注】方式状语从句也可以不用连词引起。如:
⑬They didn't do it the way we do now.那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。第十一单元⑭He doesn't speak the way I do.他不像我这样讲话。⑮I can't help seeing things the way they do.我禁不住也像他们那样看事物。⑯She's behaving the same way her elder sister used to.她的行为和她姐姐过去的行为完全一样。【注】有时这类从句的主语和谓语可省略。如:⑰It usually happens as described above.情况通常就像上面描述的那样发生了。⑱She waited as if for a reply.她似乎在等回复。⑲He shivered as though with cold.他抖动着仿佛受了凉似的。⑳As expected the famous professor arrived on time.正如所料,这位著名的教授准时到达。

10.come to life的意思

come to life 意思是“恢复生气”“活跃起来”。
如:①She suddenly came to life again when the guests arrived.当宾客们到了时,她又突然活跃起来。②The city comes to life at night.晚上城市热闹起来。③I love to watch everything come to life in the spring.我喜欢看到春天万象更新。④You are very cool with your brother, but with your friends you reallycome to life.你对你哥哥挺冷漠,而和朋友相处时你就活跃起来了。come to life 还有“显得逼真”“被惟妙惟肖地描绘”的意思。如:⑤Venice comes to life in this delightful book.这本精彩的书把威尼斯描绘得生动逼真。⑥The characters of the novel come to life on the screen.小说中的人物惟妙惟肖地活跃在银幕上。⑦When he reads out loud, Papa makes stories come to life.爸爸大声朗读,使故事栩栩如生。come to life 还有“苏醒过来” 之 意。如:
⑧When the man came to life again, he found himself in a hospital bed.当那男子再次醒来时发现自己躺在医院的病床上。第十一单元【注】come to life作“苏醒过来”解释时,可省略life,写成come to。如:⑨In a few moments she suddenly came to.过了一会儿,她突然苏醒过来。⑩She is unconscious now, but may come to in a little while.她现在失去知觉了,但过一会儿可能会苏醒过来。

11.动词locate及其相应的名词

location和 locality动词 locate 在本单元中作“把······设置在······”“使······坐 落于······”解释。①We located our firm in Florida.我们把公司设在佛罗里达州。②The house was located in the heart of the city.这所房子位于市中心。③The management decided to locate their new office in Birmingham.管理部门决定在伯明翰设立新的办事处。动词locate可作“找出”“确定(某人或某物的准确位置)”解释。④We have located the source of the problem.我们已找到了问题的根源。⑤The general tried to locate the enemy's camp.将军试图确定敌人营地的位置。⑥Can you locate Paris and Berlin on the map?你能在地图上找到巴黎和柏林吗?locate的名词是 location,意为“位置”“地点”“场所”。如:⑦You'd better find a suitable location for new houses.你最好找一个建新房子的合适地点。⑧The location of the factory is close to the railway.这家工厂的位置靠近铁路。locality 虽然也是名词,但意思不同,意为“地方”“地区”。如:⑨There are several bookstores in this locality.这个地区有好几家书店。⑩He knew many people in the locality of Boston.他在波士顿地区认识不少人。

12.动词 contribute的意思和用法

contribute 在本课中作“贡献”解释,后常接介 词 to,for或toward。如:
①He felt he should contribute something to the communtty that hod geso much to him.第十一单元他觉得他应该为帮了他那么大忙的社区做些什么。②The Song Dynasty contributed three great inventions to world eívilizsticza.宋朝有三大发明对世界文明作出了贡献。③Everyone should contribute what he or she can afford.人人都应该尽自己所能作贡献。④Everyone was asked to contribute suggestions for the party.要求人人为聚会献计献策。contribute还有“捐助”“捐赠”之意。如:⑤Each worker contributed three dollars to the Red Crose.每位工人都捐了3美元给红十字会。⑥We contributed food and clothing for the flood refugees.我们捐献食物和衣服给水灾难民。⑦Thank you for contributing generously to these funds.谢谢你对这项基金作了慷慨的捐赠。contribute 可作“促进”“导致”“有助于”解释。如:⑧Fresh air and exercise contribute to good health.新鲜空气和锻炼有助于健康。⑨Some people hold that air pollution contributes to this disease.有些人认为这种疾病是由空气污染造成的。⑩His carelessness contributed to the accident.他的粗心大意是导致了这场事故的发生。contribute亦可作“投稿”“撰稿”解释。如:⑪I've been asked to contribute an article to the language magazine.有人请我给那本语言杂志写篇稿子。⑫I often contribute to the school paper.我经常给学校的报纸投稿。contribute 的名词是 contribution,通常与make,give 等动词连用。如:⑬He has made great contributions to a space development program.他对太空发展计划作出了很大的贡献。⑭He was awarded a prize for his contribution to the world peace.他因为对世界和平的贡献而被授奖。⑮I give a ten-dollar contribution to the church every Sunday.我每个星期日捐十美元给教会。

13.showcase的词性和用法

showcase在本单元中作动词用,意为“使展现”“将(最优秀的)展现出来”。例:①The films are being showcased this month.这个月优秀电影将被展示出来。②Some ancient paintings are to be showcased in the city museum nextweek.一些古代绘画将于下周在市博物馆展出。showcase的原意是“玻璃陈列柜”“供亮相的地方”“显示优点的东西”,是名词。如:③The thieves smashed the showcase and stole the vase.小偷打碎了玻璃陈列柜,窃走了花瓶。④The new musical is a good showcase for her talents.这部新上映的音乐剧很好地展现了她的(音乐)才能。⑤This opera is an excellent showcase for the company.这部歌剧是该剧团的一部精彩剧目。

14.lead to  

The program was started in March 1986 and has led to several break-throughs in science and technology.这个方案是一九八六年三月启动的,已经在科学和技术上取得了多项突破。 lead to  此 处意为“导致”“引起” ,to为介词,后接名词、代词或动名词。如:①These measures are likely to lead to future tax cuts.这些措施有可能引起将来的税收缩减。②His scandal led to his resignation.他的丑闻导致了他的辞职。③Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness.工作太多休息太少常常使人生病。④These evening courses will lead to an academic degree.学完这些夜大课程可获得学位。breakthrough 此处是一个名词,是由break和through构成的合成词,意为“突转”“突破  ”,尤指科研中的“重大进展”“重要发现”。如:⑤Foreign ministers have made a major breakthrough in negotiation.外交部长们的谈判已经取得了重大进展。⑥The doctors are trying to make a breakthrough in cancer research.
医生们正努力想在癌症的研究上取得突破。【注】动词词组 break through也有“突破”之意。如:第十一单元⑦Scientists say they are beginning to break through in the fight againstAIDS.科学家们说,他们在防治艾滋病方面开始有所突破。⑧At dawn tanks broke through the enemy line.黎明时刻,坦克突破了敌军防线。⑨After the storm, the sun broke through the clouds.风暴过后,太阳冲破了云层。⑩The river broke through its banks and flooded the fields.河水冲破河堤淹没了田野。

15.The success is no accident.成功绝不是偶然的。no是形容词,与not不同,后者是副词,不可直接修饰名词。no实际上等于not a/not any,但在意义上有所不同,not的否定意义一般,而no的否定意义比not强,相当于“根本不是的”“远非的”。试比较下列句子:①He is not a scholar.他不是学者。②He is no scholar.他不太识字。③He is not a fool.他不是傻瓜。④He is no fool.他很精明。⑤He is not a singer.他不是歌手。⑥He is no singer.他根本不会唱歌。⑦There was no milk left.牛奶一滴也没剩下。⑧The nightclub is no place for a child.夜总会绝不是小孩子去的地方。⑨He had no intention of paying the cash.他没有一点要付款的意思。⑩This is no easy job.这决非易事。⑪He is no friend of mine.他根本不是我的朋友。⑫She has no small influence on the decisions he makes.她对他作的决定有不小的影响。

16.put forward的意思

put forward意为“提出”。如:①Who put forward this proposal?这个建议是谁提出的?
②Are you serious in putting forUniu
d such a view?你提出这个建议是认真的吗?第十一单元③He put forward his suggestions for us to consider.他提出建议供我们考虑。put forward有“拨快(钟表的)针”“提早举行(活动)”之意。如:④Don't forget to put the clock forward an hour tonight.别忘了今晚将时钟拨快一小时。⑤The mnen's final has been put forward to 1:30.男子决赛已(被)提前到1:30。⑥The attack was put forward an hour.进攻提前了一个钟头。put forward还可作“推荐”解释。如:⑦You have been put forward as candidate.你已被推荐为候选人。⑧May I put your name forward as a possible chairman of the committee?我能将你提名为以后的委员会主任吗?

17.aim at的意思

及用法aim at此处作“目标是······”“打算······”解释。如:①What's the girl aiming at?这姑娘打算干什么?②We aim at increasing production.我们的目标是增加产量。③The factory must aim at developing new models of machines.该工厂必须致力于研究新型机械。④He aims at perfection in everything he does.他做任何事情都力求尽善尽美。【注】还可用于be aimed at表示类似的意思。如:⑤The new law is aimed at stopping the black market there.这项新法令的目的是制止那里的黑市交易。⑥His speech was aimed at the public.他的讲话是针对大众的。⑦The visit was aimed at expanding the relation between the two countries.访问的目的是扩大两国间的关系。【注】aim后可以跟不定式,表示“打算 ”“企图” 。如:⑧He aims to become a computer expert.他打算当一名电脑专家。
⑨She aimed to please her boss.她企图讨好老板。第十一单元⑩I aim to finish it tomorrow.我打算明天完成。【注】aim at的原意是“瞄准”。如:⑪He picked up a stone and aimed it at the dog.他捡起一块石头朝狗扔去。⑫I walked over and saw him aiming his home-made gun at a hole.我走过去,看见他用自制的枪瞄准一个洞。

18.ever的常见用法

ever是副词,用来修饰动词,一般多用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中,在与过去时态的动词连用时,意思接近“曾经”,但有多种译法。如:①Has she ever talked to you about such matters?她曾和你谈到这类事吗?②Did you ever go to Ireland?你去过爱尔兰吗?③This is the best novel she has ever written.这是她写得最好的一部小说。④I don't remember ever seeing him before.我不记得在哪里见过他。ever也可以用来谈将来的动作,起强调作用。如:⑤If you ever see George, give him my kind regards.如果你见到乔治,就代我向他问好。⑥I don't think I'll ever be homesick here.我认为我在这里任何时候都不会想家。⑦He's better than you'll ever be.你永远也超不过他。⑧She doesn't want ever to speak of it.她不想再谈及此事。ever也可以用来表示现在的习惯性动作。如:⑨She is scarcely ever at home.她现在很少在家。⑩A mother is ever ready to help her children.母亲总是乐意帮助自己的孩子。⑪Do you ever go to pop music?
你有时去听流行音乐会吗?ever常与than及as连用,起加强比较等级语气的作用。如:第十一单元⑫She was as interested in music as ever.她对音乐还是像过去那样有兴趣。⑬It's raining harder than ever.雨下得更大了。⑭It was the most awful film ever.这是最糟糕的电影。⑮He came late, as ever.他像过去一样又迟到了。ever还有“老是”“永远”之意。如:⑯You will find me ever at your service.你会发现我永远听你使唤。⑰Ever the optimist, I thought everything would be okay.我永远是个乐天派,认为一切都会没问题的。⑱Ever hopeful Mckellen never gave up on the cinema.麦克林始终对电影抱有希望,从未放弃。ever常与疑问词连用加强语气。如:⑲What ever do you mean?你到底是什么意思?⑳ Who ever would have thought of such a thing?究竟谁会想到这样的事情呢?2 How ever shall we get there?我们究竟怎样到那里去?②Why ever not?到底为什么不是(或不能)?ever 还可用于 ever since, ever after, ever so, ever such,起强调作用。如:23 They lived happily ever after.从此以后他们过着幸福的生活。2A He came here for a holiday one year ago and he's lived here ever since.他一年前来这里度假,从那时起一直住在这里。25 The ocean is ever so deep.大海真深。26 She is ever such a nice girl.她是这么好的一位姑娘。

19.state

state作动词用时意为“陈述”“说明”,通常指很正式地说,后接名词或名词性从句。
如:①State your opinion of the new school rules.说说你对学校新规定的看法。②The notice states clearly that dogs are not allowed.布告牌上清楚地写明禁止狗入内。③This book states the case for women's rights very clearly.这本书非常清楚地阐述了争取妇女权利的问题。④The witness stated that she had never seen Mr Brown before.证人宣称她以前从未见过布朗先生。state 亦可作“预定”“指定”“规定”解释。如:⑤You must work the hours stated.你必须按规定的时间工作。⑥The price of the tickets is stated on them.票价已经在票面标出。

until-12

1.再谈 instead 和 instead ofinstead是副词,意为“不······而······”“作为替代”,但在汉语中常不译出。如:①Last year I went to France. This year I'm going to Italy instead.去年我去了法国,今年我不去法国而去意大利。②He didn't join the army. Instead he decided to become an actor.
他没有参军,而决定做一名演员。③If Joe can't attend the meeting, I could go instead.第十二单元如果乔不能出席会议,我可以代他去。④She never sludies. Instead she watches TV all day.她从不学习,反而整天看电视。【注】instead 无论出现在句首还是句末,并不否定该句的内容。instead of就不同,其后的内容都是被否定的,请看下列句子(5Give me the red pen instead of the blue one.给我那支红笔,而不是蓝笔。⑥We walked down the stairs instead of taking the lift.我们是走下楼梯的,而不是乘电梯。⑦I stayed in bed all day instead of going to work.我没上班,而是在床上躺了一整天。【注】请注意 instead与in(the)/(one's)stead的区别,前者是副词后者是名词,且不能独立使用,常用在in one's stead 这个词中。如:⑧She asked me to go to the meeting in her stead.她请求我代她去出席会议。⑨The nephew of the king came in his stead.国王的侄子代表国王来此。【注】关于instead和instead of的详细用法,请参见1+1高二上册220页。

2.By taking the scientific developments of his day one step further,JVerne laid the foundation of modern science fiction.通过将他所代的科学发展向前推进一步,儒勒·凡尔纳奠定了现代科幻小说基础。by此处是介词,表示方式或手段,后接名词或动名词。如:①We have to express our thought by action.我们要用行动表达我们的思想。②The money will be paid by cheque.这笔钱将用支票支付。③We want to settle this bydirect talk with them.我们想通过和他们直接对话来解决这个问题。④The police talked to each other by radio.警察用无线电通话。⑤Entrance to the theatre is by ticket only.剧院凭票入场。⑥The blind men wanted to know what the elephant was like by feeling antouching.盲人们想通过触摸知道象是什么样子的。第十二单元lay the foundations 意为“奠定基础”。如:⑦This laid the foundations for later modem economic growth.这为以后现代经济的增长奠定了基础。⑧The two leaders have laid the foundations of a new era in cooperation be-tween their couintries.两位领导人为两国间合作的新时代奠定了基础。【注】请注意动词lay与lie的区别。lay为及物动词,意为“放”,其过去式、过去分词及现在分词分别为laid,laid,laying,而lie是不及物动词,意为“躺”,其过去式、过去分词及现在分词分别为lay,lain,lying。请阅读下列例句,区别其不同意思。⑨She laid down the cup on the tray.她把杯子放在盘子上。⑩I lay awake for about ten minutes.我醒着躺了约十分钟。⑪Lay the package on the table,please.请把包放在桌子上。⑫It's wonderful lying on the beach all day.整天在海滩上躺着真舒服。⑬Mary laid a note on her desk.玛丽在她桌上放了一张条子。⑭He lay unconscious on the battleground for hours before they finally foundhim.他在战场上昏迷不醒地躺了几个钟头最后他们才找到他。【注】lie还有“说谎”之意,这时是规则动词,其三种形式为lied,lied,lying。如:⑮He never lied in his life.他一辈子没撒过谎。⑯I never thought you would lie to me.我从未想到你会对我说假话。【注】lie也可作名词用,意思是“谎言”。与动词tell连用。如:⑰He's telling lies about the agreement.关于协议他是在说谎。⑱I have never told a lie to my students.我从未对我的学生撒过谎。

3.Jules Verne died in 1905, long before any of his dreams came true.
儒勒·凡尔纳于1905年去世,远没有实现他的梦想。long before 和 before long其二十long before 不是一个词组,此处before是一个连词,引导时间从句。而long是副词,修饰该从句,起状语作用。而before lon一个词组,意为“不久”,相当于soon。请比较下列例句,体会异。如:①The book will be published before long.这本书不久就会出版。②He'll get bored before long, you'll see.你会发现他不久就会厌倦的。③I knew Smith long before I know you.在认识你之前很久我就认识史密斯了。④It will not be long before you retire.不久你就要退休了。come true意为“实现”,具体用法请参见本书第一单元讲解4。

4.set out的意思和用法set out作不及物动词时,意为“出发”“启程”。如:①We now set out to climb the hill.我们现在出发去爬山。②It was raining when we set out.我们出发时天正下着雨。③Half an hour later I set out again on my journey.半小时以后,我又启程赶路了set out作“开始”“着手”“打算”“试图”解释时,后接动词不定如:④They set out to perform the operation.他们开始动起手术来。⑤He failed in what he had set out to do.他没有做到自己原来想做的事。⑥He set out to break the world record.他试图打破世界纪录。【注】set about也有“着手”“打算”之意,但通常后接名词或动名词如:⑦Andrew set about writing the report that evening.那天晚上安德鲁着手写报告了。⑧I'll set about preparing supper.
我这就去做晚饭。⑨Thoy immodialoly nal about repairing the machino.第十二单元他们立即动手修理这台机器。【注】aet oul还有“列举”“详述”“装饰”“布置”之意。如:⑩He set out his reasone for what he had done.他列举了他这样做的理由。⑪Darwin set out hie theory in details in The Origin of Species.达尔文在他的《物种起源》中详细地阐述了他的理论。⑫It took them an hour to set out the room ready for the reception.他们花了一个钟头,把房间布置起来,准备开招待会。⑬The goode wore set out on the sholf.那些商品陈列在架子上。

5.In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of themonster itself, which turns out to be a submarine.在努力求生时,他们发现自己就在怪兽的身体表面上,结果怪兽竞然是一艘潜水艇。find oneself...意思是“发现自己······”“不自觉地(来到某处)”。如:①Then I found myself surrounded by half a dozen boys.这时我发现自己被六个小男孩围住了。②He found himself walking in the direction of the zoo.他发现自己不知不觉的在往动物园走。③I found myself having more fun than I had had for years.我发现自己比过去生活得有趣了。④It's not the first time that you've found yourself in the situation.你已不止一次地发现自己处于这种境地了。⑤The road gradually widened until we found ourselves in a large valley.路慢慢宽了起来,最后我们发现自己走进了一个广阔的山谷。turn out意为“结果”“原来(情况)是”,后面可跟形容词、名词、不定式或从句。如:⑥The day turned out fine.结果这天天气很好。(形容词)⑦She was afraid things weren't going to turn out smooth for us.她担心我们将来情况不会顺利。(形容词)她担心我们将来情况不会顺利。(形容词)⑧The English evening turned out a great success.结果英语晚会开得很成功。(名词)⑨It turned out a fuurther distance than he had imagined.
结果距离比他原来想的要更远一些。(名词)⑩The person I spoke to turned out to be an Italian.第十二单元我找说话的那个人原来是意大利人。(不定式)⑪It looked like rain this morning, but it has turned out to be a fine da今天早上看起来要下雨,结果是个好天。(不定式)⑫It turns out that he was never there.原来他根本就没去过那儿。(从句)【注】turn out后接从句时,一般用it作形式主语,如例句⑫。又如:⑬It turned out that the middle-aged woman was Mary's mother.原来那位中年妇女是玛丽的母亲。【注】turn out后有时也可跟介词短语等其他结构。如:⑭But it didn't turn out like that.但结果并不如此。⑮We arrived at this place and everything turned out as described.我们到达那里,一切居然都像描述的那样。

6.board和 aboard这两个词都有“上车(船、机)”之意,但因词性不同,故用法也不同现分述如下:board是名词,多用在on board这个短语中,意为“登上”“在面”。如:①I managed to get on board.我设法登上了船。②When everyone was on board,the ship sailed.所有人都上船后,船就启航了。③The ship went down with all its crew on board.船和船上的全体人员都沉下去了。【注】on board 可起介词的作用,后接表示交通工具的名词,后面无再用其他的介词。④He ran until he was on board a city bus.他一路跑,直到他坐上一辆公交车。⑤There were ten men on board the aeroplane.飞机上有十个人。aboard是副词,意为“在船(车、飞机)上”。如:⑥They went aboard.他们上了船(车、飞机)。⑦All aboard!       
       请大家上船/公共汽车/火车/飞机!⑧The plane crashed killing more than 100 passengers aboard.第十二单元飞机失事了,机上一百多名乘客全部遇难。aboard也可以作介词用。如:⑨He was already aboard the plane.他已上飞机了。

7.wonder的意思和用法1womder about ·······(长州)”。结:①I often wonder about why she treated me like that.我常常奇怪她为什么这样对待我。②Do you often wonder about the future of the world?你常为世界的未来感到不安吗?③What are you wondering about?什么使你感到惊奇?④It makes you wonder about the effect on men's behavior.这使人感到好奇,想知道这对人的行为有什么影响。wonder与at连用,表示“奇怪”“惊异”。如:⑤I don't wonder at her refusing to marry him.她不肯嫁给他我并不感到惊讶。⑥They wondered at his learning.他们对他的学问感到惊奇。⑦The failure to arrive at a common anguage on many problems is not to bewondered at.在很多问题上没有共同语言,是不足为奇的。wonder可以用来比较委婉地提出请求。如:⑧I wonder whether you would mind doing me a favour.不知道你能不能帮我一个忙。⑨I wonder if you would give me some advice.不知你能否给我出个主意。⑩I am wondering if you would care to spend the evening with mne.不知你晚上可否和我一起度过。wonder常译作“不知道”“纳闷”后接从句或“疑问词+不定式”的结构。
⑪I wonder what you call these flowers.不知这种花你们叫什么。⑫She wondered why they hadn't given her an answer.
她纳闷为什么他们没给她回信。⑬Let's go home. They'll be wondering where we are.第十二单元咱们回家吧,他们会奇怪我们到哪儿去了。MI am wondering how to get there quickly.我想知道怎么去最快。⑮They wondered where to spend the night.他们不知该在哪儿过夜。【注】wonder作“感到奇怪”“感到惊奇”解释时可直接跟不定式。1⑯I wondered to hear your voice. When did you get back?听到你的声音我很诧异,你什么时候回来的?⑰They wondered to see her there.看到她在这儿,他们很惊奇。⑱They wondered to see him looking so cheerful.看到他这么高兴的样子,他们很奇怪。

8.begin with的一些用法begin with的意思是“以······开始”。如:①Knowledge begins with practice.认识从实践开始。②The great man began with the second question.那个伟人从第二个问题问起。③The ocean began with little drops of water.大洋是点滴的水汇成的。begin with 可作“先(从某事做起)”解释。如:④Let's begin with this song.我们先唱这首歌吧。⑤Begin with this room and do the others afterwards.先打扫这一间,然后再打扫其他几间。⑥Mr Brown began with the exercises in his class this morning.今天上午布朗先生上课时先做练习。【注】to begin with 可以单独使用,意思是“首先”“第一点”。如:⑦We can't go. To begin with, it's too cold. Besides, we have no mon我们不能去。首先,天气太冷,其次,我们没钱。⑧To begin with, she is too young for that kind of job.首先,她做这种工作年纪还太年轻。⑨To begin with, may I introduce to you Mr Smith of our company?首先,让我给你介绍一下本公司的史密斯先生好吗?

