基础英语3

unit1
1.It’s about four hundred yards down this street.在这条街大约四百码处。yard是长度单位,意思是“码”,=90厘米(90 centimetres)。yard还可以表示“庭院”、“天井”,指在房屋四周以墙、栅栏等围住的地面,不种任何东西,通常铺着砖等。种着花草树木的场地则称为gar-den,然而在英国大多数人也将garden称之为 yard。如:Weplaygames in the school yard.(我们在校园里做游戏。)down在这里是介词,也可以作副词,与down相对的是up。请比较下列两句:① Look! He’s driving down the street.② Look! He’s driving up the street.这两例down和up用做介词。说话人看到那人在街上驾车行驶,以说话人为中心地,离去的用down,如句①和本条例句中的down,接近而来的用up,如句②。请看下面down和up用作副词的例句。请看下面down和up用作副词