9.desire的用法
desire在本单元中作名词用,意为“渴望”“愿望”,后面可接不定式。如:①I have no desire to see him hut.我不想看到他受到伤害。②They did not show the slightest desire to accompany us.他们一点儿都不想陪伴我们。③He fought a burning desire to break into the conversation.他设法抑制住打断这段谈话的强烈欲望。④I was seized with a sudden desire to laugh.我突然想笑。名词desire后也可以跟介词for的短语。如:⑤He told her of his desire for success.他跟她谈了他想成功的愿望。⑥The Negro slaves were filled with the desire for freedom.黑人奴隶内心充满了对自由的渴望。desire后可接同位语从句。如:⑦It is my desire that you should attend the meeting.我希望你参加会议。⑧He had a warm desire that the conversation may continue.他热切地希望谈话继续下去。desire可作动词用,表示“期望(渴望)得到”。后面可跟名词、代词、不定式或从句。如:⑨We all desire happiness and health.我们都希望获得幸福和健康。⑩All he desired then was some spare time for study.那时候他想要的只是有些空余时间能进行学习。⑪She had never desired to do anying like that.她从来没希望做那样的事。⑫We always desire to live in peace with our neighbours.我们一向希望同邻邦和睦相处。⑬She desires that it shall not be mentioned for the present.她希望暂时别提这事。⑭He desires that you should come at once.他希望你马上就来。

10.I entered the search for wisdom and dreamt of finding a way to cure sy disease.我开始寻求智慧,向往找到一种方法能治好任何疾病。露十二敏元此处的a力是名词,与介词Cor连用。意思与作动词时相如:The eearch for the Jintle girl went on all day.寻找小女孩的工作进行了整整一天。I will malse a search for your book, but I don't think I have got r我会找一下你的书。但我觉得我没有拿这本书。daof意为“渴望”“梦想”“梦见”。在口语中可用 about代荷如:Ao a school girl,she had dreamt of becoming an actrone.还是个学生时她就梦想成为一名演员。I dream of one day working for myself and not having a bose,我梦想着有一天我为自己工作。没有老板。Whaat does it mean if one dreams of mountains?要是梦见大山那意味着什么呢?drearn of 用在否定句中时,多表示“料想到”“考虑到”“想象时。不能换用about。如:I'd never dream of allowing my child to do that.我决不允许我的孩子做那种事。I mouldn't dream of troubling you.我做梦都设想到来麻烦你cune此处作动词用,意为“治愈”,为及物动词,后接表示疾病坷 若表示治好了某人的某种病,应说 cure sb. of one's dise如:③Acronding to a medical specialist, the only way to cure backache望据一位医学专家说。消除背痛的唯一方法是休息。3 Do you believe there is really some medicine which can cure youI of!cold?你相信真有什么药能治好你的感冒吗?car可引申为“纠正”“矫正”“消除”。如:⑲Parents must try to cure their children of bad habits.父母应试着努力纠正孩子们的不良习惯。
The shock of losing my purse cured me of my absent-mindedness.丢失钱包的打击使我改正了心不在焉的毛病。

11.throw light on的含义
throw light on意思是“使······清楚起来”“提供线索”,也可以表达为cast light on,come to light 或 bring light to。如:①The new facts throw some light on the matter.新的事实为此事件提供了一些线索。②Let Mrs Danvers read the note.She may be able to throw light on it.让丹弗斯太太看看那张字条,她也许会帮着弄清楚这件事的。③But there was nothing to throw light on the connection between the twomen.但没有什么东西使人了解这两人之间的关系。④Her book throws new light on the poems.她的书使人对这些诗歌有了新的认识。

12....unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of nature.向世人揭示大自然最深奥的秘密。unfold 原意为“展开”“打开”“摊开”。如:①Mr Smith unfolded a newspaper and began to read it as he was waitingfor the train.史密斯先生一面等车一面打开报纸阅读。②The general unfolded the map and began to look up the enemy's locationin it.将军打开地图,开始在上面寻找敌人的位置。unfold 还可引申为“展现”“呈现”。如:③The beautiful scenery unfolded before us.美丽的风景展现在我们面前。④She unfolded her plan for the future to him.她向他阐明了她未来的计划。⑤As the story unfolded itself, we became more and more excited.随着故事情节的展开,我们越来越激动。unfold的反义词为fold,原意是“对折”“合拢”“交迭”。如:⑦She folded the chair and put it against the wall.她把椅子折好,靠在墙上。⑧He stood there,his arm folded.他站在那里,双臂交叉。fold 可引申为“笼罩”“包”。如:⑨The mountain village was folded in the morning mist.山村笼罩在晨雾之中。
⑩He folded the meat left on the plate with a piece of paper andrestaurant.他把盘子里剩下的肉用纸包好,然后离开了饭店。

13.cause 和 reasoncause 可以作名词和动词,在本单元中作名词,作名词时“原因”“起因”解释,是指直接导致某种结果的原因。如:①The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end.火灾的起因是一个烟头。②No one could guess the cause.没人能猜出原因。③What was the cause of this all?这一切起因何在?【注】cause偶尔也可意为“理由”,这时是不可数名词,后接介或动词不定式。如:④You have no cause for complaint.你没有抱怨的理由。⑤There is no cause to be anxious.没有理由感到不安。reason主要作“理由”解释,是指逻辑推理方面的理由或解已发生的事的理由,后接for介词短语、不定式或从句。如⑥You have no reason to disbelieve him.你没有理由不相信他。⑦She had every reason for thinking so.她有充分的理由这样想。⑧These are our reasons for doing it.这就是我们这样做的理由。⑨He refused to disclose the reason why he did it.他不肯透露他这样做的理由。⑩That's one of the reasons I asked you to come.这就是我要你来的理由之一。

14.doubt的一些用法doubt在本单元中作动词用,意为“怀疑”,在肯定句中,后接whether引导的宾语从句。如:①I doubt greatly whether it is true.我很怀疑这是否是真的。②I doubt very much if I shall be able to comne.我非常怀疑我能不能来。③I doubt whether that was what he wanted.
我怀疑是否那就是他所要的。在否定句中,doubt后接that引导的从句。如:第十二单元④I don't doubt that you are honest.我确信你是诚实的。⑤Nobody doubts that he will succeed.没人怀疑他会成功。【注】doubt作名词时,后面所跟的同位语从句也按上述规则:即在肯定句中,同位语从句用if或whether引导;否定句中,由that引导。如:⑥There was no doubl that he was a fine scholar.毫无疑问他是一位优秀的学者。⑦I have no doubt that we shall be able to do something for you.我并不怀疑我们是能为你做点什么的。⑧There is some doubt whether she will come on time.她能否准时来有点儿让人怀疑。【注】no doubt 和 without(a)doubt 表示“毫无疑问”,可用作状语。如:⑨Without doubt, you have been working very hard.毫无疑问你工作一向很努力。⑩He's the most attractive man in the building, no doubt about it.他无疑是这幢楼里最吸引人的男子。【注】no doubt 还有I think 或I agree之意。如:⑪She is no doubt pretty, but isn't beautiful.她是好看,但并不美。

15.the creation of a creature中of的用法of是最常见的介词,有很多用法,在这里of与一些表示动作的词连用,表示动宾关系,请阅读下列例句,体会其中的意思。如:①The writing of the letter took me three hours.写这封信花了我三个小时。②They were not very watchful of the traffic lights.他们对交通灯不太注意。③It was a waste of time and money.这是在浪费时间和金钱。④This war completed the unification of Germany.这场战争完成了德国的统一。上面说过,of有各种用法,现将常见的几种阐述如下:表示人或物的特征,由of引起短语作表语或定语。如:⑤They were both of middle height.策十二单元他们两人都是中等身材。⑥I'm used to dealing with matters of this sort.我已习惯于处理这类事。⑦The work I am doing is not of much value.我目前所做的工作没有多大价值。⑧Before the desk sat a gentleman of about sixty years of age.在书桌前坐着一位大约六十岁的先生。和一个名词或数词连用,起同位语作用。如:⑨The city of Newcastle is at the mouth of the Newcastle River.纽卡斯尔城位于纽卡斯尔河口。⑩There were only the three of them there.那里只有他们三个人。⑪He left for Paris in the month of May.他五月份动身去巴黎了。和某些动词连用,意思接近于about。如:⑫She began to talk of Paris.她开始谈到巴黎。⑬He told her of what he had been doing.他给她讲他近来一直做的事。⑭What you say ofHelen is perfectly true.你说的关于海伦的话是对极了。和某些动词连用,表示“使失掉”。如:⑮The doctors cured her of her cough.医生治好了她的咳嗽。⑯They robbed me of my cellphone.他们把我的手机抢走了。和某些形容词或过去分词连用,表示“对于”“为”。如:⑰You ought to be ashamed of yourself.你应当为自己感到羞愧。⑱He was tired of doing things of this kind.他对于做这种事已感到厌倦。⑲I'm sick of this city.)我对这座城市感到厌倦。⑳She is fond of children.
她喜欢孩子。of可以表示来源。如:第十二单元21He is a man of the north.他是北方人。2Mr Major was born of a royal house.梅杰先生出生于王室。

16.介词but的用法but作介词时意为“除了”,与except同义,一般与every,any,no以及这类复合词如 everywhere,anything,nothing,nobody或疑问词等连用,而except则不与此类词连用。如:①I've eaten nothing but bread and cheese since Sunday.自从星期日以来,除了面包和乳酪外,我别的什么东西也没吃。②Everybody has arrived but Simon and Virginia.除了西蒙和弗吉尼亚之外,别人都到了。③It is nothing but a low speed engine.这只不过是台低速发动机。④Energy is nothing but the capacity to do work.能量不过是做功的能力。⑤It is anything but a new type of machine.这决不是一台新型机器。⑥This library can lend books to none but the teachers and students of ourschool.这个图书馆只能把书借给我校师生。【注】从上述例句可以看出,but与否定词连用,意为“只不过······”“仅仅”,而but与anything 连用时意为“决不是······”,如例句⑤,再如:⑦His English is anything but correct.他的英语错误百出(原意:他的英语决不是正确的)。【注】but后可以跟动词不定式,需要注意的是,若but前的动词是do的各种形式,不定式应省去to.若其前的动词不是do,则to不可省去,请细读下列例句,理解这一规则。如:⑧He does nothing but think about it.他什么也不做,只想这件事。⑨There is nothing for it but to lay emphasis on its importance.对于这件事只能强调其重要性。⑩He had no choice but to wait.
他除了等待,别无选择。⑪I couldn't do anything but just sit there and wait.第十二单元除了坐等之外,我毫无办法。⑫They desire nothing but to enjoy the present moment.他们只渴望今朝有酒今朝醉。【注】在cannot but后不定式不带to,亦即跟动词原形。如:⑬I cannot but laugh.我不禁笑了起来。⑭I could not but choose to go.我不得不去。1I cannot but take care of a pump.我不得不看泵。【注】but for意为“要不是”“若不是”,句中谓语用虚拟语气。如:⑮5 But for air and water,nothing could live.没有空气和水,什么都活不了。7But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday.要是没下雨,我们的假日会过得很愉快。
18.We would have no money but for their aid.要没有他们的救济,我们本会身无分文。【注】but that引出虚构的含有否定意思的假设从句,作“假如······”讲。如:⑲But that he saw it, he could not have believed it.要不是他亲眼看见,他早就不相信了。I would fail my exams but that the classmates help me with my lesso要不是同学们帮助我学习功课,我考试就不及格了。

unit-13

1.come up with的用法come up with 在本单元中作“提出”“想出”解。如:①The young engineer came up with a new design.那个年轻工程师提出一种新的设计方案。②The magazine recently came up with some advice on smoking.该杂志最近就吸烟问题提出一些忠告。③You've come up with a good idea.你想出的主意好极了。④Scientists will have to come up with new methods of increasingworld's food supply.科学家们必须找出增加全世界食品供应的新方法。come up with 有“拿出”“筹措钱”之意。如:⑤If Waths can come up with S 15 million,we'll go to London.如果瓦茨能够拿出一千五百万美元,我们就去伦敦。⑥You have no choice but to come up with £ 18,000.你别无选择,必须拿出一万八千英镑。come up with亦可作“赶上”解。如:⑦Let's hurry up so that we may come up with them.咱们快些走,以便赶上他们。⑧We shall have to work hard so as to come up with the other firm.我们得努力工作才能赶上另一家商行。

2.benefit from/by的用法benefit from/by 意为“从······中得益”“得益于······”。如:①We can all benefit from his knowledge.我们均可得益于他的知识。②You benefit from what he told you in the letter.你会从他的信中受益。【注】benefit可作为及物动词用,意为“有益于”。如:③The trade agreement will greatly benefit the developing countries.贸易会谈将大大的有益于发展中国家。④The new railway will benefit the district.这条新铁路将会给这个地区带来好处。⑤The long rest benifited her.长期休息对她有好处。

3.99% percent of the living space on earth is in the oceans.地球上百分之九十九的生存空间是在海洋里。JΞ百分数作主语时,即percent后有数词时,应注意两点:一是percent不能用复数形式;二是谓语动词的单复数。如果percent of后的名词为单数,谓语动词用单数;其后的名词为复数,谓语动词则用复数。如:①About 70 percent of thesurface of the earth is water.地球表面大约百分之七十是水。②Eight percent of the students are absent today.今天有百分之八的学生缺席。【注】percent可作为副词用,在句中作状语。如:③I notice you don't say that you're a hundred percent convinced yourself.我注意到你没有让你自己完全信服。④Prices have risen 5.5 percent in the past year.过去一年物价上涨了5.5%。⑤I think it's ninety percent probable.我想有百分之九十的可能性。【注】percent也可作形容词用,在句中充当定语。如:⑥I paid him six percent interest.我付给他百分之六的利息。【注】percentage意为“百分比”,多与of连用。如果连用的名词是复数,后面的动词就用复数形式,否则用单数形式。如:⑦What percentage of babies die of this disease every year?每年婴儿死于这种疾病的百分率是多少?⑧What percentage of his income is paid in income tax?他的收入有多大比例用来交所得税?

4.Marine life is incredibly rich and varied.海洋生物极其丰富多样。varied是由动词 vary变化而来的过去分词,在句中作定语或表语。如:①The menu is varied and cheap.菜单上的菜花样很多也很便宜。②They made varied efforts to bring about a peaceful solution of the prob-lems.他们做了种种努力来和平解决这些问题。③They are rich in content and varied in style.它们内容丰富、风格多样。
④He had had varied training and had held many offices.他受过多种训练并担任过多种职务。_动词vary意为“有差异”“有变化”时,是不及物动词。如:⑤Courses vary according to the needs of the students.课程根据学生的需要而不同。⑥People vary very much in their ideas.人与人的想法差别是很大的。⑦The answers given by different people vary greatly.不同人作出的回答,差别非常大。vary 可作及物动词,意思是“使······有变化”“变换”。如:⑧You should vary your diel.你的饮食应经常变换花样。⑨She varies her dress as fashion changes.她的衣着随潮流而变化。【注】vary充当及物动词时,可用现在分词作定语。如:varying pric不断变化的价格。

5.speciesspecies 意为“种”“类”。单复数同形,主要指生物学上有相同特的动植物品种、种类。

如:①The agricultural expert has developed a productive species of rice.这个农业专家培育出一种高产水稻品种。②Pandas are an endangered species.熊猫是一种濒临灭绝的动物。③Some species of animals have become extinct because they could madapt to a changing environment.有一些动物已经灭绝了,因为它们不能适应环境的变化。【注】species 可用来表示“人类”。如:④The use of nuclear weapons is a horrible threat to the species.核武器的使用对人类是一个严重的威胁。⑤The protection of our environment will benefit the human species.保护环境有益于全人类。【注】species在口语中表示“种类”,相当于akind,a type,a sort。如:⑥Various species of business advertisements on the television sometimesmake TV programs rather dull.电视上五花八门的商业广告有时使电视节目十分乏味。⑦A strange species of car attracted the attention of people.
一种形状奇特的轿车引起了人们的注意。第十三单元【注】英语中还有 specie这个词,不要把它误认为是species的单数,这是两个完全不同的词。specie 意为“硬币”。

6.yet 在肯定句中的意思和用法。yet一般用于否定句和疑问句,意为“还”“已经”。如:①I don't want to go away yel.我现在还不想离开。②The moon had nol yel risen.月亮还没有升起。③I wonder if she's started yel.不知她开始了没有。在个别情况下yet也可用在肯定句中,意为“还”“又”。如:④It was too early yet to tell anything.现在要说什么还为时过早。⑤I have a few more pages to read yet.我还有几页书要看。⑥Much yet remains to be done.还有很多事等着去做。yet可用来表示将来还可能发生某事,意为“迟早”“终归”。如:⑦The plan may yet succeed.这个计划还可能成功。⑧It will be colder yet before spring comes.春天到来之前还可能更冷一些。⑨The thief will be caught yet.小偷迟早会被抓住的。yet可作连词用,意为“但是”“然而”。如:⑩Jane said she was ill,yet I saw her in the street just now.简说她病了,但我刚才还看到她在街上。⑪I gave him all he asked for,yet he is still not satisfied.我给了他所要的一切,但是他仍然不满意。yet也可以和and连用,表示“但是”。如:⑫He's pleasant enough,and yet I don't like him.他够招人喜欢的,但我不喜欢他。【注】still,already和yet都有“还”“仍然”之意,但是有差别。still暗示对某事件持续时间比预料的长而感到惊讶。如:The coffee isstill hot.(咖啡还是热的。)already 用于表达对某事物发生时间比预料的时间早而感到惊讶。如:The coffee is cold already.(咖啡已经凉了。)yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中,在正式语体中有时可代替 still。如:I have still/yet to hear the truth.(我仍然未被告知真相。)

7.Life in the ocean ranges from the tiniest plankton all the way up toants like sharks and whales.海洋里的生物中从微小的浮游生物到巨大的动物如鲨鱼和鲸鱼有。range 在本单元中作不及物动词用,意为“在一定范围、幅度内动”。range的此种用法无进行时态,常与介词from...to...或btween 连用。如:①Sentences loday range from 5 or 6 words to 70,with the majoriy notfrom 20.现在的句子长度从五、六个词到七十个词不等。不过大多数句的长度在二十个字左右。②His interests ranged from chess to surfing.他的爱好从下棋到冲浪,无所不有。③Their ages ranged from 25 to 50.他们的年龄在二十五岁到五十岁之间。④The temperature ranges between 0 ℃ and 30 ℃.气温在摄氏零度到30度之间。range后接介词over时表示“漫游”“涉及”“包括”。如:⑤We ranged over the hills and valleys.我们在山上和山谷中漫游。⑥Our conversation ranged over many topics.我们的谈话涉及许多话题。【注】range作“漫游”解释时,可作为及物动词用。如:⑦He spent the summer ranging the countryside.他在乡间漫游,度过了夏天。all the way 意为“一直”“始终”,也可以用the whole way。如:⑧There being no bus,he had to walk all the way home.没有公共汽车,他不得不一直步行到家。⑨I'll support him all the way whatever happens.不管发生什么事,我将始终支持他。⑩The dog has been with me all the way.这条狗一直跟着我。up to 此处是与from连用的。up to单独使用时有“直到”“至多”意。如:⑪It could be up to two years before the project is completed.可能需要两年时间这项工程才能完成。
⑫She was here up to a few minules ago.她直到数分钟前还在这里。⑬Our minibue can hold up to eight people.我们的小车能容纳8人。⑭Up to now I've never met him.一直到现在,我还没见过他。【注】up to有很多意思,常见的还有“忙于”“由······决定、负责”。如:⑮What have you been up to all day while I've been busy?我整天忙着的时候你在干什么?⑯Go and see what these girls are up to.去看看这些女孩子在于什么。⑰It's up to you whether you decide to take the job.要不要这份工作由你自己决定。⑱It's up to you to break the news to him.该由你把这消息告诉他。【注】up to还可作“及得上”“可以与······相比较”解。如:⑲This new book of Green's isn't up to his last.格林的这本书不如上一本好。⑳He is not up to his father as a scholar.作为学者他不如他父亲。

8.Water is actually quite simple, but the way the water molecule isformed gives water its unique properties.水实际上很简单,但是水分子组成的方式赋予它独特的特性。way在此处表示“方式”,其后的定语从句的关系代词that或inwhich均可省去。如:①That's the way Ilook at it.这就是我对此的看法。②I don't like the way you laugh at her.我不喜欢你那样嘲笑她。③People like the way he wrote.人们喜欢他写作的方式。④The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法,简直是疯了。【注】way后面除了跟省去关系代词的定语从句外,还可以跟不定式或动名词,两者之间没有重要的区别。如:⑤He had no way to communicate with them.他没有办法和他们取得联系。⑥There is only one way of doing this properly.
⑥Thin will make up for what he lacked in book knowledgn.这就可以补足他所缺少的书本知识。第十三单元⑦The new teacher made up for him inexperience by careful preparation forcach Icnson.这位新教师每节课都认真准备,以此弥补自己的经验不足。mako up 亦可作“编选”“虚构”解。如:®Theso dances were made up by the studenta themselvee.这些舞蹈都是学生们自己编排的。⑨She made up an cxcuso to cxplain her absence.她编了一套理由来解释自己为什么缺席。⑩He asked cach of us to make up a dialogue.他让我们每人编一段对话。make up 还有“和解”“言归于好”之意。如:⑪She told us about their quarrels and how they made up.她给我们讲到了他们的争吵以及他们怎样又和好。⑫When a quarrel has once been made up, the best thing is to forget it.一场争吵和解后,最好是把它忘掉。⑬They advised him to make things up with his wife.他们劝他和妻子言归于好。make up亦有“做成”“铺好”之意。如:⑭Then they made them up into tablets.然后他们把它们制成了药。⑮They made up their beds immediately after getting up.他们一起身就把床铺好。

10.Because water is polar, it can break down or dissolve both solids andgases.因为水是带正电的,所以它能分解固体和气体。break down 是个常用词组,我们在高二上册同步讲解中已作过解释,但此处break down作“分解”解。如:①Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances.人体里的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。②The figures on living expenses must be broken down into food, shelter,education, medical bills and so on.生活消费的数字必须细分为食物类、住房类、教育类、医疗费类等等。③After many years, rocks broke down into dirt.
他利用丁他朋友的好心肠。③Ho didn'i want to take unfalr advanlage.第十三单元他不愿意占人便宜。④Jone took advanlage of the lunch hour to finish hor homeworls.珍利用午饭时间完成家庭作业。bWo took advanlago of tha fine weather to air quilts.我们趁好天气晾哂被褥。⑥They look full advantage of the achool°s fnciliticn.他们充分利用学校的设施。【注】tako advantage ol ab.意为“欺骗(捉弄)某人”“利用某人(的弱点)”。如:⑦He's taking advantage of hor good nature.他在利用她秉性善良的弱点。⑧She took advantage of him oven aftor they wore divorced.即使在离婚后,她还在欺骗他。【注】take advantage of意为“利用”,而 have the advantage of则意为“胜过······”“对······具有优势”“具有······的优点”。试看下列例句:⑨He has the advantage of mo in experience.他在经验方面胜过我。⑩Cereals havo the advantage of being rich in iron.麦片粥具有富含铁质的优点。【注】表示“利用(机会)”或“利用(时间)”还可以用 take the opportuni-ty,take,(one's)time。如:⑪He likes to tako his time ovor breakfast.他喜欢不紧不慢地吃早饭。Some of the soldiers took the opportunity the next day to go ashore.第二天有些士兵利用这机会上岸去了。

12.add to 和 add up to这两个词组的意思完全不同。前者意为“增加”,后者作“总计”解。如:①Would you please add these names to your list?请在你的名单上加上这几个名字好吗?②We have also added to our committee two women workers.我们委员会也吸收了两名女工当委员。③The music added to our enjoyment of the film.
这部电影的音乐使我们更加喜欢这部电影。④Every book you reed will add to your store of ksnovledge.第十三单元你每读一本书就会增加一点儿知识。add up co意为“总数是”“加起来是”。如:⑤The sepenate mubbere edd up to 485.这些单独的数字加起来总数是485。⑥Seven arad mime edd up to sixteen.7加9等于16。⑦Their kmow tedge of how other people live doesn't add up to roz.fa.他们关于别人生活情况的了解合在一起也没有多少。【注】add up to 还可用于引申意义,表示“意味着”“等于说”。如:⑧Your lang answer just adds up to a refusal.你这冗长的回答就等于是拒绝。⑨She gare many excuses, but what they added up to was thal shewant to come.她提出了种种借口,但只不过说明她不想来。⑩It all adds up to this he is not an honest man.这一切都说明,他这个人不诚实。

13.be sensitive tobe sensitive to 意为“对······敏感”。如:①The eye is sensitive to light.眼睛对光敏感。②Photographic paper is highly sensitive to light.照相纸对光十分敏感。③An artist is censitive to beauty.艺术家对美是敏锐的。sensitive 有“神经质的”“神经过敏的”意思。如:④You really must stop being so sensitive about your accent.你实在不必为自己的口音感到烦燥不安。⑤Don't mention she's put on weight-she's very sensitive about it.不要说她胖了-她对此非常敏感。sensitive 可引申为“善解人意的”。如:⑥He is very sensitive to his pupils' need for encourgement and knows wheto praise them.他非常理解学生对鼓励的需要,并知道何时表扬他们。【注】另一个词 sensible和 sensitive一样都是形容词,但意思不同sensible意为“明智的”“合情合理的”。如:⑦She's very sensible about money.她在金钱方面是非常理智的。
Why don't you dto something sensible in your spare time?你为什么不在业余时间干些有意义的事情呢?⑨You are sensible to take his advice.你听从他的劝告是明智的。

14.If he played a bad trick on you,the manager would say you were thethief and call in the police.如果他提弄你的话,经理就会说你是小偷,并报警。play a trick on 意为“捉弄”“开玩笑”,也可以说 play sb. a trick。如:①He playod her a bad trick by taking all her money.他跟她开了个恶劣的玩笑,把她的钱全拿去了。②It never occurred to me that they were playing a trick on me.我从未想到他们是在捉弄我。③They played a thousand tricks on him.他们千方百计地欺骗他。④They are playing harmless tricks on one another.他们正彼此毫无恶意地恶作剧。call in 作“找来”“请来”解,通常是指请医生或警察。如:Call in a doctor at once.马上把医生请来。He insisted that we should call in a expert at this point.这时他坚决主张我们去请一位专家来。call in 可作“来访”“到······那里去”解。如:⑦He called in and told us that the machine had been badly damaged.他来告诉我们机器受到了严重损坏。⑧I fommed the habit of calling in on them in the evenings.我每天晚上都到他们那里去,这已形成了习惯。call in 还有“收回”之意。如:⑨The librarinas has called in all the books.图书馆管理员把书都收回去了。【注】call in作“来访”解时,可看作不及物动词,如表示“访问某人”,要说 call in on sb.。如:⑩Could you call in on Mum on your way home?你能不能在回家的路上看看妈妈?⑪I got into the habit of calling in on the bookstore on my way home.我在回家的路上总要去书店看看,这已成了习惯。

15.The mixing of fresh and salt water creates a unique environment filled

①The book will provide you with the informalion you need.这本书会向你提供你所需的情况。②We provided him with lodging and food.我们向他们提供食宿。③The sick were provided with blankets against cold.给这些病人提供了御寒的毯子。④His uncle provides money to John.约翰的伯父给他钱。⑤The forests provide shelter for wild animals.森林为野兽提供藏身之处。【注】provide与against连用。如:⑥They had already provided against the attack.他们已做好应付进攻的准备。⑦We have to provide against accidents.我们必须做好应付事故的准备。【注】provide的过去分词可引导条件状语从句,表示“如果”“只要”。如:⑧You may keep the book a further week provided that no one else requiresit.只要没有别人要这本书,你还可借一个星期。⑨She may come with us provided(that) she arrives in time.如果她及时到达,她可能会和我们一道来。⑩We'll visit Europe next year, provided we have the money.如果我们有这笔钱,我们明年将去欧洲。【注】providing也可引导条件状语从句。如:⑪You may go out providing you do your homework first.只要你先把作业做好,你就可以出去。⑫Providing(that) there is no oppositions,we shall hold the sports meethere.如果没有人反对,我们将来这里开运动会。

17.protect 一词的用法protect 意为“保护”,后接介词from或against。如:①Protect the baby's eyes from the sun.保护孩子的眼睛,不要让太阳照射。②He raised his arm to protect his face from the blow.他举起手臂护住脸,以免被这一拳打中。③Put on a thicker coat to protect yourself from the cold.穿件厚点的外衣以免冻着。④The eyelashes protect the eyes from dust and dirt.眼睫毛保护眼睛不让尘埃和脏东西进去。
【注】动词 protecl表示“保护······免受······”,后用from或 against 都可以,但对于较大的事情如天灾等,介词一般用against。较小的事情用from。如上述例句①-④。请阅读下列例句,体会在protect 后用from和against的差别:⑤The tea plants must be protected against frost in winter.必须保护茶树在冬季不受霜冻。⑥A line of forts was built along the border to protect the country againstforeign attack.沿边境修筑了一系列的堡垒来抵御外国的攻击。⑦The insurance policy protects you against fire.如遭火灾,保险单将保证你的损失得到偿付。

unit-14

1.Who marched on Washington DC,...在华盛顿特区游行的人,······on此处作介词?意为“朝向”“向······方向”,是正式用语。如:①The workers marched on the Capital.工人向国会大厦进发。②Take the first turning on your right.在第一个路口向右拐。③Fortune smiled on his enterprise.他的企业兴旺发达。④Ellen is eating, her eyes on herfood.海伦吃东西时两眼盯着食物。【注】on作副词用时,也有“向前”之意。如:⑤I you walk on,you'll come to the church.如果你再向前走,就到教堂了。⑥If any letters come while you are away, shall I send them on?如果你不在的时候有信来,我是不是要转寄给你?⑦The two strolled on,arguing.两人辩论着往前溜达。⑧There's no use staying on.继续呆下去没有用。2.At that time in the southern states, blacks were not treated ascitizens.那时在南方各州黑人不被当作平等的公民对待。动词treat与as或like连用,表示“把······当作······看待”。如①They treated me as one of the family.他们把我当家里人看待。②Why do you treat the matter as a joke?你为什么把这件事当作玩笑呢?③They treated each other like brothers.他们亲如手足。
④He didn't want to be treated as a distinguished guest.他不愿别人把他当上宾对待。第十四单元⑤She treated me as if I were a child.她把我当作小孩看待。treat 可作“探讨”“处理”“讨论”解。如:⑥This problem has been treated by many experts.这个问题已有很多专家探讨过了。⑦The novel treats the subject of justice.这部小说的主题是正义。⑧The theme of the play is skillfully treated.这个剧的主题处理得很巧妙。treat 亦有“款待”“待客”之意。如:⑨Let me treat you to a good meal.我请你吃一顿好的吧!⑩I think I'll treat myself to a holiday in Guilin next year.我想明年去桂林好好地度个假。⑪He treated his friends to a soda, and they treated him to a movie.他请他的朋友们喝汽水,他们请他看电影。【注】treat作上述“款待”“待客”解释时,与介词to连用。treat与of连用时,表示“论述”“推论”。如:⑫The report treats of the progress of cancer research.该报告论述了对癌症研究的进展情况。⑬He treats of his subject scientifically.他科学地论述了他的题目。⑭This lecture treats of the history of Ireland.这一讲座论述了爱尔兰的历史。【注】treat还可作“治疗”解释,请参见《1+1同步讲解》高二上册第228页。3.sectionsection为名词,在本课中意为“区”“地段”(a part of a place)。如:①the Negro sections of New York 纽约的黑人区②the business section of the city 城市的商业区③This section of the shop sells jewels.商店的这个部分卖珠宝。④The library has a section for teachers.图书馆有个地方来供教师阅读。

那些书中有一本是中文的,其余都是英文的。第十四单元⑭Only 55 percent of the raw malerial is canned. The rest is thrown away.or fed to cows.只有55%的原材料做了成罐头,其余的不是扔了就是成了牛的饲料。

5.His message was that black people should not be separated but shouldbe treated with respect in the same way as other people.他的理想是黑人不应该被分隔开,应该像其他人一样受到尊重。本句中的表语从句中的动词用的是虚拟语气,当表示“要求”“建议”“命令”这类意义的名词作主语时,其后的名词性从句应该用虚拟语气,动词形式为“should1+动词原形”或直接用动词原形,这类名词常见的有 suggestion, proposal, demand, request, order,re-quirement,advice,idea等。如:①The workers' requirement was that their working conditions be improved.工人们的要求是他们的工作条件应得到改善。②Our decision is that the school (should) remain closed.我们的决定是学校暂不开学。③Sophia's idea was that they should lock up the home.索菲娅的想法是把大门锁起来。④Her suggestion was that they carry on their conversation in French.她的建议是他们用法语对话。【注】上述例句①~④均是表语从句,下面是这类名词后的同位语从句,谓语动词也用“should+动词原形”或直接用动词原形。⑤They were faced with the demand that this tax (should) be abolished.他们面对着废除这个税的要求。⑥They expressed the wish that she (should) accept the award.他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。⑦What do you think of the proposal that we (should) put on a play at theEnglish evening?你觉得要我们在英语晚会上演一个剧的建议怎么样?⑧The boss didn't accept the workers demand that their pay (should) beraised, so the strike went on.老板没有接受工人们增加工资的要求,所以罢工仍在继续。the same...as...意为“和······相同的”,在这个结构中,as为关系代词,引导定语从句,在从句中,as可作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时,as也不能省略。如:
Lincoln was killod in a thoatre by an actor, as is described in this book.正如这本书所描写的,林肯是在一家剧院里被一个演员谋杀的。第十四单元【注】a8作为关系代词代表前面主句的意思,和which代表主句的意思很相似,但as有“正如”的涵义,而which没有。

6.... where black people had equal rights and were free to live, studyand work as they wished.那儿的黑人享有同等的权利,能自由地按自己的意愿生活、学习和工作。bo free to do sth.意为“自由自在、不受拘束地做某事”。如:①You aro free to go or slay as you please.去或留随你的便。②Everyone is free to express himself.每个人都可以畅所欲言。③She is not free to marry because she has to look after her parents.她不能结婚,因为她必须照顾双亲。④She felt free when she left home and moved to the city.他离开家乡到城市后感到无拘无束。⑤The prisoner will be set free next week.那个囚犯在下周释放。free还可解释为“免费的”,相当于 without payment of any kind, costnothing。如:⑥"Are the drinks free?” “No, you have to pay for them."“这些饮料是不是免费的?”“不,你必须付钱。”⑦Anyone who buys this breakfast food gets a free gift of a small plasticstoy.购买这份早餐食物的人都可得到一件免费的塑料玩具。⑧This is a free ticket for the concert.这是一种免费的音乐会入场券。free还可作“空闲的”“未被利用的”解。如:⑨“Is this seat free?" “Yes, no one is using it.”“这座位没人坐吗?”“是的,没人坐。”⑩She picked it up with her free hand.她用闲着的那只手把它捡起来。⑪The doctor will be free in ten minutes. Can you wait that long?医生十分钟后有空,你能等一下吗?free from/of意为“不受······影响的”。如:
上周新政府宣布了一项大赦令

8.Martin Luther King Jr was murdered in 1968,马丁·路德·金于一九六八年被谋杀。murder意为“谋杀”“凶杀”,既可以作动词,也可以作名词,作名同时意为“凶杀案”,是可数名词。如;①There's sonvething about the munder in trday'a rresljxc4,今天的报纸上刊登了这个谋杀案的一些情况。②Police are still Looking for the nainder weatxm,警察们仍在寻找谋杀用的凶器。③There happened two murdere thie month in the toon.这个镇上本周发生了两起凶杀案。④One day, a man was murdered in the slreet,有一天,一个人在街上被谋杀了。【注】请注意 murder与kill的区别。kill是个普通的词。意为“造成(任何生物)死亡”。其主语可以是人。也可以是物或大自然;而-der的意思是“谋杀”。是有目的、有预谋的行为、试比较;⑤My uncle was killed in a plane erash.我叔父在飞机失事中遇难。①The cold weather killed our tomato plants.寒冷的天气冻坏了我们种的西红柿。⑦She was sent to prison for murdering her husband.她因谋杀丈夫而被关进监狱。murder还可作“因缺乏技术或知识而损毁”解.如:⑧He murdered a piece of music.他把一支曲子演奏得不成样子。⑨Do you ever murder the English language?你有没有胡乱使用英语?⑩It's a beautiful song, but they murdered it.这首歌很动听,但他们唱砸了。【注】murder在非正式用法中,可解释为“极艰难的事”如:⑪Al Last I repaired the clock, but it was munter gelting the piece harkin.我终于把钟修好了,但把所有的零件重新装好,可真是一件艰难的事。

9.ft infit in意为“(使)适合”“配合”,常与with连用。如:
①I've filled the box, and all the books fit in nicely.我已装好了箱子,所有的书都放下了。②The home fits in beautifully with its surroundings.这房子同它周围的环境非常协调。③Your ideas fit in with mine.你的想法跟我一样。④She joined the club bul didIn't seemed to fit in, so she left.她参加了那俱乐部,但不适应,所以退出了。⑤The piece of evidence does not fit in with that of the other witness.这一证据同另一证人提供的不一致。fit in可作“安排时间或地方”解。如:⑥I'm sure you can fit me in somewhere.我相信你能找个地方安排我。⑦Sorry. I can't fit in any more callers this morning.对不起,今天上午我不能再接待更多的来访者了。⑧I think one can fit in an additional room behind the kitchen.我想我们可以在厨房后面辟出一间房间。

10.in partin part意为“在某种程度上”“部分地”。如:①The ear accident is in part due to the driver's carelessness.这场车祸在一定程度上是由司机的粗心大意造成的。②This was in part due to the financial difficulties.这部分上是由于财政困难造成的。③The house has been painted in part.这房子只是部分粉刷了。【注】in part 相当于partly,上述in 可以用 partly 替换。④Perhaps you are partly right.或许你有一部分是对的。⑤I have only partly finished it.我只是部分地完成了。【注】注意 in part与in parts的区别:后者作“分次”“分册”“有些部分”解,例如 novel in three parts一本分为三部的小说

11.be well-known for,be well-known as 及 famous的异同be well known for 和 be well known as 都有“以······而著称”之意,但前者表示主语以某一方面著称,而后者则意为主语作为一个整体以什么著称。请阅读下面例句,体会其中的差别:
①Martin Luther King was well-known for fighting for expual riphito forblacks.马丁·路德金以为黑人的平等权利战斗而著称。②Martin Luther King was well-known as a frecdomn fighter.马丁·路德金以一名自由战士而著称。③Beijing is well-known for the Greal Wall, the Summer Palaico and comeother places of inlerest.北京因长城、颐和园和其他名胜著称。④Beijing is well-known as a beautiful city.北京以一个美丽的城市而著称。⑤Lu Xun was well-known for his essaye.鲁迅以他的杂文著称。⑥Lu Xun was well-known as a great writer and thinker.鲁迅作为一个伟大的作家和思想家而著称。【注】well-known的近义词是famous。famous是个普通词,使用最广泛,多用于褒义。侧重好名声,语义比well-known强;读上面的几个例句中 well-known 可用famous替代。well-known 通常与名声好坏无关,也表示“广为人知”。下面的句子中,well-known不能用famous替代。如:⑦It is well-known that bamboo shoot is a panda's main food.众所周知竹笋是熊猫的主食。⑧It's a well-known fact that smoking can cause lung cancer.吸烟可导致肺癌,这是众所周知的事实。

12.再谈'be+of+名词”关于“be + of+名词”,我们在1+1高二上册已作过分析,这里我们从另一角度来阐述一下。介词of在这里表人或物的特征。这是of的一种最常见的用法,只不过在这里是用在be动词之后作表语。构成了我们所要谈的这个结构,而在其他情况下,多用在名词后作定语,也表示人或物的特征。如:①The work I am doing is of much value.我做的工作很有价值。(表语)②This is the work of much value.这是一件很有价值的工作。(定语)③They were both of middle height.他们两人都是中等身材。(表语)④Tom's father is a man of middle height.

⑤You have no right to raise this question, to start with.首先,你们无权提这个问题。節十四单元⑥Our difficulties are many; to slart with, we can't ge1 the workere.我们有许多困难,首先是找不到工人。⑦To start with, the day was fine, but thien it turned showery.开始时天气很好,可是后来下起雨来了。【注】to start with 也可作状语。如:⑧They paid him only five dollars a week to slart with.开始时,他们每周只给他五美金的工资。⑨We had no blueprints and no material to slart with.开始时,我们没有图纸没有材料。⑩The school bought a big basket of seeds for us to start with.学校先给我们买了一大篮子的种子。

15.ask for的意思和用法ask for在此处作“要求得到”“需要”解。如:①He asked for time to think all this over.他要求给他点时间,把这一切仔细想一想。②The employees asked for an increase in their pay.员工们要求提高工资。③Everything that was asked for has now been sent.所要的东西现在全送去了。④If you get into difficulties, don't hesitate to ask for advice.你要是碰到困难,赶紧向人求教。ask for 有“求见”“找(某)人”之意。如:⑤Mr Smith, a lady is asking for you at the door.史密斯先生,门口有位女士要找您。⑥Has anyone asked for me during my absence?我不在时有人找过我吗?⑦He is not the man you are asking for.他不是你要找的人。⑧Just now someone asked for you on the phone.刚才有人打电话找你。ask sb. for sth.有“向某人要某物”之意。如:⑨Why don't you go and ask her for help?你为何不去找她帮忙?⑩They asked us for our impressions of the fair.
他们要我们谈谈对交易会的印象。

16.in commonin common意为“共用”“共有”“共同”(如要表示“与······共有(用)”,后接介词with等)。如:①Freedom fighters in history had something in common, that is theyfought for freedom of most people, not few.历史上的自由战士有共同点,那就是他们为大多数人的自由而斗争,不是为少数人。②The swimming pool is used in common by all the children in the town.这个游泳池供镇上所有的孩子共同使用。③To my surprise, I found I had a lot in conmon with this stranger.令我惊讶的是,我发现我与这陌生人有很多相似之处。④Their methods have a lot in common.他们的方法有很多相似之处。⑤He had little in common with his little sister.他与妹妹没有多少共同之处。⑥In common with most Italian lakes, access to the shores of Orta is re-stricted.和大多数的意大利湖一样,进入奥培湖泊受到限制。⑦In common with most people, he prefers classical music to pop music.和大多数人一样,他喜欢古典音乐,不喜欢流行音乐。

17.give voice togive voice to 意为“提出(意见)”“吐露(感情)”。如:①Only Jack dared to give voice to his discontent.只有杰克敢于表达他的不满。②He gave voice to his anger in his letter to me.他在给我的信中表达了他的愤怒。有关voice的词组很多,常见的有:raise one's voice 放大声音讲话,with one voice 异口同声地,at the top of one's voice 高声地,lose one'svoice 发不出声音,keep one's voice down 说话声要小一点等等。如:③I don't want to have to raise my voice to you again.我不想再对你大声嚷嚷。④Keep your voice down, and don't wake up the sleeping child.声音小一点,不要吵醒熟睡的小孩。⑤With one voice, they agreed to go on strike.
他们一致同意继续罢工。⑥He gave lessons at the top of his voice.他放开嗓门讲课。⑦I've got a bad cold, and I've lost my voice.我得了重感冒,嗓子都发不出声来了。

unit-15

1.see fit
seefit意为“认为正确、合适”“愿意”“决定”。如要表示“认为做果事合适”。应在seefit后加动词不定式。如:①I don't see fit to tell him all our plars.把我们的全部计划告诉他。我看不太合适。②You may stay on if you see fit to do eo.如果你愿意的话。可以在这里继续呆下去。③I don't know why they see fit to leave so suddenly.我不明白,他们为什么决定这样突然走掉。
④You may arrange overything as you see fit.这一切,你觉得怎么办好就怎么办。
⑤For some reason,they saw fit to exclude him from the invitation list.由于某种原因,他们觉得不把他列人邀请名单为好。⑥They saw fil to employ someone else.他们觉得雇佣别人更合适。

2.look intolook into 意为“调查”“了解”“研究”。如:①The police are working into the records of all these involved in thecrime.警方正在查阅所有卷入这一犯罪事件的人的档案。②The police are looking into possible causes of the accident.警方正在调查事故的原因。③Your complaint is being looked into. When we have anything to reportwe will write to you again.你的申诉我们正在处理,如有可以奉告之处,会再给你写信。④The manager has promised that he will look into the matter at once.经理答应会马上调查此事。【注】see into还有“调查”“了解”之意。如:⑤I will see into this business.我去了解一下这事。⑥Will you please go and see into the problem?请你去调查一下这个问题好吗?【注】但see into还有“看出”“察觉”“看破”之意,而 look into无此意。如:⑦I wish I had the gift of seeing into people's hearts.我希望拥有看出人们内心世界的本领。⑧It's difficult for me to see into his full meaning.我很难弄懂他的全部意思。⑨He began to return to health when he was able to see into the causes ofhis trouble.在他能够认清自己疾病根源后他开始恢复健康了。

3.get/have an itch for sth./to do sth.
get/have an itch for sth./to do sth.渴望(做)某事。
如:①The boys had an itch for the lessons to end so as to play hide-and-seek.男孩子们急着想早点下课去玩捉迷藏。②Go on,I know you have an itch to tell me.快点,我知道你迫不及待地想告诉我。
③He has an itch for personal fame and gains.他迫名逐利。第什巨元①The boys and girls in the mountain village have an ilch for knowledgr这个山村里的孩子们渴望知识。【注】itch可作动词用,意为“渴望”“急于”。如:⑤The general was itching for figh.将军渴望打仗。⑥He itched to tell his friends the news.他急于要把这消息告诉他的朋友们。【注】itch作名词时,也可以单独使用。如:⑦The itch to travel began in his childhood.早在童年时代他就渴望旅行。⑧His itch for adventure made his parents warried.他渴望冒险,这使他的父母很担心。

4.Should you feel the urge to pack your bags and explore what cworld has offer,you may went to consider one of the destinations be.low.如果你感觉到有一种背起背包探索世界的冲动,你也许会考虑下画的一个目的地。
这是一个与将来可能发生的事实相反的虚拟语气,条件句中的调语用倒装句式,省去了连词if,而把should放在句首,在虚拟条件句中,如谓语动词中有should,were,had时,可将其移至句首。省去if。如:①Had I not seen it with my own eyes,I would not have believed it.要不是我亲眼所见,我就不会相信了。②Should you change your mind,no one would blame you.万一你改变主意,谁也不会怨你。③Were she here,she would support your suggestion.如果她在这里,她会支持你的建议。④Should I be free tomorrow,I would come.万一明天我有空,我会来。⑤Had I known your address,I would have written before.我要是知道你的地址,我早就给你写信了。consider此处意为“考虑”,后接名词、代词、动名词或从句。如:⑥Consider the matter carefully before making up your mind.在你作出决定之前,对此事要仔细考虑一下。⑦I first considered writing to him,but then decided to go and see him.
起先我考虑写信给他,后来决定去看他。
⑧Simon is considering going to Paris.第十五单元西蒙在考虑去巴黎。⑨Have you considered how you could achieve your purpose?你考虑过如何能达到你的目的吗?【注】consider后可跟不定式,但必须是“疑问词+不定式”,不可直接跟不定式。如:⑩I'm consider how to wrile my report.我在考虑怎么写我的报告。⑪Before she could consider what to do,her mother came in.她还没来得及考虑怎么办,她母亲进来了。consider可作“认为”解释,一般后面跟从句,复合宾语或带不定式的复合结构。如:⑫Most people consider him honest.大多数人都认为他诚实。⑬I consider it my duty to tell the truth.我认为有责任来说明真相。⑭We don't consider that Jack is to blamne.我们认为不应该怪杰克。⑮It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.那样做一般认为是不可能的。urge此处是名词,意为“冲动”“强烈的愿望”,常跟have,feel 等动词搭配。如:⑯HIe had a sudden urge to go to Italy.他突然很想到意大利去。⑰Mr Turner had an urge to open a shop of his own.特纳先生有一种强烈的愿望要开办自己的商店。urge也可用作动词,意为“督促”“要求”“促使”,后接不定式作宾语,或用urge sb. to sth.结构。如:⑱We urged our guests to stay for dinner.我们坚持留客人吃饭。⑲I urge him to an explanation.我极力请求他作出解释。⑳The teacher urged us to hand in our exercises.老师催促我们交作业。urge可作“强烈”“极力主张”解释,表示“向某人强调”,常用urgeon sb.。如:21 The teacher urged on her students the importance of hard work.
这位教师对她的学生强调努力学习的重要性。②The doclor urged on his patients the need for regular physical check-tr这位医生向他的病人强调定期体验的重要性。

5.Rio de Janeiro,Brazil's second largest city,stretches itself lazily alowgthe coast of the Atlantic Ocean.里约热内卢,巴西第二大城市,沿着大西洋海岸悠闲地展开她的身姿。
strelch意为“延伸”“绵延”不仅是指地点的延伸也可指时间的延伸。如:①The plain stretches up to the base of the mountain.平原一直延伸到山脚下。②This line of mountains stretches all the way from the United Statea toCanada.这条山脉从美国一直延伸到加拿大。③The Qing Dynasty stretched from 1644 to 1911.清朝从1644年延续到1911年。④My shoes being tight,I hope they will stretch.我的鞋太紧,我希望能撑大些。⑤Stretch a rope between these two trees.在这两棵树之间拉一根绳子。⑥What are you stretching your neck for? Can't you see well?你伸长脖子干什么?你看不清吗?⑦You are stretching my patience to the limit.你把我的耐心都耗尽了。⑧Perhaps the sweater will fit you if you stretch it.如果你把毛衣抻一抻,也许就合身了。
coast,shore与beach的区别coast是指海岸线,通常是指从这处看到的海洋与陆地的分界线;或把这一分界线作为一个整体来看待。如:⑨I live ten miles from the coast.我住的地方离海岸十英里。⑩Looking down from the plane,we could see the Dutch coast.我们从飞机上往下看,可以看到荷兰的海岸线。⑪There are numerous islands off the coast.海岸边有许多岛屿。⑫A ship sank two miles off the coast.一艘船在离岸两英里处沉没。
beach指海滩,相对比较平坦,覆盖着沙子或碎石,适宜游泳,日光浴,或停靠小船。如:第十五单元⑬They walked for a while along the beach.他们沿海滩走了一会儿。⑭I like lying on the beach looking at girls.我喜欢躺在沙滩上看周围的姑娘们。
【注】beach可作动词用,意思说“使······冲滩”。如:⑮The boat has been beached near the rocks.那小船已被冲到沙滩上。
shore是一个较为笼统的说法,主要指“海岸”“海滨”,既可以包括beach,也可以指岩石或陡峭的岸边。如:⑯We found many shells on the sea-shore.我们在海岸上找到许多贝壳。
⑰We spend all our weekends at the shore.我们的周末都在海滨度过。

6.give/have a glimpse of
glimpse意为“一瞥”“一看”,常与have,give,catch等动词连用。如:①I only caught a glimpse of the driver.我只瞥了那个司机一眼。②She drew aside the window curtain and had a glimpse of the river.她把窗帘拉向一边,瞥了一眼小河。③He caught a glimpse of a young couple lying on the grasslands looking atthe blue sky.他看见一对年轻人躺在草地上望着蓝色的天空。【注】glimpse与glance都表示“匆匆一瞥”,但glance只意味着“看”,而glimpse还意味着“看见”,glimpse往往是glance的结果,如:He gave a glance at the stranger意为“他打量了一下那个陌生人”。He caught a glimpse of the stranger.意思是“他瞥见了那个陌生人”。前句表示动作,后句表示动作的结果。glimpse也可作动词用,意思与作名词时相同。如:④I glimpsed the falls as our train went by.火车驶过时,我瞥见了瀑布。⑤He glimpsed at the letter,then threw it impatiently aside.他把信粗略地看了一眼,便不耐烦地丢到了一边。⑥He only glimpsed at my newbag and said nothing.
他只看了一下我的新包,什么也没说。
glimpse也可引申为“了解”“开始理解”。
如:⑦He glimpsed the despair that she felt.他突然间理解了她那绝望的感觉。⑧She glimpsed something of what life ought to be about.她开始领悟到人生应该是怎么回事。
7.get/be tired of
gel/be tired of意思是“对······厌烦”,get是连系动词,常见的系引词还有become,grow等。如:①My uncle was tired of living abroad.我叔叔厌倦了国外的生活。②Finally she got tired of drawing this kind of picture.最后这种画她都画烦了。③I'm tired of your lame excuses.我对你蹩脚的借口烦透了。④She grew tired of talking to these people.和这些人谈话,她已经厌烦了。be tired of 意为“对······厌烦”,be tired from 则表示“由于累”,偶尔也用介词with。如:⑤You're tired enough from caring for me.你照顾我,够累的了。⑥Are you tired from rowing?你划累了吧?⑦Tired from my journey,I went to bed early.由于旅途劳累,我很早就睡了。⑧I'm very tired with that long walk.走了这么长一段路,我非常累。tire是动词,原意是“使······疲倦”“使······厌烦”。如:⑨I mustn't tire you too much. If you want anything,just let me know.我不能让你太累了,如果你要什么,告诉我好了。⑩The ceremony was short so as not to tire them.仪式很简短,以免使他们疲劳。tire...out是“使······筋疲力尽”之意。如:⑪He tired us with his long speeches.他冗长的讲话使人厌烦。⑫If driving tires you, take the train.如果开车累,就乘火车吧。⑬All that running around tires me out.这么跑来跑去真把我累垮了。⑭I'm tired out. I think I'll go to bed.

我已疲倦至极,想上床休息。tire也可作不及物动词用,tire of可以无被动式,意为“对······感到厌倦”与be tired of 意思差不多。如:⑮I'm sure she'll soon tire of football.我肯定她很快就会对足球感到厌倦的。⑯Sooner or lnter she may tire of eating fish.早晚她会吃鱼吃腻的。

8.cool offcool off意思是“变凉快”“凉下来”,也可以说cool down。如:①They cooled off from the heat after a swim.游泳之后他们感到凉快了。②The hot water cooled off gradually.热水慢慢冷却了。③Don't be in such a haste.Let your tea cool down a little before you drinkit.不要这样急,等茶凉一点再喝。cool off 可引申为“变冷静”之意。如:④Wait till he cools off.等他冷静下来再说。【注】上述例句中的cool off或cool down是作不及物动词用的。cooloff也可当作及物动词用。如:⑤A shower cooled me off a little.冲了个澡以后,我觉得凉快了一些。⑥I tried to cool them all down,but they were too angry.我想使他们都平静下来,但是他们怒气太大一时消不了。

9.动词 locate的用法locate 在本课中是及物动词,意为“设置于”“位于”,常以被动语态或过去分词短语形式出现。如:①The office is located in this building.办事处设在这座楼里。②Our new cultural centre will be located here.我们新的文化中心将设在这里。③Geographically,that country is located in the Southern Hemisphere.从地理上说,那个国家位于南半球。④Located near the railway station,the company is easy to find.这家公司位于火车站附近,很容易找到。locate还有“找出或指出(位置)”之意。如:⑤We can't locate the village on the map.我们在地图上找不到这村庄。
⑥We think we have localed the source of the problem.我们认为我们已找到了问题的根源。⑦They couldn't locate the enemy, so they sent planes over huntingthem.他们没能找到敌人的所在地点,因此他们派飞机去寻找。⑧The four of us followed the stream until we located ils source.我们四个沿着溪流走,直至找到了它的源头。locate 有两个名词,location和locality,前者意为“地点”“位置”。后者作“地区”解。如:⑨The location of the house is near the highway.房子的地点靠近公路。⑩There are no hotels in this locality.在这个地区没有旅馆。⑪A post office should be built in a central location.邮局应盖在中心的位置。⑫The two factories are in the same locality.两家工厂都在同一个地区。

10.The town offers many shops and cafes and a wide variety of entertain-ment.镇上有许多商店和咖啡馆以及各种各样的娱乐活动。offer意为“提供”“提出”。如:①The collegeoffers courses in Russian.该大学设有俄语课程。②May I offer an opinion on this question?我可以就这个问题提个意见吗?③Why didn't you take the seat he offered you?你为什么不坐他让给你的位子?④He kindly offered me a ride.他热情地要我搭他的车。offer可作“表示愿意”解释,作此解时,后面通常跟不定式。如:⑤I'll offer to do it,if no one will.如果没有人愿意干,我来干。⑥Never offer to teach fish to swim.不要班门弄斧。⑦Having been there many times,he offered to be our guide.他因多次去过那里,主动提出做我们的向导。⑧He offered to supply me with school expenses.他表示愿意为我提供学费。offer还有“出价”之意,这时常与for连用。如:
⑨I offered him a high price for his horse.我出高价买他的马。⑩I should think I was lucky if I were offered £ 5000 for it.我想要是有人愿出5000英镑买它,我就够幸运的了。offer亦有“发生”“出现”之意。如:⑪I shall seize the first opportunity that offers.一有机会我会抓住。⑫We shall visit theplace as occasion offers.有机会我们就去参观那个地方。a variety of意思是“各式各样的”。如:⑬My little brother has a variety of interests.我的小弟有各种各样的兴趣。⑭She offered a variety of excuses.她提出了各种各样的借口。【注】variety前可有形容词来修饰。如:⑮A great variety of animals survive there.那里存留下来许多种动物。⑯The library has a wide variety of books.这家图书馆有许许多多种类的书。⑰The shopping-centre sells a great variety of goods.这个购物中心出售各种各样的商品。【注】variety既可以作可数名词,也可以作不可数名词,前者意为“品种”“异体”“种类”后者作“多样化”“变化”解释。如:⑱That farmer is always looking for new varieties of wheat.那位农民一直在寻找新品种的麦子。⑲My last job lacked variety. I was doing the same thing all the time.我的上一份工作缺乏变化,我老是在做同样的事情。⑳There are numerous varieties of fish in the lake.这个湖里有无数种类的鱼。21 Life at school has plenty of variety.学校的生活有多种多样的内容。

11.You can take a dip in the pool,work out at the gym....你可以在游泳池里泡,在体育馆里锻炼。dip的原意是“浸”“蘸”,此处作可数名词用,是非正式用语,意为“游泳”“洗澡”。与动词take或have连用。如:①They have decided to take a dip in the lake before lunch.
他们决定午饭前在湖里游一会儿泳。②Let's go for a dip in the sea after school,shall me?我们放学以后去海边游泳好吗?dip可作动词用,意为“浸”“泡”“把(手)伸入”。如:③Mary dipped her hand into the clear pool.玛丽把手伸到清澈的池水里。④Ask the children to guess what's in each container by dipping their hand3in.叫孩子把手伸进容器里,猜猜每个容器里是什么东西。⑤She dipped a hand into the jar of sweets and pulled one out.她把一只手伸进了糖果罐里,掏出了一块糖果。dip有“下沉”“下降”之意。如:⑥Unemployment dipped to 6.9 percent last month.上个月的失业率下降到百分之六点九。⑦The bat dipped slightly under his weight.船在他的重量下稍有下沉。⑧The moon dipped behind the trees.月亮落到树后去了。dip into 可引申为“浏览”“翻阅”之意。如:⑨Some books are intended to be read at length,others to be dipped into.有些书是供细读的,有些则供浏览。⑩I have only been able to dip into your book as yet.目前我只能把你的书浏览一遍。work out,此处不是“解出(题目)”之意,而是表示“进行锻炼”“训练”。如:⑪The football team of our school are working out on the playground everyday.我们学校的足球队员每天都在操场上训练。work out有“(按某种方式)发展”“有预期的结果”“有益处”之意。⑬That plan seems to most probably work out satisfactorily.那个计划似乎很可能获得令人满意的预期结果。那个计划似乎很可能获得令人满意的预期结果。⑭Things just didn't work out as planned.事情没按我们的计划发展。⑮I'm glad that things are working out so well for them in Australia.我很高兴他们在澳大利亚过得很不错。⑯I'm sure things will work out for the best in the end.我相信事情最后将朝最好的方向发展。

12.动词 avoid的基本用法avoid意为“避免”“避开”“躲避”,后接名词,代词或动名词。如
①It is hard to avoid mistakes.犯错误是难免的。②I realized they were trying to avoid the topic.第十五单元我明白了他们是在故意避开这个话题。③We must try to avoid repeating these errore.我们要避免重犯这些错误。④It was impossible to avoid being much aflfected.要想不受太大影响是不可能的。⑤We all avoided mentioning that matter.我们都避免提到那件事。avoid 可用作被动语态。如:⑥Misuse and waste must be avoided.使用不当和浪费都要避免。⑦This difficulty can be avoided in several ways.有几种方法可以避免这个困难。【注】avoid是终止性动词,不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,但是avoid若与有否定意义的词搭配时,则可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:⑧Their silence was so cold that she was unable to avoid their eyes for long.他们的沉默是那样的令人不寒而栗,以致她无法长时间避开他们的目光。

13.by表示方式、方法、手段by表示方式方法或手段时,通常后接名词,即表示做什么事以取得预期的结果。如:①We got the job finished by working sixteen hours a day.我们一天干十六小时,把工作干完了。②There is nothing to gain by waiting.等待得不到什么。③By helping them we are helping to save ourselves.我们通过帮助他们来帮助我们拯救自己。④He saluted her by raising his hat.他扬起帽子和她打招呼。【注】by表示方式时,并不只跟动名词,也可以跟名词,这时by意为“通过”“用”。如:⑤The money will be paid by cheque.这笔钱将用支票支付。⑥We have to express our thought by action.我们要用行动表达我们的思想。
⑦Entrance to the theatre is by tickel only.剧院凭票入场。第十五单元⑧We want to settle the problem by direct negotiation with them.我们想通过和他们直接谈判解决这个问题。

14.include,including和 includedinclude是动词,意为“包含”“包括”。如:①The price incldes both house and furniture.房价包括了房子和家具。②The Chinese nation includes more than 50 national minorites besides theHans.中华民族除了汉族外,还包括50多个少数民族。③Our tour party included several retiredcouples.我们的旅游团里有几对退休老夫妇。④We no longer include him among our friends.我们不再把他看作我们的朋友。⑤Your duties will include putting the children to bed.你的工作职责将包括安顿孩子上床睡觉。⑥Everyone here took part in the fight against flood, including old people.这里所有的人,包括老人,都参加了防洪战斗。⑦There are eight members including the President of the USA and theBritish Prime Minister.有八位成员包括美国总统和英国首相。included是形容词,通常作后置定语或表语。如:⑧Everyone had something to say,me included.所有的人,包括我在内,都有些话要说。⑨All of us,myself included,are baseball fans.我们大家,包括我自己,都是棒球迷。⑩Food is included in theprice.食物包括在价格中。

15.prefer 用法小结要掌握prefer的用法,主要抓住两点,一是prefer单独使用时后面跟什么,二是prefer与to或rather than 连用时后面各跟什么:不定式,不定式作宾语补足语或从句。如:①He likes geography,but he prefers history.他喜欢地理,但他更喜欢历史。(名词)②What do you prefer,rice or bread?你喜欢米饭还是面包?(代词)③You may vote for any other person you prefer.你更愿意投其他人的票也可以。(代词)④At tho moment they preforred not to talk about this carestEOn在这个时刻,他们宁愿不谈这个问题。(不定式)⑤Ho preforred opeaking without roforring to hls notco.他喜欢不看讲演稿做报告。(动名词)⑥I should have preferred him to do it in a diffcrent way,我倒愿意他用另一种办法做。(不定式作宾补)⑦The Commitleo would prefer tho matter to bo discuseed nt the next mneet-ing.委员们希望这个问题下次会议再讨论。(同上)⑧She preferred that we should hold the discusaion right after the lecture.她更愿意我们一听完讲座就进行讨论。(从句)表示“宁愿”“不愿”时,要用prefer...to在这个结构中,to作为介词,所以在prefer和to后应分别跟名词、代词或动名词,要注意前后保持一致,接同样词性的词。如:⑨John prefere Dickens to Thackery.约翰喜欢狄更斯而不是萨克雷。⑩He said he preferred the country to the city.他说城市跟农村相比,他更喜欢农村。⑪Even on holidays,he preferred doing something to doing nothing.即使在假日里,他也宁愿干点什么,也不愿闲着。⑫Few children prefer working to playing.很少有孩子喜欢干活而不喜欢玩。也可以用prefer...rather than来表示上述意思,具体用法是在 prefer-axd后接带to的动词不定式,rather than后接动词原形;也可以在fer...rather than...后分别接名词。如:⑬I think I should prefer fish rather than meat.我想我还是要鱼,不要肉。⑭She preferred to stay home rather than go with us.她宁愿呆在家里也不愿同我们一起去。⑮He prefers to go to the town by bike rather than take a bus.他宁愿骑自行车去镇上而不愿乘汽车去。⑯I prefer to work rather than sit there doing nothing.我宁愿干活也不愿坐在那里无所事事。

16.some time,sometime 和 sometimessome time 意为“一段时间”,表示时间的持续,在句子中要与持续性动词连用,而somelime则表示“某时”,是点时间,实际上是指“某个时刻”,既可指将来的某个时刻,也可指过去的某个时刻。somelimes的意思是“有时”,相当于 now and then,from time to time.请仔细阅读下面的例句,体会这三个词的区别:①I'm afraid it'll take some time lo repair your car.恐怕修你的车要花相当多的时间。②She's lived in Italy for some time,so she speaks Italian quite well.她在意大利已经住了相当长时间,因此她意大利语讲得很好。③Our house was built sometime around 1950.我们的房子是1950年前后什么时候盖的。④We'll meet again sometime next week.我们下星期什么时候再碰头。⑤I'll speak to him about it sometime.我将找个时间和他谈谈此事。⑥Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.我们有时候很忙,有时候不忙。⑦Everyone is a fool sometimes,and none at all time.每个人总有发傻的时候,可没有人老是发傻。⑧It is sometimes warm and sometimes cold.天气时暖时寒。

17.Travel light if possible.如果可能的话,轻装旅行。此处 light作副词用,修饰动词travel意为“轻装地”“轻便地”“轻载地”。如:①We always travel light.我们总是轻装旅行。②She felt uncomfortable because she slept light last night.她昨晚睡得不实,所以感到不舒服。③Her years sit light on her though she is over fifty.虽然她五十多岁了,但并不见老。【注】light作副词时,与lightly有所不同,后者意为“轻微地”“轻轻地”。如:④The vistor tapped lightly on the door.客人轻轻地敲门。⑤The wind was blowing lightly from the west.风轻轻地从西边吹来。⑥If you tread lightly, your footsteps will not be heard.轻轻走,脚步声就不会被听见。【注】lightly还可以作“少量地”“清淡地”“少许”解释。如:⑦After lunching lightly at Queenie's,he slipped into the museum.在奎宁家吃了正午饭后,他走进了博物馆。⑧The cake is sprinkled lightly with sugar.糕点上撒了少许糖。【注】lightly也可解释为“轻便地”,但多指“衣着”,不指旅行。例⑨Many people were lightly dressed.很多人穿得很随便。

unit-16

1.turn into的用法tum既可以是及物动词,也可以是不及物动词,作及物动词时,turn...into...意为“把······变成······”。如:①I'm thinking of turning the flower garden into a vegetable field.我正在考虑把花园改成菜地。②We can turn a liquid into a gas.我们能使液体变成气体。③Can you turn this passage into English?你能把这个短文译成英语吗?turn作不及物动词时,意为“ 变 成”“译成”。如:④He has turned into nice boy after all.他到底变成了一个不错的小伙子。⑤Jane is turning into quite a skilled musician.简正成长为一个训练有素的音乐家。⑥Shakespeare's plays are difficult to turn into any other language.莎士比亚的戏剧译成其他语言是困难的。

2.connect...with...connect...with...意为“连接”“使有关系”。如:①This road connects Beijing with Tianjin.这条公路连接北京和天津。②The early bus from the village connects with the 8:30 train.村里开出的早班公共汽车可与8点30分开出的火车接上。③The visit of the police was not connected with the lost child.警察这次来访与失踪的孩子无关。④Mr Thompson has been connected with our company since 1990.
汤普森先生自1990年以来就与我公司有联系。⑤It's natural to connect Australia with kangaroo.把澳大利亚与袋鼠联系在一起很自然。⑥The police did not connect him with the murder.警方没有想到他与凶杀案有关。⑦We usually connect spring with sunshine and flowers.通常一提起春天我们就联想到阳光和鲜花。【注】动词join也有“连接”之意,与介词to连用,与connect...with...作“连接”解时同义。如:⑧Sometimes the needles are joined to electric wires.有时把针和电线连接起来。

3.pass through的几种用法pass though 在本课中作“通过”“经过”解释。如:①He passed through the doorway and entered the room.他穿过门道,走进房间。②The newspaper is passing through the press.报纸正在印刷中。③His sister had passed through medical college to become a qualified doc-tor.他姐姐上完了医学院成了一名合格的医生。④Henry passed through a very hard time when his wife died.亨利的妻子去世后,他经历了一段十分困难的时期。⑤When Jane did not come home by midinght,many terrible ideas passedthrough Mother's mind.简到了半夜还没有回来,这使母亲脑子里闪过了许多可怕的念头。

4.Ever since the Civil War,the South has struggled to find ways to dealwith its troubled past.自从南北战争以来,美国南方各州一直在竭力找办法处理动荡不安的过去。struggle此处是动词,作“尽力使得”解释,后面接不定式。如:①The businessman struggled to free himself from debt.那商人竭力想要摆脱债务。②She struggled to remember where she had been at the time of the acci-dent.她竭力回忆事故发生时她在哪里。
struggle的原意是“挣扎”“斗争”后面可接不定式或far,againat.with等介词。如:第十六单元③Most animals have to struggle for exislence in a dangerotes world.大多数动物不得不在一个充满危险的世界里为生存而斗争。④The man in the boat struggled with the great waves.小船上的人与巨浪搏斗。⑤The boy struggled with the question and al last found the answer.那男孩苦想问题,终于找到了答案⑥The swimmer struggled against the tide.游泳者奋力与海浪搏斗。ways意为“方法”“办法”,后面的定语通常用不定式、介词短语或定语从句,此处to deal with是定语,修饰ways,deal with 意为“处理”。如:⑦In spite of his illness,he continued to deal with avariety of problems.尽管生病,他还继续处理各种各样的问题。⑧He won't be able to deal with all kinds of situations.他应付不了各种情况。⑨He dealt with the subject in a different way.他以不同的方式处理了这个题目。deal with有“对付”“应付”“相处”之意。如:⑩That man is impossible to deal with.这人无法相处。⑪I'll get someone else to deal with them.我将另找一个人来对付他们。⑫Deal fairly with your students!对你的学生要公正!deal with还可作“论述”“关于”解释,主要包括书籍文章或演说等内容。如:⑬This bookdeals with question of Political Economy.这本书是论述政治经济学问题的。⑭The subject)isn't very well dealt with in his latest book.他在新书里没有很好地论述这个问题。⑮I'll deal with modern writers in a separate article.我会在另一篇文章中谈现代作家。

5....the pains of slaves brought from Africa by greedy slave owners.被贪婪的奴隶贩子从非洲带来的奴隶的痛苦。
pain 原意为“疼痛”,表示身体局部的疼痛,其前一般用不定冠词,在这样的夜晚,他的伤脚就作痛。⑯My tooth doesn't pain me now.第十六单元我的牙齿现在不痛了。

6.The wounds are slow to heal and the scars run deep.伤口很难愈合,伤疤很深。在作表语的形容词后的不定式,如果不带宾语,则与句子的主语往往有一种逻辑上的动宾关系,如本句to heal 逻辑上的宾语是句子的主语 the wounds;若该不定式动词是不及物动词,则其后应加上适当的介词,与主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,请体会下列例句的意思和结构。①Your writing is impossible to read.你的书法没法认。②My car is hard to start in cold weather.我的车天冷时很难发动。③Do you think the water is safe to drink?你认为这水喝起来安全吗?④The food is not fit to eat.这食品不适合吃。【注】上述例句中,不定式动词均为及物动词,其逻辑宾语是句子的主语,若不定式动词为不及物动词,则需加一介词。如:⑤The room is comfortable to live in.这房间住起来很舒服。⑥Mr Turner is easy to get along with.特纳先生很容易相处。⑦The bench is long enough to sleep on.这凳子很长,可以在上面睡觉。run此处为连系动词,后接形容词,意为“变得”。如:⑧The river was beginning to run dry.河水开始干涸起来。⑨They had to return to camp because their food supply was running low.因为粮食不够了,他们只好返回营地。⑩You mustn't let the children run wild and do exactly what they like.你不要让孩子们毫无约束,爱干什么就干什么。⑪Prices for fruit are running high this season.这个季节的水果价格上涨了。⑫As the fuel ran short,the plane was forced to land.由于燃料快要用完,飞机被迫降落。nm作行为动词时,有很多用法,除了其基本意思,“跑”“运轮”“行驶”“流淌”外,还可作“通往”“延  续”解 释。如:⑬We have had a wet summer three years running.我们这儿已经连续三年夏天多雨。⑭The street runs from north to south.这条街是南北向的。⑮There is a tunnel running through the mountain.有一条隧道从山里穿过。run还有“内容为······”之意。如:⑯He received a note which ran as follows.他收到一个条子,内容如下。⑰The story runs like this.故事大致内容如下。⑱This is how the song runs.这首歌曲是这样唱的。

7.There are signs that a new,different south is comning out of its darkpast.有迹象表明,从黑暗的过去中将诞生出一个崭新的,完全不同的南方。come out of意为“有······的结果”。如:①Nothing came out of this talk.这次会议没有产生任何结果。②Well,what came out of your careful planning?喂,你那样精心筹划的结果怎样?③No one can say what will come out of the discussion.谁也说不上讨论会有什么结果。注意 come out后接不同的介词表示不同的意思。如 come out with意为“说出来”“讲出”“发表”。如:④If you have anything inyour mind,I want you to come out with it.你要是有什么想法,我希望你说出来。⑤He came out with some funny ideas.他提出了一些可笑的想法。⑥That year they came out with another article.那一年他们又发表了一篇文章。come out意为“出版”“出来”。如:⑦The magazine comes out once a month.这本杂志每月出一期。⑧The truth has come out at last.真相终于大白。第十六单元come out还有“开花”“褪色”“罢工”等意思,要根据句意来推测其确切的意思。如:⑨I think the roses will come out next week.我想玫瑰下星期要开了。⑩Will the color come out if the cloth is washed?这布洗了会褪色吗?⑪The dockers have come out on strike.码头工人罢工了。⑫How did the film come out?这片子拍得怎样?

8.Atlanta was burnt down in the Civil War.亚特兰大在内战中被烧毁。burn down 意为“烧掉”“焚毁”, 既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词。如:①The school building was burned down in that big fire.在那场大火中,学校大楼被烧毁。②The whole village was burned down by the enemy.整个村庄都被敌人烧毁了。③The woodshed burnt down in half an hour.小木屋半个小时就烧毁了。【注】bum down 所指的“烧毁”多是指将高大的物体烧毁,烧塌,而burmn up也有“烧掉”“烧毁”之意 ,其范围比burn down要广,既可指建筑物被烧毁,也可指其他的东西被烧毁,烧掉。如:④All his books were burnt up in the fire.他所有的书都在这场火灾中被焚。⑤The fire burnt up more than £ 500000 worth of antiques.这次大火烧毁了价值五十万的古董。⑥The house burned up before the firemen got there.还没等消防人员来到,那房子就烧毁了。【注】请注意 burn down。burn up burning与burn out的区别,后者意为“烧完”“烧坏”“烧尽”。如:⑦The fire burned out for lack of fuel.由于没有燃料,火灭掉了。⑧Her enthusiasm seems to have burned out.她的热情似乎已耗尽了。
⑨The poet's ability burnt itself out before he was thirty.诗人的才能还不到三十岁就枯竭了。第十六单元【注】bum out 也可表示将建筑物或其他物体烧掉。如:⑩The building was burned out and only walls remained.大楼被焚毁,只剩下残壁。

9.Atlanta quickly recovered from the destruction caused by the CvaWar.亚特兰大很快从战争的破坏中恢复过来。recover在本课中作不及物动词用,通常与from连用,意为“从-----中恢复”;作及物动词用时,意为“恢复”,通常与from连用,意为“从······中恢复”。如:①A healthy child quickly recovers from a fever.健康的孩子发了烧很快就会好。②The athlete soon recovered his breath after the final dash.这位运动员在冲刺之后很快就呼吸正常了。③She had not yet recovered from the shock.她还没有完全从惊吓中恢复过来。④Don't go back to work until you have fully recovered.等你痊愈了,再去上班。recover与反身代词连用时意为“镇定下来”“恢复原样”。如:⑤She soon recovered herself and stopped crying.不一会儿,她冷静下来,不再哭了。⑥The skater stumbled but at once recovered himself.滑冰的人绊了一下,但立即恢复了平衡。⑦She made a great effort to recover herself.她极力使自己镇定下来。recover还有“重新找到”“收复(回)”之意。如:⑧Recently a man-made satellite we sent up has been recovered.最近我们发射的一颗人造卫星已返回地面。⑨The police helped them to recover their stolen jewellery.警察帮助他们把被窃的珠宝找回来了。⑩The boy recovered his football from the neighbour's lawn.男孩从邻居的草坪上找回了自己的足球。

10.介词despite的用法despite 意为“不管”“任凭”,相当于in spite of,后接名词、代词或动词,但语气比后者轻,不如后者常用。如:
①He went out despite bad weather.他不管天气恶劣出发了。第十六单元②Despite the fogs we went oul for a walk.尽管有雾,我们还是外出散步。③Despite myself,Harry's remarks had caused me to stop and reflect.尽管不是我的本意,哈里的话使得我停下来想了想。④Despite waiting to see him again,she refused to reply to his letter.尽管很想再见到他,她却拒不答复他的来信。【注】despite后可接what引导的从句。如:⑤Despite what she says,I'll go.不管她怎么说,我也要去。⑥I would support him despite what he did.不管他做什么,我都支持他。11.The injustice of the city and of the South Ied Dr King to organize non-violent demonstrations aimed at ending segregation.这座城市以及整个南方的不公正导致金博士组织非暴力的示威运动,目的是结束隔离制度。lead to 和 lead sb. to do sth.的区别:前者是“通向”“引起”,to为介词,后接名词、代词或动名词,而后者的to是不定式的符号,是不定式作宾语补足语,意为“使得······做某事”。如:①“Where does this roadlead?""It leads to the railway station."“这条路通到哪里?”“通向火车站。”②These passages lead to the rooms inside.这些走廊通向里面的房间。③Blindly copying others might lead to losses.盲目照搬别人的经验可能导致损失。④All this has led to rapid progress in industry in the area.所有这些使这个地区的工业迅速发展。⑤That led me to think that the boy was ill.那使我想到孩子是病了。⑥His answer led me to make further inquiries.他的回答促使我进一步调查。⑦His amazing intelligence led him to make many discoveries.他惊人的智力使他有很多发现。aim at意为“目的是”“为的是”。⑧I don't understand his behavior. What's he aiming at?我不理解他的行为,他意图何在?⑨The factory must aim at increasing production.第十六单元工厂必须致力于增加产量。⑩He aims at perfection in everything ho docs.他做每一件事都力求做得尽善尽美。【注】也可以说aim to do sth.即在aim后用不定式表示目的。如:⑪He aims to gain the Nobel Prize.他的目标是得到诺贝尔奖金。⑫We aim to produce superior goods,not large quantities.我们的目标是生产优质产品,而不是追求数量。⑬The hunter aimed at the lion and fired,but missed him.猎人对着狮子开了枪,但未击中。⑭The students picked up stones and aimed them at the policemen.学生们捡起一些石头,冲着警察投去。⑮In saying this, I'm not aiming at you.我这话不是针对你说的。⑯His speech was not only aimed at the older boys.他的话不光是说给那些年龄较大的男孩子听的。⑰We all realized who that remark was aimed at.我们心里都明白那句话是冲谁说的。【注】aim at作“针对”解释时,如主语是人,多用主动语态,如主语是人所说的话,所作的评论等,则常用be aimed at,见上述例句⑮⑯⑰。

12.The city saw a series of fierce fights between blacks and whites.这个城市目睹了黑人和白人之间一连串的冲突。本句是用拟人化的手法赋予无生命的主语以人的动作,以增加句子的表现力,类似的句子有:①The year 1949 saw the founding of the People's Republic of China.一九四九年见证了中华人民共和国的诞生。②His unselfish work is beginning to tell.他无私的工作开始产生效果。③Her nervousness began to tell as soon as she entered the room.她一进房间就表现出紧张不安。④My watch says it is nine already.我的表显示已经九点了。series 意为“连续”“系列”,单复数相同,常用a series of表示“系列”。⑤Thoy carried out a serics of experiment to lest the new drug.他们进行了一系列试验试新药。第十六单元⑥Tho region has suffered from a scries of natural disasters.该地区遭受了一连串的自然灾害。⑦She was invited to give a scries of lectures on American politics.她被邀请就美国政治作系列讲座。⑧There has been a series of car accidents at the crossing.在那个交叉路口已经发生了一连串的车祸。

13.in honour ofin honour of意思是“为向······表示敬意”“为纪念(庆祝)”也可以说in sb.'s honour。如:①A memorial was built in honour of those who died for the country.为纪念为国捐躯者建了一座纪念碑。②A holiday was declared in honour of the President's visit.为庆祝总统到来特宣布放假一日。③Mr Mandela will attend an outdoor concert in his honour in the centre ofParis.尊敬的曼德拉先生将出席在巴黎中心举办的一场露天音乐会。④The ceremony was held in honour of the Queen's birthday.这庆典是为庆祝女王的生日而举行的。⑤A memorial meeting was held in his honour.举行了一个纪念他的集会。【注】有关honour的用法我们学过的还有 have the honour of doing sth.或it is one's honour to do sth.意为“乐于做某事”或“有幸做某事”,do honour to 或dosb.honour意思是“用······来庆祝······”或“使某人增添光荣”。如:⑥It's a great honour to meet you.认识你三生有幸。⑦He is one of the most interesting people I have the honour of meeting.他是我有幸认识的最有趣的人之一。⑧Her behavior in such a difficult situation does her honour.她在逆境中的表现给自己增添了光荣。⑨They dressed their ships with flags to do honour to the occasions.他们用旗帜把船只装饰起来庆祝这重要的日子。

14.Dr King's efforts were not in vain.金博士的努力没有白费。in vain 意为“徒劳”“无效”“枉费心机”。如:①It became obvious that all her complaints woro in vain.很显然她的所有投诉都是徒劳的。②The police tried in vain to break up the proteal crowds.警察企图驱散抗议的人群,但没有成功。③He wants the world to know his son did not die in vain.他想让全世界的人都知道他的儿子没有白死。vain 常见的词组还有:in a vain altempl/effort to do sth.妄图做··但未成功,in the vain hope that未能如愿。如:但未成功,in the vain hope that未能如愿。如:④I was singing in a vain effort to cheer him up.我本想唱支歌使他高兴起来,但未能如愿。⑤The crazy football fans were in a vain atlempt to make trouble during thematch.疯狂的球迷们妄图在比赛期间捣乱,但没有成功。⑥He married his fourth wife,Susan, in the vain hope that she would im-prove his health.他跟他的第四个妻子苏珊结了婚。,希望她能改善他的健康,但没有如愿。

15.During the Olympics,the eyes of the world were on Atlanta.在奥运会期间,全世界的目光都集中在亚特兰大。介词on在此处作“(视,盯)在······(目标)上”解释。如:①Ellen is eating,her eyes on her food.埃伦吃东西时两眼盯着食物。②Jim came in,his eyes were fixed on Della as if he didn't know her.吉姆走了进来,他的眼睛盯住了黛拉好像不认识她似的。③He fixed his eyes on something moving on the wall.他一直盯着在墙上蠕动的东西。请注意on的几种常见用法on表示“关于(某个题目)”“在(某个问题)上”。如:④Write a term paper on Shakespeare.写一篇关于莎士比亚的学期论文。⑤I differ from you on that point.在这一点上我和你看法不同。⑥He is absorbed in his work on bacteria.他专心进行他关于细菌的工作。on用于引申意义,表示“在······身上”“在心上”等。如:⑦My mind is still on the research.我的心思仍然在这项研究上。⑧Have you got any money on you?第十六单元你身上带钱了吗?⑨I saw it on television.我是在电视上看到的。表示“在······时”后跟动名词或名词,表示一个动作紧接着另一个动作。如:⑩On reaching the city,he called up Mary.一到城里,他就给玛丽打电话。⑪The boys stood up on the entrance of the headmaster.校长进来时男孩子们都站了起来。⑫Oh his return from Europe,he set to work again.他一从欧洲回来,就投入了工作。表示原因,意为“根据”“由于”“在······下”。如:⑬He did it on the instruction of the manager.他是根据经理的指示这样做的。⑭I came on your invitation.我是在你的邀请下来的。表示目的。如:⑮She had come on a visit to England.她来访问英国。⑯The Turners had been away on a long trip.特纳一家离开去长途旅行了。表示“靠······生活”“以······为主食”。如:⑰The prisoners could not exist on bread and water.囚犯也不能单靠面包和水生活。⑱They lived mostly on vegetables from their garden.他们主要靠园子里的蔬菜生活。

16.动词 determine的常见用法determine意为“决定”“决心”,后面常跟不定式或从句。如:①They determined to stay there till the year was up.他们决定在那儿一直待到年底。②The explorer determined to set out the next day in spite of the storm.探险者决定不顾风暴次日出发。③Have you determined where you are going to spend the holidays?你决定去度假的地方了吗?④Nobody determined what is to be done.没有人决定下一步怎么办。【注】determine作上述解释时,可以跟on引导的短语。如:⑤They determined on an early start.他们决定早动身。⑥He has determined on going tomorrow.他已决定明天去。【注】上述例句⑤⑥相当于determine 后接不定式。determine 常用作过去分词作表语,意为“有决定”“下定决心”,后接不定式或从句,如本课正是此用法。如:⑦She was determined not follow his advice.她决定不按他的劝告办。⑧He was determined that no one should know anything about it.他决定不让任何人知道这事。⑨They were determined to fight for their nation's independence and free-dom to the end.他们决心为国家的独立和自由斗争到底。⑩He was determined that his son should have a good education.他决定要让他的儿子接受良好的教育。determine有“使决定”“使下决心”之意,后接不定式作宾补。如:⑪What determined you to accept the offer?什么原因使你接受这项提议?⑫His advice determined me to delay no more.他的忠告使我决定不再拖延。⑬Your answer determined me to do so.你的答复使我决定这样做。determine亦可作“确定”“限定”“算出”解释。如:⑭The size of your feet determines the size of your shoes.脚的大小决定鞋子的尺码。⑮They determined the date for our party.他们确定了我们聚会的日期。⑯The position of the earth in relation to the sun determines the seasons.地球与太阳之间的相对位置决定一年四季的变化。

17.In 1996,Atlanta hosted the Olympic Games.一九九六年,亚特兰大举办了奥运会。此处host作动词用,意为“主办”“作······的主人”“接待”。如:①Birmingham is hosting this year's trade fair.伯明翰将主办今年的交易会。第十六单元②Which country is going to hosl the next World Cup?下届世界杯由哪一个国家主办?③The group was hosled by the ambusaador.这一群人受到了大使的款待。host还有“作······的节目主持人”之意,一般用于非正式场合。如:④She's now hosting her own show.她正主持自己的节目。⑤Mr Smith has been hosting the show for two years.史密斯先生主持该节目有两年了。host作名词用时有“主人”“东道主”“主办(单位、国家)”之意。如:⑥Apart from my host,I didn't know a single person there.除了主人外我谁都不认识。⑦Barcelona was chosen to be the host of the 1992 Olympic Games.巴塞罗纳被选为一九九二年奥运会东道主城市。⑧The host team and the guest team won each of the games,so they wereeven with each other.主队和客队各赢一场,现在他们两队打平了。【注】host作名词时是指男主人,女主人用hostess,但 hostess 不能作动词用。如:⑨My hostess greeted me with unexpected warmth.我的女主人出乎意料地热情欢迎我。

18.type和 kind(a)type of作“种类”“类型”解释时,后接单数名词,不用复数名词,该名词前不加任何限定词。例如我们可以说 a different type ofbicycle,但不可说 a different type of a bicycle(或 bicycles)如:①What type of plan is this?这是一种什么计划?②The engineer designed a new type of plane.这位工程师设计了一种新型飞机。【注】但type作“典范”解释时,其后的名词可以被限定词所修饰。③Abraham Lincohn was a fine type of the American patriotism.阿巴拉罕·林肯是美国爱国史上的典范。④Liu Hulan wan a fine typo of tho revolutionary hero.刘胡兰是革命英雄人物的典范。⑤John is a fine typo of achool boy.约翰是学生的典范。【注】types后面的名词可用复数,也可用单数,但作主语时相应的璃语动词一律用复数,与typos保持一致。如:⑥Several now types of computer(a) are on show.几种新型的计算机正在展出。【注】上述typo的用法,亦适用于kind,即akindof后面的名词通常是单数,且该名词前不用冠词或其他限定词,如a certain kind ofroso等,请看下列例句:⑦What kind of animal is it?这是一种什么动物?⑧Is this kind of TV set made in Shanghai?这种电视机是上海制造的吗?kinds后的名词既可用单数,也可用复数,但其作主语时,其后的谓语动词应用复数,与kinds保持一致。如:⑨These kinds of rose(a) are beautiful to look at.这几种玫瑰很好看。⑩There are different kinds of birds in the woods and they sing beautifully-林子里有各种各样的鸟,它们唱着悦耳动听的歌。【注】akind of意为“某种”或“一种不甚明确的”。如:⑪The dances of the bees are a kind of language.蜜蜂的舞蹈是一种语言。⑫I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.我有点怀疑他在欺骗。【注】kind of常用在口语中,作状语修饰动词,意为“有点”“有几分”。⑬I kind of thought he would come.我似乎感到他会来的。⑭I kind of thought this would happen.我似乎预感到此事会发生。

19.动词 provide的用法provide 意为“提供”“供给”,在provide sb.后常接with介词短语,表示所提供的事物。在provide sth.后常接for sb.,表示向谁提供。如:①This book will provide you with the information you need.这本书会向你提供你所需要的信息。②Food and drink were provided for all of them.第十六章元向他们全体提供了食物和饮料。③That hotel provides good meals.那家旅馆伙食很好。④These rivers provide water for irrigation.这些河流提供了灌溉用水。provide 亦可作“预防”“作好准备”“提供生计”解释。常与against或for 连用。如:⑤We have to provide against accidents.我们必须做好应付事故的准备。⑥They had to provide for their old age.他们得积攒点钱以备在老年时用。⑦We will see that all the old folks are provided for from now on.从现在起,我们要做到老有所养。⑧He has a large family to provide for.他需赡养一大家子人。provide 还有“规定”之意。如:⑨They enjoy all the rights provided in the constítution.他们享有宪法所规定的一切权利。provide的过去分词可引导条件状语从句,从句中的谓语动词用一般时态,而不用将来时。如:⑩You may keep the book another week provided that no one else requíresit.只要没有别人要这本书,你还可再借一个星期。⑪Provided that no objection is raised,we shall hold the meeting here.如果没有人反对,我们就在这里开会了。【注】provided that中的that有时可省略。如:⑫He should be home soon provided the buses haven't been held up.只要汽车没误点,他应该就要到家了。

20.From about 1830 onwards in the USA.在美国从大约一八三O年起。onwards与on同义,后缀-wards常用来构成副词,表示方向,如:eastwards, westwards,southwards,northwards,forwards, backwards,up-wards,downwards等。①From now on,we'll study harder than before.从现在起,我们要比以前更努力地学习。②They went on sailing eastwards,until they save the land.十他们不断地向东航行,终于看到了陆地。③From 1990 onwards,the seaside town began to take on a mewlcrf从一九九O年起,这个海滨小城开始展现新的面积。④From 1993 onwards,they tried again and again to go acrcen the Ceavet onfoot.从一九九三年起,他们多次努力要徒步穿过沙漠。⑤Get back! Step forward and P'll fire.回去!再向前的话我就开枪了。

21.Settlers made agreements with nativre American chiefs.移民者和土著人头领达成协议。agreement 此处作可数名词,意为“协议”,常与anrive,readhbreak,make,sign 等动词连用。如:①The two countries signed an agreement on nuclear weapons.两国签订了一项关于核武器的协议。②I'm sorry you couldn't arrive at a agreement.很遗憾你们不能达成协议。③Many agreement have been made between the two countries.两国之间签订了很多协议。【注】agreement可以后接不定式或从句表示agreement的内容作定差④We reached an agreement with them to cooperate fully at all time-我们与他们达成在任何情况下都合作的协议。⑤The negotiators came to an agreement that all troops would be withrlv.谈判者达成协议,撤出所有部队。agreement 可用作不可数名词,意为“意见(或目的等)”“一致”同意”。如:⑥The two sides failed to reach agreement.双方未能达成共识。⑦We are in agreement with their decision.我们同意他们的决定。⑧We are in full agreement with them on all points.在所有方面我们和他们看法完全一致。⑨There's little agreement as to what our policies should be.关于我们该采取什么政策,意见很不一致。⑩We have to get their agreement before we go ahead with the plan.

unit-17

1.disability 和 inability
dis-和in-都是表示否定意义的前缀,但用在ability前,表示不同的n/意思,disability意为“残疾”,而inabilitty 意为“无能力”“没办法”。请比较下列例句,注意这两个词的不同意思。
①I was surprised at her inability to do things promptly.她不能迅速处事,我感到惊异。
②She is deaf, but refuses to let her disability prevent her from doing whatshe wants to do.她失聪,但她不让自己的残疾妨碍自己去做想做的事。③His inability to pay his debts made his parents worried.他无力偿还债务使他父母亲很着急。④Her lack of experience is a severe disabilty.她缺少经验是一个严重的障碍。【注】ability的形容词是able,其前也有两个否定前缀,dis-和un-表示不同的意思,disable是动词,意为“使······伤残”,而unable则是形容词,表示“不能的”“不会的”。如:⑤That illness disabled him and left him unable to work.那病使他残疾,不能工作。⑥An accident disabled him from teaching.一次交通事故使他再也不能教书了。⑦He seems unable to understand the simplest instructions.他看来似乎连最简单的说明也不懂。⑧He was unable to sleep at night because of his anxiety.他因焦虑而晚上睡不着。

2.award和 rewardaward作名词时意思是“奖金”“奖品”。如:①The Olympic winner received a gold medal as an award.奥林匹克优胜者获得一枚金质奖章作为奖品。②He received an award of 1000 dollas for having saved a little boy.他因救了一个小男孩而得到一千美元的奖金。award 可作为动词用,意为“授予”“奖给”“给予”。如:③The university awarded her a scholarship.学校授予她奖学金。④They awarded her a medal for bravery.她表现勇敢,他们授予她奖金。⑤The judge awarded a large sum of money to those hurt by the fire.法官判给在火灾中受伤的人一大笔钱。reward作名词时是“酬金”“报酬”之意。如:⑥He received no reward for his service.他们的服务没获得酬谢。⑦She offered a reward of $ 2000 for information about her missing son.她悬赏二千美元,寻找失踪儿子的下落。
reward也可作动词用,意为“报酬”“报偿”,通常与介for或wíth座用。如:⑧Miners feel they are not well rewarded for the dangerous work they do煤矿工人觉得和他们所做的危险工作相比,他们的报酬太低了。⑨His cffort was rewarded with remarkable success.辉煌的成就是他辛勤努力的丰硕果实。⑩How can I reward you for helping?我如何报答你的帮助呢?

3.She was in a wheelchair to get around and it often takes her a littlelonger to do everyday things, such as getting out of bed, gettingdressed and going to classes.她靠轮椅到处走动,一些日常事情像起床、穿衣、上课她都得比别人用去稍多一点儿的时间。get around在本课中意为“行走”“到处走动”,也可用get about或get round。如:①He was ill last week,but he's getting around now.上星期他病了,但他现在已起床行走了。②Nowadays people get about much more than they used to.现在人们外出旅行比过去多得多了。③She gets around quite a lot,working for an international company.她常外出,为一家国际公司做事。④All this snow and ice make it difficult for people to get about.这些冰雪使人们行走困难。get around还有“(消息)传开”“散布”之意。如:⑤How did the story of her marriage get about?她结婚的事是怎么传开的?⑥It got around that the school was in great need of teachers.据传那个学校非常需要老师。⑦It's getting around that the peace talks have broken down.据传和谈已经失败。⑧It must not get about that he is ill.他生病的消息可千万不要传出去。such as此处用来列举事物,表示“例如······”“像······那样的”。如:⑨Nouns such as book,pen,apple and toy are countable nouns.书籍、钢笔、苹果和玩具之类的名词是可数名词。
⑩There are few poets such as Keals and Shelley.像济慈和雪莱那样的诗人现在很少了。第十七道元⑪The farm grows various kinds of crops, such as wheat,com,cotton andsoybeans.这个农场种植各种各样的庄稼,例如麦子、玉米、棉花和大豆。【注】such as表示列举事物时,不可将前面所述数量全部列出。例如我们不能说 He knows six languages,such as English,Chinese.Pus-sian,French,Japanese,and Spanish,但可以说 He knows six lnr-guages,namely English,Chinese,Russian,French,Japanese and Span-ish.他懂六种语言,即英语、汉语、俄语、法语、日语和西班牙语。也可以说:He knows six languages,such as English and Chinese.他懂六种语言,如英语、汉语。【注】such as后不可接副词性短语。例如我们不能说 You can do in mmore than one way,such as by the use of soda.你可以用不止一种方法做此事,比如说使用苏打水。去掉by后句子就正确了。【注】such as可引导定语从句,这时such as可连用,也可以分开用。如:⑫They felt such heat in the jungle as they had never feli before.他们在丛林中感受到了以前从未感受到的酷热。⑬He returned to us later that day with tobacco,matches and such things eswere needed.那天晚些时候,他带着烟叶、火柴等我们所需要的东西回来了。⑭I never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听过他讲的那类故事。⑮ We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.我们曾想给你一次任何其他人都未曾得到过的机会。⑮Such money as he earned was spent on spirits and tobacco.他挣的那点钱都花在烟酒上了。get dressed.意为“穿衣”,此处get是连系动词,意为“进入或变为某种状态”,后面多跟形容词或过去分词作表语。如:⑰You didn't get hurt in any way?你没伤着哪儿吧?⑱What's more,they often got stuck in the mud.而且他们常常陷到泥里。⑲Alice has got married,don't you know?

⑨She has a gift for foreign languages.她有学习外语的天赋。第十七单元⑩Rudoft had the gi of being liked by everyone he met.鲁道夫有人见人爱的才能。gift的原意是“礼物”,如abirthday gift生日礼物,表示“给······的礼物”,gift后的介词用to或for,如gift前没有动词则介词用to。如有行为动词,则应按动词的用法而定,如动词buy常与for搭配,而动词give后则常接to。如:⑪His gift to his wife was a necklace.他给妻子的礼物是一条项链。⑫We bought a gift for our mother on Mother's Day.母亲节我们为母亲买了一件礼物。⑬We gave a gift to our teacher.我们给老师送了件礼物。【注】注意 gift 与 present的区别。gift含义较广,可表示任何“赠送物”,把某物甚至是自己不需要的东西送给别人,以及考试中极容易的送分题都用gift来表示,而present一般只作“礼物”解释,通常只指具体的物品。如:⑭I gave him a second-hand book,which was my gift to him.我给了他一本旧书,这就是我给他的礼物。⑮In the examination paper,Question 2 was a gift.试卷中的第二道题是送分题。⑯He bought Mary a wedding present.他为玛丽买了一件结婚礼物。

5.assist的用法①The police will assist you in finding your daughter's address.警察会帮助你找到你女儿的地址的。只小册②He assisted mhe with good advide and encouragement.i mvond i/①他帮助我出好主意并加以鼓励。中思立一县只不尘求期前③My wife assistedl me in editing(the book前回容汛五用 ruml 97om我妻子帮助我编辑了这本书。glod of bulg acdl siom suw yorT@他们非常乐意部忙④Can I assist you with those parcels?我可否帮你拿这些包?niqo ym noy gvig of qqar лi som ml@⑤The nurse assisted the doctor in the opertigoh偿兴高常非姓护士在手术室帮助医生aof ylezlil noris snom ed II'srl seoqqua ID我想他很有可能会来。⑥Good glasses will assist you to read.
好的眼镜有助于阅读。

6.play a role(part)(in)
play a role(part)(in)意为“起······作用”“扮演······角色”。如:①He played a leading role in getting the delegates to agree on the finaldocument.在使代表们都同意最后的那个文件这一点上他起了主要的作用。②China is playing an increasingly important part in safeguarding the worldpeace.中国对捍卫世界和平正起着越来越重要的作用。③The press plays an important role in the life of a nation.新闻界对一个国家的生活起着重要的作用。④The U.N.plays an important role in international relations.联合国在国际关系方面扮演着重要角色。⑤Oliver played the role of Hamlet.奥立佛扮演了哈姆雷特这个角色。⑥The teacher plays a very active part in this type of classroom activity.在这类课堂活动中教师起了非常积极的作用。

7.They need recognition,more than sympathy and help.他们需要认可,不仅仅是同情和帮助。more than此处作“不只是”“不仅仅”解,此为more than后接名词或动词时之意。如:①His report is more than a survey.他的报告不只是一份调查。②Hibernation is more than sleep.It's a very deep sleep.冬眠不只是睡觉,而是很深的睡眠。③He more than smiled,he laughed outright.他不只是微笑,简直是大笑了。④Mr Brown is more than a teacher.He is an elder and friend as well.布朗先生不只是一位老师,他还是一位长者和朋友。more than 用在形容词前面、动词前面,意为“非常”“十分”。如:⑤They were more than glad to help.他们非常乐意帮忙。⑥I'm more than happy to give you my opinion.我非常高兴给你出点主意。⑦I suppose he'll be more than likely to come.我想他很有可能会来。
③She was dressed more than simply.她穿着十分朴素。第十七单元⑨Your answer more than satisfied me.你的回答使我非常满意。在 more than前加上no,not much,nothing时,意思是“只不过是”。如:⑩He is no more than a policeman.他只不过是个警察。⑪It wasn't much more than a formality.这只不过是礼节而已。⑫At the moment our tree looks like nothing more than a branch.现在我们这棵树看起来只不过是根枝条而已。⑬The newly discovered notes are nothing more than his personal journal.最新发现的笔记只不过是他的个人日记而已。more than后接含有情态动词can的从句,可表示否定意义。MThat is more than I can tell.那我就不知道了。⑮What he said and did is more than I can stand.我不能忍受他所说的话和所做的事。more than还可表示“与其说······不如说······”,意思是肯定前者否定后者。如:⑯He's more mad than stupid.与其说他愚蠢不如说他疯了。⑰He always seemed old to me like a grandfather more than a father.在我看来,他似乎很老,与其说像父亲,倒不如说更像祖父。⑱The girl ismore shy than unsocial.与其说这女孩不爱社交,不如说她害羞。more...than前面加否定词no有两种意思:一是作“至多”“仅仅”“不超过”解;二是作“和······一样不”解,意为前后两者都不。如:⑲The area they are working is no more than thirty square metres.他们工作的地方最多三十平方米。④It's a beautiful cottage,no more than five minutes from the beach.这所小农舍很美,只需五分钟即可到海滩。2He is no more fit to be a teacher than I am.他和我一样都不适合做教师。②A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.
鲸和马一样都不是鱼。23 I could no more do that than you.第十七单元你不能做那件事,我也不能做。【注】no more than 作“与······一样的”解,即否定前后两者时,与ncmmore than完全不同。请注意比较下列例句:24He is not more diligent than you.他不比你用功。25 He is no more diligent than you.他和你一样不用功。8.动词 inspire的用法动词inspire意为“鼓舞”“激励”“驱使”,后接名词、代词、介词短语、to结构或不定式作宾语补足语。如:①We need a new captain who can inspire the team.我们需要一个能鼓舞全队的新队长。②He had the example of his father to inspire and guide him.他以父亲为榜样来激励和引导自己。③I hope this success will inspire you to great efforts.我希望这次成功能激励你作出更大的努力。④What inspired you to change your namne?是什么驱使你改名的?⑤He succeeded in inspiring the party to continue reform.他成功地激励这个党继续进行改革。inspire 可作“激起”“唤起(某人的某种思想、感情)”解,常与介词in或with连用。如:⑥The memory of his mother inspired his best music.他对母亲的追忆使他写出最好的音乐。⑦His selflessness inspired them with respect.他的忘我精神使他们肃然起敬。⑧This inspired in them a lure for learning.这使他们产生了学习的热情。⑨He inspired confidence in us.他使我们获得了信心。⑩The news inspired the soldiers with redoubled courage.这消息使战士们勇气倍增。

9.动词 motivate的用法动词motivate意为“是······的动机”“激发”“引起”。如:
①The murder was motivated by hatred.仇恨是谋杀的动机。第十七单元②He was motivated by his wish to help me,and expected nothing in re-turn.他只是想帮助我,不图任何回报。③A good teacher has to be able to motivate his students.一个好老师应该能激发学生的兴趣。④Would you say that he was motivated only by a desire for power?你是说他的动机仅仅是对权力的渴求吗?motivate 后可接不定式作宾语补足语。如:⑤If you can motivate them to be interested, I'm sure they could do verywell.如果你能激发他们的兴趣,我肯定他们能干得很好。⑥The plan is designed to motivate the workers to work hard.这一计划是为激发工人努力工作而设定的。⑦There is little to motivate these kids to work hard at school.没有什么东西可以刺激这些小孩努力学习。

10.I have learnt to live with my body and adjusted to my way of life.我已经学会用我这带有残疾的身体生活,而且已适应了我的生活方。adjust意为“适应”“调整”常与介词to连用。如:①I soon adjusted myself to my new job.我很快适应了新的工作。②The bodywill soon adjust itself to the weather here.身体很快就会适应这里的气候的。③These desks and seats can be adjusted to the heights of any child.这些课桌椅可以按孩子的身高进行调整。④Can you adjust the light on my bike so that it shines on the road?你能替我把自行车上的灯调整一下,使光线照在路上吗?⑤Astronauts in flight must adjust to weightlessness.宇航员飞行时必须适应失重状态。⑥The teacher adjusted his methods to suit the needs of slower children.这老师调整教法,以适应差生的需要。⑦He stopped to try to adjust his vision to the faint starlight.他停下来把视力调整一下,以适应微弱的星光。⑧You'll get better reception if you adjust the antenna.
调整一下天线就能接收到更好的图像。

11.get used to,used to 和动词use的被动语态第十七单元get used to 意为“习惯于”,后接名词、代词或动名词,其中get为连系动词,也可以用其他的连系动词如be,become,grow,feel,secm等表示。如:①I'm used to dealing with matters of this sort.我已习惯于处理这类事情。②He's not used to being treated like this.他不习惯受到这样的对待。③You'd get used to that in time.到时候你对此就会习惯。④He seemed a quiet man,used to practical work.他似乎是一个安静的人,习惯于做实际工作。⑤I've become used to vegetarian diet.我已习惯于素食。used to意为“过去经常”,后接动词原形,因表示过去,故无时态变化。⑥I used to write poetry myself when I was your age.我像你这么大时常常写诗。⑦We used to grow beautiful roses.我们过去种植很漂亮的玫瑰花。⑧We get on pretty well. Better than we used to.我们相处得相当不错,比过去好。⑨If only you'd be as you used to be!你要是像过去那样就好了!
【注】used to的否定式和疑问式的构成有两种:一是借助助动词did;二是直接在used后加not构成否定式,或是将used放到句首构成疑问式。如:⑩They didn't use to mind what we said.我们说什么他们过去是不介意的。⑪What did you use to do on Sundays?过去你星期天都做什么?⑫Did you use to play football?你过去常踢足球吗?
⑬You usedn't make such mistakes.你过去是不犯这种错误的。
14.She used not to be so forgetful.她过去不是这样健忘的。
⑮What used to annoy you about himn?他过去有什么常使你不高兴的?⑯Used you to live in the same building?过去你们是不是住在同一栋楼里?
【注】used to 与would的区别:used to与would都可表示“过去常常”之意,且后面都跟动词原形,所不同的是used to后可接任何动词,既可跟行为动词,也可跟表示状态的动词,而would 后只能跟行为动词。例如我们可以说I used to be a university student.但不可以说I would be a university student.另外,used to 在描述过去的某一习惯动作时只是客观地叙述,不带有个人的感情色彩,而would 则往往带有说话者的感情色彩,可以表示说话人的某种心理,往往有“自愿的”“有意的”意思。如:⑰She used to ask about my studies.她以前常常问我的学习情况。(只说出了一个客观事实,不带感情色彩)⑱She would ask me about my studies.她以前老是问我的学习情况。(含有“关心我”“使我讨厌”等意细)⑲We used to swim every day when we were children. We would run to thelake and jump in.我们小时候每天都去游泳,我们常常奔向湖畔,然后一跃而入。(这是描述童年生活的两句话,第一句用used to表示叙述,第二句用would表示已进入了回忆往事的心理状态,带有一定的感情色彩)动词use的被动语态后常跟不定式短语,表示“被用来做······”,容易与be used to 混淆,关键是看be used后面跟什么,如be used to后接名词、代词或动名词,是“习惯于······”之意,如后接不定式,则是动词use的被动语态,意为“被用来做某事”。如:⑳ That tool is used to dg holes.那工具是挖洞用的。2 Plastics can be used to make all kinds of things.塑料能用来制造各种各样的东西。2A new type of film has been used to take pictures.一种新型的胶片已经被用来拍照。

12.evcry的一种用法第十七单元此处 every用在数词前,如every two(three,etc.),意为“每两个······)个······”。如:①I go there every three days.我每三天去那里一次。②The American people elect a president every four years,美国人四年选一次总统。③There is a bus to the station every ten minutes..每十分钟有一辆公共汽车进站。④Thelyustopped and rested every five miles.他们每五英里停下来休息一会儿。.⑤Nine wortien haive lolt johs for every five men.每五个男子失业就有九个女子失业。【注】也可以跟序数词表示同样的意思。如:⑥The Olympics are held every fourthilyear vin luod.奥林匹克运动会每四年举行一次派区举随外回(⑦It has been snowing,roughly every third day.近来大约每三天就要下一次雪ar mn luodn orn den bluow arlr【注】值得注意的是表示1每隔··只”要用ieyerloher或 exery seond。如“每隔一天”,要说 every other day 或 every second.day。⑧L went home.everyl other weeks nsdw tab yovo mine of hoen of我每隔一周回家一次。.ni qrui br odn⑨“Please write every other line. liail,the reacher下 扩ì 则1小[兆这口描述新年生活的两句话、第可们记动副新,总助素司

.13ieverncymeidenit캠 aceidentニゴン増Llur四这三个词都表示“事件”,但各有不同,event一般表示比较重大的,”事件或体育运动的比赛项目。如常自念部ol |①A daughter's marriagel is quite lan event for, almotherboen d 已县.人女儿的婚姻对一个母亲来说确实是件大事次同升,同吕射②The sigring of the Declaration of Indeperidencelwas an tmportarlti event《独立宣言》的签定是重大事件。eslorl gib of boen ei lo01m//部工俱退挖洞用的,③The next event will be 100 metres.下一个比赛项目是一百米赛跑dis slam of boen od nuo cit-ali④The first dayat school is a bigleve明 耕我did,那开米的那样!上学第一天在孩子的一生中是件大事。rlml0incident是指“(不寻常的或冷人不快的)事情(小事情i插曲”。

⑤Let's forget the whole incident.忘了那件不愉快的事吧山第十七单元⑥There was a funny mnoidentiwher the dai woman couldrili get out of thePcar.当那个胖女人下不了小汽车时有一段滑稽的插曲。111T】⑦That was one of the etrangest incidente inismpl Iifeb m那是我一生中最奇怪的事它开i1!0nlincident 也可以表示引起战争(争端的事件;可作为 baftle.war一类词的委婉说法。如:词的委婉说法。如:⑧Frontier incidents have been common alonglther borden betweenljithe twols Ths di ability nakes everydscountries.两国常发生边界事件。gib mhiw boldasib vlletuam arp teaT1⑨The diplomatic incident was cinsedtb  ndisunderstanding日화关:烬这一外交事件是由误解造成的。目。accident 多指“不愉快的意外的,不测之事导致不良后果”。如:⑩He lost both his legs in a trainlacciden而到哥秋非青司,哥宝他在一次火车事故中失去了双腿wxэ vebyiove nommoo e ai JID⑪There were several people injured in the Lraffic accident个一县女在这次交通事故中有好几个人受了伤。olni begnarlo ode redTaccident 也可以指中性的事情。如:the raccident dffitth出生这件事。the accident that Francel and Germany have a comimon,border 法国和德国有共同的边界线的情况哥用常日阳单商用录计本态14.surround by/withxep riove sn 99a ol stro orl2①surround by/with 意思是“四周都是”“处于·的气氛中,如①Ours is a hilly area suuourded lon, three sides by mountains.no ⑧我们这儿是一个山区,三面都是大山1oddorl snd terlw aoe no②The garden was large, mmolinded by abigh wall land shaded by thickΔ[表示”没能做到某”可用面1水山,也trees.这座花园很大,周围有一道高墙,里面有茂密的树林。.da③They love beingusurrounded by farniliar, possessionsun or yomi эHO他们喜欢周围摆放一些熟悉的东西。然00.8个雅工效文业④He found himself surrounded with anoatmosphene iof kindnebslidl I(T)他发现自己处在友好的气氛之中。下认出事,断睡贝货弈⑤They were surrounded;withudangersi theynknewall zasq of balicl ,H⑤他们知道他们处于危险之中。■义育货后答曲,小胖(由【注】surrounded with/by实际上是个过去分词短语,现在分词sur

我没能说服他。⑩He always fails to lock the door when he leaves.第十七单元他离开时总是忘记锁门。fail sb.有“使某人失望”之意。如:⑪His friends failed him when he most needed them.他的朋友们在他最需要他们的时候使他失望了。⑫She reached for a chair and sat down suddenly, as if her legs had failedher.她伸手抓过一把椅子,突然坐了下来,好像她的腿支持不住了似的。⑬She was so upset that words failed her.她心烦意乱得说不出话来。⑭He would have succeeded if his courage hadn't failed him.如果他当时没有失去勇气,他就成功了。

16.动词 participate的用法participate 意为“参加”“参与”,与介词in连用相当于take part in。如:①Everyone in the class is expected to participate in the discussion.希望班上每个人都参加到讨论中来。②He refused to participate in the sports meet.他拒绝参加运动会。③Terry can't participate in the match because he has hurt his foot.特里不能参加比赛,因为他扭伤了脚。
participate 可作“分享”“分担”解,而take part in无此解。如:participate in one's suffering 分担某人的痛苦participate in the profits 分享利润

17.动词 compete的用法compete 意思是“竞争”“比赛”“争夺”,表示与谁竞争、比赛,介词用with或against;表示竞争的目的,即想要得到什么,用介词for,即 compete with/against sb. for sth.。如:①He compeled with a man from California for the post.他与一个从加里福尼亚来的人争夺这个职位。②Fifty students competed with one another for the scholarship.五十名学生相互竞争以取得这项奖学金。③The young golfer often competes against famous players, but so far he hasalwavs heen heaten.那个年轻高尔夫球手常与名手较量,但到目前为止还没有赢过④The banks have long competed with each other.银行间早就开始了竞争。⑤The American economy and its ability to compete abroad is slowingdown.美国经济增速放缓,对外竞争力下降。⑥The firm is too smalI to compete with large international companies.这家公司太小了,竞争不过国际性大公司。⑦Both girls are always competing for their father's attention.两个姑娘总是竞相争取父亲的注意。

until-18

1.How do they come up with ideas for new inventions?他们怎么提出新发明的想法的?
come up with意为“提出”“想出”。
①The teacher asked a difficult question,but finally Tom came op aegood answer.老师提出了一个难题,但汤姆最后想出了一个好答案。②The magazine recently came up with some advice on smoking.那本杂志最近就吸烟问题提出了一些忠告。
③I hope you can come up with a better plan than this.我希望你能想出一个比这个更好些的计划来。
④Scientists will have to come up with new methods of increasingworld's food supply.科学家们必须找出增加全世界食品供应的新方法。⑤You have no choice but to come up with the £ 18000.你别无选择,必须拿出那一万八千英镑来。
【注】come up也有“被提出来”之意,但主语一般是表示问题、建议、计划等的名词。如:⑥The program came up for final decision.
这一计划被提出来以便作最后决定。
⑦These problems will come up for discussion at the meeting.这些问题会在会议中提出来讨论。
⑧We solved problems as soon as they came up.问题一出现我们就解决。
come up with还有“赶上”之意。
⑨Let's hurry up so that we may come up with them.咱们快些走,好赶上他们。
⑩We shall have to work hard to come up with the other team.我们得努力干才能赶上另一队的进度。
⑪I came up with her as she was rounding the corner.她在拐弯时,我追上了她。
come up with 可引申为“拿出”“提供(一笔钱)”之意。
⑫The rich man came up with a large sun of money to those poor studentswho can't afford their tuition.那个有钱人拿出一大笔钱来给那些因贫困而交不起学费的学生。

2.in common 
   in common意为“共用”“共有”“共同”,后接介词with时,意为“和······一样”。
   ①The swimming pool is used incommon by all the children in the town.这个游泳池供镇上的孩子共同使用。
   ②They have nothing in common with one another.他们相互之间没有共同点。
   ③In common with many people,he prefers classic music to pop.和很多人一样,他喜欢古典音乐,不喜欢流行音乐。
   ④He believed,in common with the majority,that it was true.他与大多数人一样,认为这是真的。
   ⑤In common with most Italian lakes,access to the shores of Orta is restrict-ed.和大多数的意大利湖一样,进入奥塔湖滨受到限制。⑥To my surprise,I found I had a lot in common with this stranger.令我惊讶的是,我发现我与那陌生人有很多相似之处。⑦He had little in common with his little sister.他与他的小妹妹没有多少共同之处。⑧Their methods have a lot in common.他们的方法有很多相似之处。
【注】注意 out of the common意思是“异乎寻常的”“不平常的”。如:■is something out of the common.这是异乎寻常的东西。

3.allow与allow for
allow意为“允许”“准许”。如:①Smoking is not allowed in public places.公共场所不允许抽烟。②The government servants aren't allowed to accept rewards.公务员不得接受酬谢。③The children are too young to be allowed out at night.孩子们太小,夜间不能让他们出去。
allow for意思是“估计到”“把······考虑在内”。如:④When he made the plan,he failed to allow for the unexpected.他作计划时没有把意外情况考虑进去。⑤He missed the target because the wind hadn't been allowed for.因为没有考虑到风的影响,他没有击中目标。⑥You can't make it in an hour,you must allow for traffic delays.你一个小时到不了,你必须考虑到在路上会遇到耽搁。⑦We must allow for his lack of experience.我们必须考虑到他缺乏经验这一点。⑧Allowing for exceptions, the rule may stand.在允许有例外的情况下,这条规则还是可以成立的。

4.stucket 
stuck意思是“被困住”“被卡住”“处于困境”,此处 get是连系动词,也可以用be等其他的连系动词。如:①The bus was stuck in the mud.公共汽车陷在泥里了。②The shuttle often got stuck,causing a lot of broken ends.梭子常常卡住,造成大量断头。③What shall we do? We seem to be stuck.怎么办?我们似乎干不下去了。④Have you got stuck over your maths problems?你的数学题做不下去了吗?⑤I'm stuck now,there is no more material for the work.我无法进行下去了,这工作缺少资料。⑥I was stuck there for a week by the bad weather.由于天气不好,我在那里待了一个星期。
通过尽可能多的角度来看待一个问题,富有创造力的思考者可以发现其他情况下可能觉察不了的答案。让我们先分析一下句子的结构,本句的主语是creative thinkers.以语动词是can find,宾语solutions后带了一个定语从句。句许的by 短语是方式状语。othcnwise在本句中是副词,意为“要不然”“否则”“在另外的情况下”。如:①He was tired but otherwise in good health.他很疲惫,但除此之外,健康状况良好。②The rent is high, but otherwise the house is satisfaclory.租金昂贵,但在其他方面这房子还令人满意。③He has a squint,but is otherwise a handsome fellow.他有点斜视,但除此之外,倒是个英俊的小伙子。otherwise也可作“不同地”“用别的方法”解。如:④She says it's true, bul we think otherwise.她说这是真的,但我们却认为并非如此。⑤1 hate him but I pretend otherwise.我恨他,但是我假装不恨。⑥I have never observed him do otherwise.我从未看到过他不是这样做的。otherwise 可用作连词,意为“否则”“要不然”,相当于or。如:⑦Hurry up, otherwise you'll be late.快点,不然你要迟到了。⑧Do what you have been told otherwise you'll be punished.照吩咐的去做,否则你将受罚。⑨I'm lucky that I'm interested in school work, otherwise I'd go mad.很幸运我对学校里的功课感兴趣,不然我要疯掉的。otherwise 可作形容词。如:⑩The fact is otherwise.真相并非如此。⑪Their political enemies were also their otherwise friends.他们的政敌在其他方面也正是他们的朋友。solution意为“解决(办法)”“解答(释)”,通常后接介词to。如:⑫There are no simple solutions to the problem of overpopulations.对于人口过多的问题,没有简单的解决办法。⑬We are looking for a solution to our financial difficulties.我们正在寻找解决财政困难的方法.

remain为连系动词,意为“处于(某种状态)”。后接形容同性的同作表语。第十八单元⑭How can we remain silent on this question?对这个问题我们怎么能保持沉默呢?⑮The boundary questions still remain unsetled.边界问题仍然没有解决。⑯She remained sitting when they came in.他们进来时,她仍然坐着。【注】remain也可以接名词、代词、介词短语作表语。如:⑰This still remains a serious problem.这仍然是一个严重的问题。⑱It remains below 13℃ for aboul five months of the year.一年约有五个月那里温度保持在13摄氏度以下。

7.attempt的一些用法attempt 在本文中作名词用,意为“企图”“尝试”,后面可接不定式或at/on引起的介词短语。如:①All attempts to control inflation have failed.所有抑制通货膨胀的尝试都未能奏效。②He made another attempt with relative calm and at last succeeded.他比较冷静地又试了一次,终于获得了成功。③We made an attempt to get in touch with them.我们试图与他们联系。④My first attempt at a chocolate cake tasted horrible.我第一次做巧克力蛋糕味道糟透了。⑤He made one last attempt at/on the world record.他为世界纪录作了最后一次冲刺。atlempt 可作动词用,意思与名词相同,后接不定式或名词、代词、动名词。如:⑥The boys attempted to leave for camping but were stopped by their par-ents.男孩们想去野营,但被他们的父母阻止了。⑦They are attempting a takeover of the MCT company.他们企图接管MCT公司。⑧She attempted jumping over the fence.她试图跃过栅栏。⑨The chairman attempted to call for order. But he was shouted down.主席想要维持会场秩序,但他的话音被喊叫声淹没了。⑩Don't attempt impossibilities.不要试图去干不可能的事。第十八单元⑪They attempted breaking through the enemy's line.他们试图突破敌人的防线。

8.connectconnect to 意思是“与······相连接(有关)”,其后的介词既可用to.也可以用with。如:①The police didn't connect him with the murder.警方没有把他和凶杀案连在一起。②He is connected with the Whites by marriage.他与怀特家是姻亲。③A search of Brady's house found nothing thatcould connect them with therobberies.对布拉迪的房子的搜查没有找到任何他与抢劫有关的内容。④We usually connect spring with sunshine and flowers.我们通常把春天和阳光及鲜花联系在一起。

9.awareaware意为“意识到”“觉察到”,是形容词,多用作表语,后接介词of,of后通常接名词、代词、动名词或名词性从句,接名词性从句应用疑问词引导,这时of可省去。①Are you aware of the problems involved?你有没有意识到这里存在的问题?②He was not aware of her presence till she spoke to him.直到她对他说话,他才意识到她的存在。③He became aware of Jane's coming towards him.他觉察到简向他走来。④We were quite aware(of) how you would respond to our terms.我们十分清楚你能对我们提出的条件作怎样的反应。⑤I was not aware(of) how dangerous it was.我不知道这有多危险。aware后可接that引导的从句,这时不可再用of。如:⑥I'm well aware that this is not the perfect soluation.我非常清楚这不是完美的解决办法。⑦He was painfully aware that the deadline had passed.他痛苦地意识到限期已过。⑧You must be aware that what you are doing is illegal.
你必须明白你做的事是非法的。
【注】be aware后也可以直接跟连接副词how引起的从句。如:第十八单元⑨I'm quite aware how you must feel.我完全明白你会有什么感觉。⑩I'm too aleepy to be aware how cold it was.我太困了,没意识到天有多冷。

10.They all knew that for each new invention that works, there are atleast ten that don't.他们都知道,每有一个成功的发明就至少有十个是不成功的。此处介词for表示对比或比例。常与each,every或数词连用。意思是“每····“就”“与······成比例”。如:①For every enemy, he has fifty friends.他每有一个敌人就有五十个朋友。②Plant three trees for every one that is cut down.每砍一棵树就要种三棵树。③The prisoners of war were exchanged man for man.一对一地交换了战俘。④Let's translate the sentence word for word.让我们逐字翻译这个句子。

11.Anywhere we go, we can hear the ringing of a cellphone.我们无论到哪里,都能听到手机的铃声。anywhere是副词,意为“无论何地”,此处用来引导地点状语从句,相当于一个连词,意思和wherever或no matter where相近。①I'll take you anywhere you like.我将带你到你喜欢的任何地方。②Anywhere you go, it is all the same.无论你到什么地方都一样。③You can camp anywhere you like these days.如今你可以喜欢在哪儿宿营就在哪儿宿营。④Anywhere I go, I find the same thing.不管我走到哪里,我都发现同样的情况。【注】在英语中,副词起到连词的作用,用来引导状语从句很常见。如:directly,instantly,immediately等。如:⑤I came immediately you called.你一来电话我就来了。⑥Directly he said those words, there was a dead silence.我们现在和过去一样存在同一个问题。阅十八的光⑥The two care are aimilar in appearance,but the new ore is mrme briphalycoloured.这两部车看起来差不多,但那部新的颜色更些、【注】请注意 similar与-familar的差异,后者意为“熟悉的”,当上嚼是物时,familiar后也接介词to。如:⑦Your name is very familiar to me.你的名字我很熟悉。⑧French is familiar to him as English.他对法语就像英语一样熟悉。⑨These folk songs are familiar to the local people.这些民歌是当地人很熟悉。【注】当人作主语时,即表示某人对某物熟悉时,familiar 后接介同with。如:⑩I'm of course familiar with his works.我当然对他的作品很熟悉的。⑪She has become familiar with the house.她对这房子得很熟悉了。

12.A computer's "memory” is similar to human memory in someways.计算机的“记忆”在某些方面与人类的记忆相似。simlur是形容词,意为“相像的”“类似的”“与······类似”。similar后接介词to。如:①My opinions on the maller are similar to yours.在这个问题上,我的观点和你的观点相似。②Gold is similar in colour to brass.在颜色上,黄金与铜相似。similar的反义词是different,其后跟介词from。如:③This is a different girl from the one he used to go out with.这个姑娘不是他过去交往的那个姑娘。④I couldn't help being different from when I left school.我与当年离开校园时的我判若两人,这是不可避免的。【注】请注意 similar与same的区别,前者表示“大致相同”“十分相像”,而后者则意为“完全一样”“没有变化”。如:⑤We've still got the same problem as we had before.
我们现在和过去一样存在同一个网题。知十八的充⑥The two cars aro almilar in appearanace,but the new one is more brtghdlycoloured.这两部车看起来差不多,但那部新的颜色更死些。【注】请注意 similar 与famiHur-的差异,后者意为“聪恶的”。当非调是物时,familiar后也接介词to。如:⑦Your name is very familiar to me.你的名字我很熟悉。⑧French is familiar to him ao Englísh.他对法语就像英语一样熟悉。⑨These folk songs are famniliar to the local people.这些民歌是当地人很熟悉。【注】当人作主语时,即表示某人对某物熟悉时,familiar后接介词with。如:⑩I'm of course familiar with his works.我当然对他的作品很熟悉的。⑪She has become familiar with the house.她对这房子得很熟悉了。
⑧If you want to discuss with me at all, give me a ring.如果你确实想同我商量,可以打个电话给我。
in all用来表示“总计”。
如:⑨There are four questions in all.总共有四个问题。⑩How much is it in all?总共多少钱?

13.after al1,at all 与 in all,after all 意思是“终究”“毕竟”。如:①After all, I've nothing to be ashammed of.说到底,我没有什么可羞愧的。②So you see I was right after all.因此你知道最后还是我对。③What harm does it do after all?它到底有什么害处?④After all, he's only six years old.他毕竟才六岁。【注】注意 after all 与 at all 和inall的区别。aa用在否定句中。以加强否定语气,表示“一点儿也不”“完全没有”。如:⑤It will do you no harm at all.这对你完全没有害处。⑥I'm not interested in it at all.我对这毫无兴趣。at all可用于疑问句、条件句中起强调作用,意为“真的”“竟然”“确实”等。如:⑦Are you going to do it at all?你真的准备这样做吗?
他刚说完这些话,大家就立刻沉默下来。⑦The machine will slart instantly you press the bullon.第十八单元你一按电钮,机器就会开动。⑧I knew something was wrong immediately I arrived.我一到就知道出事了。⑨We came directly we got your telephone.我们一接到你的电话就来了。⑩Instantly I saw him, I knew he was the man the police were looking for.我一看见他就知道他正是警察在寻找的男子。【注】the momnent,the minute,the instant和 the second 等名词也可以这样用。如:⑪Telephone me the instant you get the results.你一得到结果就给我打电话。⑫I recognized her the minute I saw her.我一看见她就把她认出来了。BHe liked the painting the instant he saw it.他一看见这幅画,就喜欢上它了。⑭The moment I came into the room, I found the old man lying on thefloor,panting.我一进屋子,就发现那老人躺在地上,气喘吁吁的。

14.now that 与once引导的状语从句now that意为“既然”“由于”;once意为“一旦”,它们在句中退连词作用,引导时间状语从句。如:①Now that you mention it, I do remember.你一提,我就想起来了。②Now that we have decorated the house, we can move in.既然房子已装修好,我们就可以搬进去了。③Once over the pass,you will see the town before you.一过关口,你就会看到那座城市呈现在你面前。④I'll tell him once I see him.我一看见他就告诉他。⑤Now that the rain has stopped, we can leave.雨既然停了,我们就可以走了。⑥Now that you are settled, why don't you take up some serious study?既然你已经安顿下来,为什么你不开始正式地学些东西呢?⑦Once she arrives, we can start.她一到我们就可以动身了。⑧Once you show any fear, he will attack you.你一表现出恐惧,他就要攻击你。【注】now that中的that可省略。

unit-19

1.as far as的用法和意思as far as或so far as,此处意为“据”“就”“尽”,常与动词know,see等词连用。如:①As far as they know, the room is empty.据他们所知,房间是空的。②So far as I can judge, she is quite efficient.据我判断,她的工作效率是相当高的。③There are no mistakes as far as I can see..在我看来没什么错误。④So far as I know, their work is far from satisfactory.据我所知,他们的工作并不令人满意。【注】类似的用法还有:as far as sb./sth. is concerned,意思是“就某人/某事而言”“对某人/某事来说”。如:⑤As far as I am concerned, it's all nonsense.在我看来,这全是一派胡言。⑥This has been a difficult period as far as the country's economy is con-cemed.就我国经济而言,最近是其困难时期。【注】也可以用as far as sth. goes。如:⑦So far as content goes, it is all right.就内容而言,这还不错。⑧It's a perfectly good law as far as it goes, but it doesn't deal with the realproblems.该法就其本身而言非常不错,但是它未解决实际问题。as far as的原意是“到达”“一直到”。如:⑨The flood waters came as far as the roof.洪水一直漫到屋顶。
They didn't go as far ao wo.他们走得不如我们远。

2、go about的用法
go about 此处意为“从事于······”“进行······”。如:①You aro not going about it the right way.你的做法不对。②Peter has no idon how to go about finding a belter job.彼得不知道怎样才能找到更好的工作。③Bobby is going about his homework very scriously tonight.博比今天晚上在非常认真地做功课。④How will you go about building the bird home?徐打算怎样着手建鸟舍?go about 可作“流传”解释,此时about是副词,后面不需要跟宾语。如:⑤There are a lot of colds going about now.目前感冒传染很厉害。⑥A story is going about that there will be another party on the 15th of Au-gust.据说八月十五日要举行另一次聚会。⑦The rumor is going about that John and Mary are getting married.谣传约翰和玛丽要结婚了。go about 还有“到处走走”之意,此处about也是副词,相当于around。如:⑧People are going about more now that the weather's better.因为天气热些了,人们外出增多了。⑨Is it dangerous to go about bareheaded when it's raining?下雨的时候光着头到处走有危险吗?⑩Mother is much better,thank you,she's able to go about a bit more.谢谢你,母亲好多了,她已能更多地走动了。

3.have mercy on sb.宽恕某人
这一意思也可以用show mercy to sb.或 give mercy to sb.表示。如:①Have mercy on me.饶了我吧!②They showed mercy to the defeated enemy.他们饶恕了被打败的敌人。③In Iraq,the American soldiers had no mercy on the prisoners of war.在伊拉克,美军士兵对战俘毫无怜悯之意。④The judge showed mercy to him.
法官宽恕了他。西2mercy 也可作可数名词。这时意为“幸运的事”“值得感激的慰~如:5What a mercy he cacaped the fire!他从火里逃生。真是幸运。⑥He is thankful for emall mercien.他对小恩小惠也很感激。⑦It was a mercy that she waan't scriously injured.谢天谢地。她没有受重伤。

4.may/might/just/could as well do sth.(as do sth.else)may/might/just/could as well do sth. (an do sth,else)意思是“还是的好”“倒不如”“干脆”“不妨”。
如:①If that's the case,I may as well try.如果真是那样的话,我不妨试试。②I may am well admit that I knew the answer all along.我干脆承认了吧,我早就知道答案。③The weather was so bad we might as well have stayed home.天气这样糟糕,我们还不如呆在家里呢。④Anyway,you're here;you might as well stay.反正你已经来了,最好还是住在这儿吧!⑤I might as well tell you the truth.我不妨告诉你真相。⑥I'll come with you if you like;I might as well.如果你愿意,我就和你一起去,我无所谓。⑦If I've got to go somewhere,I may as well go to Birmingham.如果我非得到什么地方去的话,我还是去伯明翰的好。

5.pass judgement(opinion)on sb./sth.paee judgement(opinion)on ab./sth.对······进行评价(批评),此处表示“作出判决”。如:①It's very hard to pase judgement on yourself.对自己作出评价是很难的。②The voters will pane judgement on the government tonight.选民们今晚得对政府作出评价。③It's difficult to pane judgoment on the affair when we know so little aboutwhat happened.对发生的情况了解这么少,要作出判断是困难的。
④I can't pass my opinion on your works without examining it thoroughly.不仔细看,我不能对你的作品提出意见。第十九单元【注】也可以说 make one's judgemenl on/about/of sb./sth.。如:⑤I shall make my own judgement on the maller when I see the results.看了结果后我将自作评价。⑥I don't really want to make any judgements on the decisions they made.我真的不想对他们作出的决定作任何评价。

6.倍数的表示方法times作“倍数”解释时,是可数名词,用times表示“A是B的几倍大(或高、长、宽、深等)”“A比B大(或高、长、宽、深等)几倍”,常见的句型如下:A is three (four... etc)times the size(height, length,width,depth,etc)of B。如:①The new bridge is four timesthe width of the old one.这座新桥是旧桥的四倍宽。②The meeting room is three times the size of the classroom.会议室是教室的三倍大。③The tower is three times the height of the building.这座塔是那座楼房的三倍高。④The river is five times the depth of the brook.这条河是那条小溪的五倍深。A is three(four...etc)times as big(high,long,wide,deep,etc) as B。如:⑤Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。⑥This box is three times as heavy as that one.这个箱子是那个箱子的三倍重。⑦This new highway is three times as wide as the old one.新公路是旧公路的三倍宽。⑧The classroom is four times as big as our domitory.教室是我们寝室的四倍大。A is three(four...etc) times bigger(higher, longer,wider,deeper etc)than B.如:⑨The meeting room is three times bigger than our office.会议室比我们办公室大三倍(会议室是我们办公室的四倍大)。⑩Asia is three times larger than Europe.
亚洲比欧洲大三倍。【注】用times表示倍数,一般只限于表示基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数,表示两倍不用two times,而用twice或double。如:⑪My income is now double what it was.我的收入是以前的两倍。⑫Now the number of sheep is more than double that of 1990.现在羊的数目是一九九O年的两倍多。

7.动词offer的用法offer有“主动提出”“提供”之意,表示提供一种东西或提出一项建议。如:①The young man offered the old woman his own seat.那个年轻人要把自己的座位让给老大娘。②They offered him a job at the factory,but he refused.他们提出在工厂给他安排工作,但他拒绝了。③They offered a reward for the return of the jewel that had been lost.他们悬赏寻找失去的珠宝。④It began to rain,so I offered her my umbrella,but she would not take it_天开始下雨,所以我把雨伞拿给她用,但她不要。offer表示“出价”,与介词for连用,后接某事物。如:⑤I offered him thirty thousand dollars for the house.我向他出价三万美元买这幢房子。⑥They offered their boat for sale for 2000 dollars.他们把船拿来出售,索价两千美元。⑦They offered him 3000 pounds for the computer.他们愿意出三千镑来买他这台计算机。⑧They offered two hundred francs for the right to reproduce the painting.他们愿意出二百法郎取得这幅画的复制权。【注】offer后接价钱,表示主语愿买;后接事物,表示主语愿出售该事物,请比较例句⑤~⑧。offer 既可作动词也可作名词用,不论作何种词,后面均可跟动词不定式。如:⑨He offered to lend me some books.他主动提出要借一些书给我。⑩Thank you for your kind offer to lend me some books.谢谢你好心借给我这些书。⑪Thank you for your offer to help us.
谢谢你表示愿意帮助我们。第十九年元He offered to drive us to the station,but we preleroed to walk there.他说他可以开车送我们去车站,但我们宁愿走着去。

8.flesh与meat的区别llesh和meat都解释为肉,但涵义有所不同,lesh指人和动物身上的肉,如指食用肉,则来指兽类的肉,不包括鱼含类的肉。如:①Mr Green is Losing flesh.格林先生瘦了。②Have you ever tasted the flesh of the snake?你尝过蛇肉吗?③You should get up early and do some exercise.Otherwise,you'll pus onfesh.你应该早起锻炼,否则会发胖的。④The Great Wall was made not only of stone and earth,but of the flesh andblood of millions of men.长城不仅是用石头和泥土砌成的,而且是由几百万人的血肉所组成的。meal 指供食用的肉,是兽类肉的总称;如pork,mutton,beef可统称为meat;有时也指植物的肉。如:the meat of an apple。⑤What kind of meat is it?这是什么肉?⑥I like meat while my brother likes fish.我喜欢吃肉,而我弟弟喜欢吃鱼。【注】meat是不可数名词,“一块肉”是a piece of meat;“一磅肉”是apound of meat,我们看到的meats是指多种肉。9.hope forhope for意为“希望”“盼望。如:①Hope for the best,prepare for the wvorsl.抱最好的希望,作最坏的准备。②After this dry weather,people all hope for rain.经过了这段干旱,人们普遍希望下雨。③We hope for better weather soon.我们希望天气尽快好转。④This time they really hoped for better results.这次他们的确希望取得较好的成果。⑤How I hoped for his speedy recovery!我多么希望他早日康复啊!⑥That would be too much to hopo for.第十九单元那是期望过高了。【注】hopc后不能跟名词,但可以跟介词短语。如“盼望下雪”,不能说成 hope snow、而应该说 hopo for anow:hopo可以跟不定式作宾语,但不定式不能作宾语补足语。例如我们不能说 I hope you tocome soon,而应该说 I hopothat you'll come soon。

10.desire的用法desire意为“期望”“想”“希望”,后接名词或代词。如:①All he desired then was some spare time for study.那时候他想的只是有些空余时间进行学习。②I desire rest after such a long walk.在那么长的散步后,我很想休息一下。③The stranger said that he desired an interview.那个陌生人说他希望受到接见。④He couldn't well express his feelings however much he desired it.他没法恰当地表达出他的感情,不管他多么想这样做。desire 后可跟不定式作宾语。如:⑤She had never desired to do anything like that.她从来没希望做这样的事。⑥There are a number of things that I desire to say.有几件事我想讲一下。⑦She desires to go south.她希望去南方。⑧There's one small point which I should desire to clear up.有一个小问题我想澄清一下。desire 偶尔也可跟不定式作宾语补足语。如:⑨What do you desire me to do?你希望我做什么?⑩They desired him to go there at once.他们希望他马上到那里去。desire也可作“请求”“要求”解释,后面接宾语从句。在从句中常用虚拟语气,即should+动词原形。如:⑪He desired that all letters should be burnt after his death.他请求在他死后把全部信件烧掉。⑫She desired that you should go and see her at once.她请你马上去见她。BThe doctor desired that we should wail.第十九經医生请求我们等一等。⑭The leacher desired thal all the exenciacs sluuld be bandod io lefareschool was over,老师要求所有的作业在放学前交出。

11.dress的一种用法dress在本课中作“打扮自己”解释,常用于短语dupb.或dress up for sth,。如;①They all dress up as PLA men,他们都打扮成解放军模样。②The little boy likes to dress himself as a policemon.这小男孩喜欢扮成警察。③They tried to dress him up as a "national hero",他们想把他打扮成一个“民族英雄”。④She dressed up in Elizabeth costumes for the fancy dress ball.她穿上伊丽莎白时代的服装去参加化装舞会。⑤Mary was dressed up to play CinderelJa,玛丽化好装,扮演灰姑娘。

12. Greetings,learned judge! I do not envy you your job,您好,博学的法官,我并不嫉妒您的工作。greeting的意思是“问候语”“招呼(或动作)”,包括 Hello/Hi/Coaxdmorning(after noon,evening)/Welcome/How are you 等见面时的同候,也包括在节日致以的问候,如Merry Chríetmas/Happy New Year/Happy birthday等,在本课中,直接用Greelings是一种非常正式的问候语,用在极为正式的场合说话者带有一种很恭敬的语气的情景中。如:①"Greetings,Reverend" he said respeotfully.他恭敬地说:“牧师,您好”。greetings可表示“祝愿”“祝贺”“问候语”,如我们常看到的圣诞卡片上的词语 Season's Greetinga 致节日的间候、birthday gneetings生日贺词、Christmae Grcetinge 圣诞快乐以及gresting card贺卡等。envy意为“妒忌”“羡慕”可以跟双宾语,即;envy sb,sth.,也可以说envy ab.(for sth.)。如:①All her friends envied hor for bor good luck,她的朋友都羡慕她的好运。
②)We donl anv you your journey an this bad wanther.我和并不羡慕你在这恶劣天气中的旅行。十五AMe all anuy lum his knowledge. 我们都羡恶他的学识。④ They anviad is ow mew house.他们都羡票我们的新房子。G IHe anvied Dadk fur this wouth and strangth.他羡账杰克的荷春和精力。ay也可以作名词用。为不可数名词。后接介词 m,of或loward。G)Whay orly sny sudh nuloind thinge aboul you out of envy-他们是出于忌妒才讲了你那么多的坏话。⑦Ie Cah emy al ay виооевь. 他羡慕我的成功。⑧His envy of his bruther soan turned into jealousy.他对哥哥的羡慕很快变成了忌妒。

I3.Please Le senled.请坐。是及物动词。后必须跟宾语或用被动语态形式。如:IThe young couple sealed themselves upon a bench that slood by the lake.这对年轻的夫妇在糊畔的长椅上坐下。② He wealed himoel moar the window and began to read.他坐在窗户附近开始读书。③Hhe was aealed al the piano with her baok to them.她坐在阚琴旁。背对着他们。④Please be apaled, ladies and gentlernen.女士们。先生们。请坐下。SI sealed luto in the annchair.我使他坐在安乐椅上。⑥beal the delesoope on the tripod.把望远镜安装在三脚架上。eal可解释为“能坐”····人”。如:⑦Thal big cinemna can seal 2000 people.那家大型电影院能坐两千人。⑧There aure seven wvailing rooms there,seating 17000 people in all.那里有七个候车室,总共可坐一万七千人。【注】ea与eii的区别在于前者是及物动词。后者是不及物动词,我们可以说ail down,但不可以说seat down,而应该说 He is seated。

14.auk for,auk about 及 ask after
auk [ur在本课中意为“要求(得到)”。如:DAfter Oliver finished his bowl of porridge,he asked for more.奥立弗吃完一碗粥以后要求再添一些。②Eyerything that was askedfor has now been sent.所要的东西现在全送去了。③The workers asked for an increase in their pay.第十九单元工人们要求提高工资。④She walked up to the counter and asked for a pound of sugar,她走到柜台前,要买一磅白糖。⑤Mr Smith,a lady is asking for you at the door.史密斯先生,门口有位太太要找您。⑥He is not the man you are asking for.他不是你要找的那个人。⑦Has anyone asked for me during my absence?我不在的时候有人找过我吗?⑧Just now someone asked for you on the phone.刚才有人打电话找你。【注】ask sb.for sth.意为“向某人要某物”“请求给予”。如:⑨Ask Xiao Lin for anything you want.你要什么东西,可以找小林。⑩They asked the waiter for their bill.他们向服务员要帐单。ask about 意为“询问”“打听”。如:⑪The commander asked about the wounded soldier's condition.指挥员询问了那个伤兵的情况。⑫He rang up the station office to ask about the trains.他给车站办公室打了个电话询问关于火车的事。ask after 意思是“问候”。如:⑬When I met Mrs Smith this morning,she asked after you and the chil-dren.今天早晨我碰见史密斯太太时,她问候你和孩子们。⑭They were all very concerned,and your health was asked after.他们都很关心,并问候你的身体情况。⑮“My mother asked after you."“Oh,how kind of her.”“我母亲问候你。”“多谢她的好意。”

15.tear up 撕毁,撕碎①He tore up the letter angrily and threw it into the waste-paper basket.他气愤地把信撕掉,扔进废纸篓里。②He tore up sheet after sheet of music before producing the happy tune hewanted.

他撕掉一篇又一篇的乐谱,最后才写出他想要的满意的调子。第十九单元③John tore up his leal paper so that his mother won't see his low grades.约翰撕碎试卷,以便妈妈看不到他糟糕的成绩。④Yuan Shikai openly tore up the constitution.袁世凯公开撕毁了宪法。loar up有“(完全地)拔起、提起”“撕开”之意。如:⑤The wind tore up several trees.风把几棵树连根拔起。⑥Dozens of miles of railway track have been torn up.几十里的火车道被拔起。lear up可作“撕毁(取消)协议、契约”解释。如:⑦A contract cannot be torn up at will.合约不能任意取消。⑧He told the lawyer to tear up the old contract and to prepare a new one.他告诉律师撤消旧合同,制订一份新的。tear up也可引申为“飞快地跑上······”之意。如:⑨The sportsman tore up the stairs two steps at a time.那运动员两级一跨地飞奔上楼。

16.declare一词的用法declare 意为“宣布”“宣告”“声明”,后接名词或从句。如:①Britain declared war on/against Germany on 3rd,September 1939.一九三九年九月三日英国对德国宣战。②The colonies declared their independence from England.这些殖民地宣告脱离英国而独立。③He declared to us that he had done the work himself.他一本正经地向我们说他独自完成了工作。④Charles declared the result of the election.查尔斯宣布了选举结果。⑤Miss Alice declared that she had nothing to do with it.艾丽斯小姐声称她和这事无关。⑥She declared that she didn't want to see him any more.她声称她再也不想见到他了。declare后面可接复合结构,该复合结构可由形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词充当。如:⑦The teacher declared Tom chosen.老师宣布汤姆被选上了。
SThe chairman declared the meeting open.主席宣布开会。第十九单元J The boys declared themselves againsl cheating.男孩子们宣称他们自己也反对欺骗行为。DThey declared his slory to be true.他们声明他的说法是真实的。

17.at sea及其他
at sea表示“在茫茫大海上”,意指“离海岸很远”。如:①Now his ships were all al sea.现在他的船都出海了。②The ship hit an iceberg and buried al sea.这船撞上了冰山,葬身海底。③Several ships were lost at sea owing to the hurricane.由于飓风,好几艘船在海上失踪。
at sea 前面加上all或completely时,引申为“茫然不知所措”之意。如:④Im all at sea.I can't understand that problem.我简直是一片茫然,我无法理解这个问题。⑤He was all at sea when he began his new job.他开始新工作时,茫然不知所措。⑥ Would you please explain it again? I'm all at sea.你能否再解释一下?我一点儿也不懂。⑦The girl was completely at sea when her mother scolded her.当母亲责怪她时,女孩茫然不知所措。请注意 by sea与by the sea的区别,前者表示“经海路”,后者表示“在海边”。如:⑧"How did you go there? By train?""No,we went there by sea."“你们怎么到那里去的?乘火车?”“不,我们乘船去的那里。”⑨The Turners lived by the sea.特纳一家住在海边。注意 go to the sea与go to sea的区别,前者意为“去海滨”(度假或野餐),后者表示“去当水手”。如:Last Sunday,the students in Class Two went to the sea.上星期天,二班的学生去海边玩。①"I want to go to sea when I grow up."said the boy to his mother.这小男孩对母亲说:“我长大了要去当水手。”

18.动词 advance及其用法第十九单元advance在本课中意为“前进”“发展”“往前走”,相当于step for-ward。如:①They advanced to meet the guests.他们走上前迎接客人。②About 80 percent of the graduates advanced to senior middle school.约有百分之八十的毕业生升入高中。③We were ordered to advance on the enemy position under cover of dark-ness.我们得到命令,在黑夜的掩护下向敌人阵地进攻。④The troops advanced rapidly to the village.部队迅速前进到那个村庄。advance可作及物动词用,意为“提出”。如:⑤He was among the first to advance the idea that the earth was round.他是最早提出地球是圆的这一观点的人中的一个。⑥The proposal he advanced at the meeting was not accepted.他在会上提出的建议没有被接受。⑦He had no chance to advance his opinion.他没有机会提出自己的意见。advance还有“增进”“促进”“提前”“提升”之意。如:⑧This will further advance the friendly relations between the two countries.这将进一步增进两国之间的友好关系。⑨The time of the meeting was advanced by an hour.会议时间提前了一个小时。⑩He was soon advanced to the position of Secretary of State.不久他就被提升为国务卿了。⑪Such books are likely to advance your knowledge of European history.这一类书可能会增进你对有关欧洲历史知识的了解。advance也可作名词用,意思和动词差不多。如:⑫The enemy couldn't make any advance,nor could they go back.敌人进不得,也退不得。⑬Great advances have been made in medical science.医疗科学取得巨大的进展。【注】in advance意思是“预先”“在前面”,而in advance of意思是“在······前”“超过······”。如:⑭The subject of the discussion is announced a week in advance.讨论的题目提前一周公布。⑮I had asked everyone to raise questions in advance of the meeting.第十九单元我要求大家在会议前提出问题。⑯He arrived half an hour in advance.他提前半小时到达。【注】in advance of也可引申为“比······先进”。如:⑰Our equipments are far in advance of theirs.我们的设备远比他们的先进。

19.shall作为情态动词的用法作为情态动词shall可用于任何人称,在陈述句中表示允诺、威胁、命令、决心、规定、要求等。如:表示允诺。如:①Tell her that she shall get the book tomorrow.告诉她明天就可以拿到那本书了。②I promise you shall see them again before long.我保证你不久就会见到他们。③Don't worry,you shall get the answer this very afternoon.别着急,今天下午你就可以得到答复了。④You shall have higher pay if you work well.如果你工作得好,你就可以得到较高的工资。⑤You shall hear everything directly you come.你一来,就什么都会听到。表示威胁、命令。如:⑥You shall suffer for this!你会为这件事吃苦头的!⑦As a man sows,so he shall reap.善有善报,恶有恶报。⑧They shall suffer for this;they shall answer for what they have done.他们将没有好下场,他们要为他们的所作所为付出代价。⑨"If you won't do as I tell you,you shan't get your birthday gift."said fa-ther to Tom.父亲对汤姆说:“如果你不听话,你就得不到生日礼物。”⑩“You shall do everything as I do, so look carefully."said the teacher tothe students.”老师对学生说:“你们必须照我做的去做,看仔细了。”表示决心。如:⑪Everything shall be done to save the ship.必须尽一切力量来营救这艘船。⑫I shall never do such a thing,never!
这种事我是绝对不干的,绝对不干!⑬You shall not catch me so easily next time.下次你决不会那么容易赶上我。⑭The enemy shall be wiped out.敌人一定会被消灭。用在条约、规则、法令等事件中。如:⑮The new regulation shall take effect on June 1st.新章程六月一日起施行。⑯The National Party Congress shall be held every five years.党的全国代表大会每五年举行一次。用在某些从句中,表示意图,要求,相当于should。如:⑰We are anxious that he shall be given a chance to bry it out.我们热切希望能给他机会试一试。⑱My demand is that you shall get it ready before five.我要求你在五时前把它准备好。⑲I wish that you shall stay at home tonight.我希望今晚你会留在家里。⑳I'm anxious that it shall be done in time.我急于要把这件事及时做好。21 My mother is determined that I shall stay on.妈妈决定让我待下去。

20.at the mercy of
at the mercy of 这一短语的意思是“任由······摆布”“在······的掌握(支配)中”,相当于in the power of。如:①The ship hit a rock and sank down,the crew were at the mercy of thewinds and waves.船撞上礁石下沉了,船员在风浪中随波飘流。②People at Altorf would not like to be at the mercy of Gesler, the cruelgovernor.阿尔托夫的人们不愿意忍受总督盖斯勒的摆布。③The dog's life was at the mercy of its master.狗的生命掌握在它主人手中。④The mouse caught just now was at the mercy of the cat,his cruel enery-刚才被抓住的那只老鼠现在由它的残忍的敌人猫任意摆布。

21.go down on one's knees 跪下、屈膝此短语中的go也可以用get替代,即get down on one's knees。如:
①Never go down on one's knees before enemy.在敌人面前决不能屈膝。■十九单元②He went down on his knees and begged for mercy.他跪地求饶。③Father went down on his hands and knees and lot hla son ricle on hisback.父亲趴在地上让儿子骑在他背上。④The young man went down on his hands and then stood on his head a-gainst the wall.这年轻人双手着地,然后靠墙倒立。【注】go down on one's knees 与 get down on one's knces意思相同,但godown和 get down意思不同。这一点请同学们务必注意。godown作“下落”“减弱”解释,而get down作“放下”“打下”解释。如:⑤On the third day,his fever went down.到了第三天,他的烧退了。⑥The prices of computers are expected to go further down.计算机的价格可望进一步下跌。⑦The moon has gone down and it is dark around.月亮已经西沉了,四下里黑漆漆的。⑧At night the north wind went down and the river froze again.晚上北风减弱,河里又结了冰。⑨I couldn't get down what he said.我没能把他说的话都记录下来。⑩They got down two enemy aircrafts last night.昨晚他们打下了两架敌机。⑪The medicine was so bitter that I couldn't get it down.这药太苦,我吃不下去。⑫Will you give me a hand to get this trunk down?你帮我把这皮箱拿下来好吗?

22.dear的几种用法dear此处作“珍贵的”解释。如:①He lost everything that was dear to him.他丧失了他所珍视的一切。②Fame and power are very dear to him.名誉和权力对他来说是非常珍贵的。③To him very dear is the power by which he can control people and got money.对他来说,权力是非常珍贵的,通过它可以支配人并得到钱财。
dear可以作“(价格)昂贵的”“索价高的”解释。如:④nt is too dear.这价钱太贵了。⑤It you want to make money,you must buy cheap and sell dear.如果你想赚钱,你必须便宜的买进昂贵的卖出。
【注】dear与expensive的异同点。dear与expensive 都有“价格昂贵”之意,都不能与price连用。例如我们不能说“The price of themotorycle is too dear/expensive,而只能说 The motorcycle is toodear/expensive 或 The price of the motorcycle is too high.因为修饰price的只能是high或low。以上讲的是dear与expensive这两个词相同的地方。但这两个词也有不同的一面。dear所表示的价格贵,是超乎常情的贵,讲得通俗一点,是指某个商品价格很贵,但实际不值那么多钱,而expensive所表示的贵,有“物美价高非购买者财力所及”之意,举例来说,如果一辆价值十万元的车卖十万元,就不能说dear,而只能说 expensive;但如果一斤桔子通常卖一元,如卖一元五角,就应该说dear。dear还可用作感叹词,相当于汉语的“天啊”“哎呀”,表示伤心、焦急、惊奇、遗憾、同情等。

如:⑥Oh,dear! What shall I do?噢!天啊!我该怎么办呢?Desr me",said the old minister to himself,"Am I foolish or unfit for myoffice?”“天哪”,老大臣心里想,难道我也愚蠢或不称职了?③"Oh,dear! How can you draw on the wall?"“噢,天啊!你怎么能在墙上乱画?”

unit-20

1.date back to 追溯到······date 此处作动词用,意为“确定······的年代”“计算······的日期”通常与from或back to连用,意为“追溯到······”。如:①The castle dates back to the 14th century.这城堡可以追溯到十四世纪。②The prosperity of the family dates from the war.这个家族的富裕可追溯到战争年代。③This custom dates back to the Tang Dynasty.这习俗可追溯到唐朝。【注】date作动词时,可引申为“(开始)变得过时”之意。如:④Some James Bond films have dated more quickly than others.有些“007”电影比其他的过时得快。⑤This sort of style never dates.这种流行式样永远不会过时。【注】date还有“显示人的年龄”之意。如:⑥That suit dates you so much.你穿那套衣服使你显得很老。

2.From tests on his teeth,it is certain that he spent his youth in centralEurope.从对他牙齿的检测中可知,他肯定是在欧洲中部度过了他的青少年时代。certain是形容词,意为“肯定的”“确信的”,同义词为sure,两者几乎可用在同样的结构中。例如两者都可用作表语、用于of结构或about 短语。如:①I'm quite certain(sure)of that.那一点我完全肯定。②We are not sure(certain)about his ability to do this.我们不能肯定他有能力做此事。③We are certain(sure)of her support.我们肯定她会支持。④lt wasn't a balloon I'm certain(sure)of that.那不是气球,这点我可以肯定。第二十单元certain后可接从句。如:⑤She is absolutely cerlain(sure) that he's to go abroad.她确信他要出国。⑥Are you certain that you tuarned the gas off?你确信已把煤气关了?⑦I'm not certain(sure)whether he will come.我不能肯定他是否要来。⑧I was certain(sure)that he had seen me.我肯定他已看见我了。certain/sure 后可接不定式短语。如:⑨He is certain(sure)to refuse.他一定会拒绝。⑩You are certain(sure)to be happy with them.和他们在一起你一定会很愉快。⑪She isn't certain(sure)whether to stay in New York next month.下月是否留在纽约,她还不确定。⑫He isn't certain(sure)when to leave Bejing.何时离开北京,他还不确定。【注】从上述例句可以看出certain与sure的意思基本相同。但 sure主要强调主语的心理状态,指主语心中无疑或十分确信,有把握,着重于人的内心世界;而certain则着重说明有肯定的理由和证据使人相信或确信,强调内心世界之外的客观证据。如:⑬I'm quite certain that the bridge is safe.我确信这座桥是安全的。⑭He was sure that the manager must have read the letter.他坚信经理一定看过了那封信。【注】当主语是人时,certain和sure常可替换,意思相差不大,但由于sure 多表示人的内心世界,故其主语只能是人,且不能用来形容事件,所以当主语是表示事件的名词或代词时,或主语是it时,只能用certain。如:⑮It isn't quite certain whether he will be present at the meeting.他能否出席会议,尚不能十分肯定。⑯Is it quite certain or is it not yet decided?是定下来了,还是没有决定呢?⑰It is now certain that he won the election.现在可以肯定他在选举中获胜。⑱It's almos certain that the government will lose the nexi election.第二十单元几乎可以肯定现政府会在下次选举中输掉。⑲It is certain that he did not apply for the job.他肯定没申请这份工作。make certain与make sure同义,意思是“弄清楚”“一定要”“保证做到”。⑳Please make sure(certain)that the house is properly locked.请务必把房子锁好。21 Always make certain(sure)of your facts.在任何情况下都要把事实弄清楚。I only came to make sure(certain)that everything was all right.我只是来弄清楚是否一切都没问题。Z3 Make sure(cartain)that the windows are shut before you leave the room.出门之前一定要注意把窗子关好。24 Have you made certain(sure)of the time of the train?火车开车时间你搞清楚了吗?for sure和for certain意思是“肯定地”,通常在句中作状语。如:25I cannot say for certain(sure)when he will arrive.我不能肯定地讲他什么时候到。26 We leave tomorrow for sure(certain).我们明天一定动身。certain也可以作宾语意为“某种”“某个”“某些”。如:27 A certain Mr Brown is asking for you.有一位布朗先生要见你。28 There will be certain people who'll say,"I told you so!"总有些人会说,“我告诉过你!”certain 作定语时可解释为“稍微的”“一点儿的”。如:29 That was the very reason why he felt a certain bitlerness.那就是他感到有点儿痛苦的原因。30I received a certain amount of sympathy immedialely after the attack.在受到攻击后,立刻有人向我表示了一点儿同情。sure 也可以作宾语,意思是“肯定的”。如:31Dark clouds are a sure sign of rain.乌云是肯定要下雨的征兆。32There is only one sure way to succeed.只有一个有把握取得成功的办法。第二十单元请注意 be sure/certain to do sth.与 be sure/certain of doing sth.的差异。前者表示主语肯定会做某事。后者则意为主语觉得有把握做某事,但他的这种想法有可能是错的。换言之,前者讲的是客观上将要发生什么事,而后者讲的是主语主观上的思想状态。试比较:34Our football team is sure to win.我们的足球队肯定会赢。35 Before the football match,we felt quite sure of winning,but after the firstfive minutes,we began to lose heart.足球赛开始前,我们感到非常有把握赢,但五分钟后,我们开始失去信心了。

3.Next to them lay a cushion stone, upon which the man could workmetal.在它们的旁边放着一块垫东西的石头,这个人有可能在上面锻造金属。
本句是一个倒装句,主语是a cushion stone,谓语是lie的过去式lay,整个谓语都提前,为全部倒装。这种倒装结构主要是为了句子的平衡,在宾语中,有时句子的主语过长,又没有宾语,为了使句子较为平衡,同时也为了使句子更生动,常将状语提到句首,将主谓倒装,这种倒装是直接把谓语动词放到主语之前,不需要加助动词。请阅读下面的倒装句,体会这种倒装句的结构。
①Over the wall came a shower of stones.从墙上飞来一阵石块。②On everyside stretched fields of green wheat.四周都是葱茏的麦田。③At the top of the hill stood a tiny temples.在山顶上有一座小小的寺庙。④Next to it stood a pile of paper cups.它旁边立着一堆纸杯。⑤In the distance could be seen the green hills.能看到远处绿色的群山。⑥In the doorway stood a man with a gun.门道里站着一个拿枪的人。work在此处作及物动词用,意为“制作”“锻造”“塑造”。如:⑦He worked a silver dollar into a bracelet.他把一枚银元铸成一只手镯。
⑧They worked a piece of copper into a tray.他们把一块铜铸成一个盘子。二十元【注】work作及物动词时有多种意思,请阅读下列句子.体会的¥2:100含意。⑨He worked his farm with sucess.他成功地经营额他的农场。⑩Our teacher works us very hard.我们的老师对我们抓得视■:⑪The wounded man worked his way across the frelds on lis handlsknees.这受伤的人靠手和膝盖爬过田野。⑫Can you work the stone into place?你能慢慢挪动石头使它就位吗?⑬The landord almost worked his farmhands to death.那地主迫使雇农们累死累活地干。⑭Do you know how to work the machine?你知道这机器怎么开吗?

4.动词tend的用法tend 在本课中作“倾向于”“有某种趋势”解,后接不定式。如:①My mother tends to get tired in the evenings.我母亲在晚上容易疲劳。②His novels tend to be pessimistic.他的小说有悲观倾向。③A problem for manufacturers is that lighter cars tend to be moisy.制造商所面临的问题是较轻型的轿车往往噪音很大。④It tends to rain a lot in summer here.这儿夏天常常下雨。⑤I tend to think that members of parliament do a good job.我常常以为议员们的工作总是做得很好。tend也可作“有助于”解。如:⑥These measures tend to improve working conditions.这些措施有助于改善工作条件。tend在正式用语中有“照管”“照例”“护理”之意,相当于 look after。⑦He tends the flower beds and evergreens that lw has planted in the driveway,他总是细心呵护着种植在车道边的花圃和常询树。⑧She tended her husband carefully during his illrvess.丈夫生病期间,她悉心照顾他。

5.谈谈动词convey的用法本课中 convey作“搬运”“运送”解。如:①This ship conveys oil from the Middle East.这艘船从中东运输石油。第二十单元②This train conveys both passengers and goods.这列火车既载客又运货。③A laxi conveyed us to the railway station.一辆出租车将我们载到火车站。④A chimney conveys smoke to the outside.烟囱将烟排到室外。convey 可作“表达”“传达(思想感情)”“转达”解释。⑤"Really?"I said,trying to convey that it did not really matter.“真的吗?”我说,意思是说那并非真的要紧。⑥Convey my congratulations to your brother.代我向你弟弟表示祝贺。⑦His manner conveyed a slight nervousness.他的态度透露出一点紧张。⑧I couldn't convey my feelings in words at that time.当时我的心情无法用语言表达。⑨Words cannot convey how happy I am.言语无法表达我是多么幸福。convey 亦可作“传导”“传播”“传染”解。如:⑩Air is the medium by which sound waves are conveyed.空气是声波传播的媒质。⑪A wire conveys an electric current.导线输送电流。

6.have a/one's hand in也可以用take a hand in,意为“参与”“介入”“对······负责一部分责任”。如:①I had no hand in arranging the meeting.我不负责安排这次会议。②I doubt John had a hand in this.我怀疑约翰参与此事。③This matter is in Mr Wilson's charge.I can't have a hand in it.这件事由威尔逊先生负责,我不能插手。④Tom has some difficulty in repairing his radio.Let's take a hand in it.汤姆修收音机时碰到了困难,让我们来帮他一下。hand是一个常用词,可与很多动词或介词构成固定搭配,请记住下面一些常见的词组。如:in hand在手里(边),在掌握(控制)中,在考虑中;in sb.'s hands或in the hands of sb.在某人的支配(照顾,监护)之下;in good/safe hands 在妥善的管理中;have one's hands！full with 无法分身;on hand 出席的,随时可用的。如:⑤Don't worry-all the arrangements are in hand.第二十单元别担心,一切已安排就绪。⑥Give them a call to let them know we've the maller in hand.给他们去个电话,让他们知道我们已处理了此事。⑦There's no rush. We still have two days in hand before the deadline.别急,截止日期以前我们还有两天时间可用。⑧It's all in Jenny's hands now.此事全归詹妮负责。⑨The whole afair is now in the hands of the police.整个事情现已由警方处理。⑩We left the project in the good hands of our manager.我们把这个项目交给经理去妥善管理。⑪The nurse will be on hand if you need her.护士随叫随到。⑫There was simply no cash on hand to meet the cost of food.只是手头上没有现钱来付饭钱。⑬She had her hands full with new arrivals.由于要照料这些新生,她忙得不可开交。⑭He has his hands full with the children and finishing his work in time-他又要照顾孩子们,又要及时完成工作,忙得不可开交。

7.pull up此处意为“竖起”“把······拉上来”。如:①She can't climb very well.We had to pull her up.她不善攀登,我们只得把她拉上来。②The boy pulled his sledge up the hill.男孩把雪撬拉上山来。③I pulled him up out of the water.我把他从水里拉上来。④We pulled up the weeds by the roots.我们把草连根拔起。pull up可作“(车子)停下”翻译。如:⑤We had not gone many miles when we were pulled up the the police.我们还没走多少里就被警察拦住了。⑥The car pulled up in front of the hotel.汽车在宾馆前面停了下来。⑦The policeman pulled up the motorist and asked to see his licence.警察让那个骑摩托车的人停下来、要看他的执照。⑧He pulled up his horse outside the inn for lunch.他在旅馆外面下马,准备吃午饭。pull up还有“阻止”“斥责”之意。如:二十单元⑨Jack talked rudely to Mother,and Father pulled him up.杰克对母亲讲话粗鲁,遭到父亲的训斥。⑩You should pulled those children up about their table manners.那些孩子就餐时举止不好,你应该训训他们。⑪The chairman pulled him up.主席制止了他的发言。⑫I felt I had to pull her up on her laleness.我觉得我必须告诉他不要再迟到了。pull up 亦可作“拉近”“追上”解释。如:⑬Pull up a chair and sit here with us at this table.拉张椅子过来和我们坐一张桌儿。⑭The boat pulled up alongside us.那条船赶上来与我们并行了。⑮ The second runner managed to pull up with the leading runner and finallywon the race.跑在第二的人设法赶上跑在最前面的人,并最终赢得了比赛。⑯If you can pull up your English grammar,you will stand a good chance ofsucceeding in the examination.如果你把英语语法赶上来,你就有希望在考试中取得成功。

8.in terms of 或 in...terms此处意为“用······的话”“就······而言”“根据······”。如:①In their terms,cutting government spending is the most important thing.根据他们的意见,削减政府开支是最重要的事情。②In terms of inflation, the policy works.就抑制通货膨胀而言,这个政策是有效的。③The work is not very profitable in terms of cash,but I am getting valuableexperience from it.就收入而言这工作赚不到多少钱,但我会从中学习到有价值的经验。④His suggestions were expressed in terms that were readily understood andaccepted.他的建议的措词使人容易理解和接受。⑤Our boss thinks of everything in terms of money.-我们老板每件事都从钱的角度考虑。
【注】think in terms of意为“考虑(做某事)”。如:第二十单元⑥We are thinking in terms of moving to the south,as there are so few jobsin the north.我们正考虑移居南方,因为北方的工作太少了。⑦I was thinking more in terms of buying than renting.我更多考虑的是买而不是租。

9.in the eyes ofin the eyes of意为“据某人看来”“在某人心目中”,也可以说insb.'seyes 或 to sb.'s eyes 或 through the eyes of sb.o①Her children could do no wrong in her eyes.在她看来,她的孩子是不会做错事的。②In the eyes of law,it is an offence.在法律上,这是犯罪。③In your mother's eyes,you are still a child.在你母亲眼里,你仍然是个孩子。④Some customs in Africa seem rather strange in the eyes of the Europeans.非洲的一些风俗在欧洲人看来相当奇怪。

10.prove的一些用法prove 在本课中是及物动词,意为“证明”“证实”,用于被动语态。如:①It has been proved that the practice can only do good.事实证明这样做只有好处。②His guilt was clearly proved.他的罪行被清楚地证实了。③That has got to be proved by further experiment.那还有待进一步的实践来证实。④It was soon proved that he was a guilty man.很快证实他就是罪犯。prove作为及物动词时,可后接名词、代词、从句和复合结构。如:⑤We have proved our courage in battle.我们已在战争中证实了自己的勇气。(接名词)⑥Can you prove that to the court?你能向法庭证实那一点吗?(接代词)⑦Who can prove it?谁能证实这一点呢?(接代词)⑧Look at these documents.They will prove that we are telling the truth.看看这些文件,它们可以证明我们讲的都是事实。(接从句)⑨Can you prove what you were doing at 9:00 last night?你能证明昨天晚上九点钟你在干什么吗?(接从句)⑩Time would prove me right.时间会证明我是对的。(接复合结构,形容词作宾补)⑪One mad action is not enough to prove a man mad.干一件疯事并不足以证明一个人就是疯子。(接复合结构。名词作宾补)prove可作连系动词用,解释为“证明”“结果是”,后接形容词、副词、介词短语、名词或不定式to be。如:⑫The instrument has proved useful.这种仪器证明是有用的。(接形容词)⑬He proved an honest friend.事实证明他是一个诚实的朋友。(接名词)⑭His effort,however,proved a failure.他的努力结果都失败了。(接名词)⑮It will prove of little use.结果会证明,它没有什么用。(接介词短语)⑯It has proved of great help in such training.事实证明,在这类训练中,它很有帮助。(接介词短语)⑰She may prove to be the most suiable person for the job.结果她可能是最适合干这工作的人。(接不定式to be)⑱It proved to be much more difficult than she had supposed.结果比她预想的要难得多。(接不定式to be)

11.serve as意为“充当”“担任”“起······作用”,也可以是serve for。如:①She served as a nurse in a hospital.他在医院里当护士。②He served three years as an officer.他在军队里当了三年军官。③The frozen river serves as a road throughout the bitter winters.这条结冰的河流在严冬时当作道路使用。④This temple served for an operating room during the Anti-Japanese War.在抗战时期这座庙曾用来作手术室。⑤This wooden box will have to serve for a table until the furniture arrives.在家具运到前不得不把这个木箱当作桌子使用。
serve的原意是“为······服务”“服役”。如:⑥Weather forecasts serve farmers,ships and airplanes.第二十单元天气预报为农民、船只和飞机服务。⑦He has served his time in the army.他在军队中已服役期满。⑧The clerk served the firm for forty yeare.这个职员已在公司中工作了四十年。serve 可作“招待(顾客)”“侍候(吃饭)”“端菜”“供应”解释。⑨There was no one in the shop to serve me.店里没有一个人招待我。⑩We are well served with gas in this city.在这个城市我们有很好的煤气供应。⑪Shall I serve the meat?要我把肉端上来吗?⑫She served us a very good dinner.她给我们做了一顿非常好的饭。serve有“符合”“适合······使用”之意。如:⑬This dictionary will serve your purpose.这本词典符合你的需要。⑭That excuse will not serve you.你的那个借口不能成立。⑮My memory serves me well.我的记性不错。⑯It isn't good but it will serve me.它不很好,但对我有用。

12.remind sb. of sth.remind sb.of sth.意为“使人想起······”。如:①Thanks for your gift it will always remind me of you.谢谢你的礼物-它将使我经常想到你。②This reminded them of the days when they were in the army.这使他们想起在部队的日子。③What does the picture remind you of?这照片使你想起了什么?④You remind me so much of your brother,especially when you smile.你真像你的哥哥,尤其是在你微笑时。remind 可作“提醒某人”解释,可以跟of或about短语,也可以跟不定式复合结构。⑤Please remind me to answer that letter.请提醒我回复那封信。⑥Be sure to remind her to come back early.一定要提醒她早点回来。⑦In case I forgel,please remind me about it.第二十单元我要是忘了,请提醒我。⑧I reminded Xiao Li of his promise.我向小李提起他答应过的事。remind后可跟从句。⑨May I remind you that time will soon be off?请允许我提醒你,时间快到了。⑩The sight of the clock reminded me that I was late.看到了钟提醒了我,我迟到了。⑫That reminds me that I have a meeting to attend this evening.这使我想起今晚我还有一个会议要参加。⑫I had to remind myself that being confident is not the same as being per-fect.我不得不使自己注意,表现得自信并不等于完美。

13.dig updig up 意思是“挖出”“挖掘”“翻挖”。如:①They dug up an oldGreek statue.他们挖掘到一尊希腊雕像。②They are digging up the road behind the park.他们正在挖掘公园后面的那条路。③These relics were dug up last year.这些文物是去年出土的。④The archaeologists have dug up some interesting remains.考古学家挖掘出一些有趣的古物。dig up可引申为“找出”“翻出”之意。⑤It's a lovely picture. Where did you dig it up?这张画很好玩,你在哪儿找出来的?⑥His description fits perfectly the evidence dug up by Henry.他的叙述与亨利找出的证据完全吻合。⑦The fact is true,but where did you dig it up?。那事实不假,但你是在哪里发现的?

14.The Sanxingdui Ruins Site covers 12 square kilometres.三星堆遗址占地十二平方公里。cover此处意为“占地”“包括(多大范围)”。如:①The city covers an area of ten square miles.该城面积为十平方英里。②His burnt area covered 70 percent of his body surface.他的烧伤面积达到全身的百分之七十。③China stretches across a vast area covering the cold1, temperate and tropi-cal zones.中国幅员辽阔,包括寒带、温带和热带。cover的原意是“覆盖”“布满”之意。如:④Water covers nearly three quarters of the earth's surface.水大约覆盖了地球表面的四分之三。⑤The mountain was covered with snow all the year round.这座山一年到头都被白雪覆盖着。⑥We covered the machine-gun with branches to hide it from view.我们用树枝把机枪掩盖起来,不让人看见。cover还有“走······路”“看完······书”“花······费用”之意。如:⑦My car covered 100 miles in an hour.我的汽车一小时开了一百英里。⑧Will 150 dollars cover the cost of a new bike?一百元够不够买辆新自行车?⑨How many pages have you covered today?你今天看了多少页书?⑩Fifty dollars will cover my need for the journey.有五十元就够付这次的旅费了。cover亦可作“掩护”“控制”解释。如:⑪Two policemen covered the back door and two covered the frout.两名警察控制住后门,两名控制前门。⑫Our task was to cover the units that were going to take the hill.我们的任务是掩护要攻占高地的部队。⑬ While we covered him he crawled forward and fired at the enemy、在我们的掩护下,他匍匐前进,并向敌人射击。cover还有“谈到”“涉及”之意。如:⑭The talks are expected to cover other topics, too.会谈估计还会涉及别的问题。⑮This dictionary does not cover all the English verbs.这本词典不包括英语的全部动词。⑯Their studies cover a wide field.他们的研究范围很广。

15....but none of them could say in which dynasty thc Jado objects weromade.但是没有一人能说出这些玉器是产自哪个朝代。none主要用作代词,在这里表示“没有人”。如:①None of them could speak Fronoh.他们谁也不会讲法语。②A friend to all is a friend to none.和谁都是朋友的人和谁都不是真朋友。③None of her children hae blond hair.她的孩子没有一个是金发的。④None of the passengers were aware of the danger.旅客中无人觉察到险情。none也可以指物或动物,表示“没有一个”。⑤I like none of the books.这些书我全不喜欢。⑥None of the rooms are ready.房间一个也没准备好。⑦“How many fish do you catch?”“None.”“你捕到多少鱼?”“一条也没捕到。”【注】none常用在“none+of+名词”结构中,而nobody、no one 或 noth-ing不能用于这种结构中。例如我们可以说 None of the pensare/is his.没有一支钢笔是他的,但不能说 No one of the pens ishis.onone用作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数,也可用复数表示“所有的都不”时动词用复数形式。如:⑧None of us are perfect.我们都不是完人。⑨None of the answers are right.所有的答案都错了。若表示“其中一个也不”时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:⑩None of his friends has been to London.他的朋友中没有一个去过伦敦的。⑪None of them has any great ability.他们中间没有一个有大本事。【注】但在很多情况下单复数的界限并不十分清楚,故常常用单数或复数均可。如:
⑫Nono of the telephones is/aro working.电话机都坏了。第二十单元【注】none of后接的名词是限定性的。如:⑬We saw none of the students whom we disoussed earlier.我们早先讨论过的学生,一个也没见到。⑭We drank none of the wine that you brought.你带来的酒我们一点儿也没喝若是非限定性的,则应用“no+名词”。如:⑮We saw no students.我们没有看到学生。⑯We drank no wine.我们没喝酒。【注】另外当 none 代表“no+名词”时,不可用no,nobody 或 nothing 代替。如:⑰She has a tape-recorder,but I havenone(=no tape-recorder)她有一台录音机,但我却没有。⑱Tom has a lot of friends,but Jim hasnone(=no friends)汤姆有许多朋友,但吉姆没有朋友。none有时可指不可数的东西,表示“一点儿都没有”。如:⑲9“How much petrol is there in the car?""Nono".“车里还有多少油?”“一点都没有了。”⑳I wanted some more coffee,but there was none left.我想再喝点儿咖啡,但一点儿都不剩了。

16.It has been provd that...;At first it was thought that...上述句型很常见,是一个以it作形式主语,真正的主语是一个从句放在句末,动词通常是表示思考、建议,要求,报道等意义的词。现小结如下:
据认为······It is thoughtthat...
据证明······It is proved that...
众所周知······It is known that...
据建议······It is suggested that...
据信······It is believed that...
据报道······It is reported that...
据宜布······It is announced that...
据说······It is said that...
据要求······It is requested that...
据要求  It is demanded that...
①It was reported that half a million workere were on strike in their country.据报道他的国家有五十万工人罢工。②It is required that we work eight hours a day.我们要求一天工作八小时。③It has been decided that the sports meet will be put off till next Thureday.据决定运动会推迟到下周四召开。④It is suggested that they set out tomorrow.据建议,他们明天出发。⑤It was demanded that the working conditions be improved as soon as pos-sible.据要求工作条件要尽可能快地改进。⑥It has been announced that their country will send up another man-madesatellite next month.据宣布他们的国家将在下月再发射一颗人造地球卫星。【注】在动词 require,demand,suggest,order等后的 that从句中,谓语动词用原形或“should+动词原形”,这是虚拟语气的一种形式,如例句②④⑤。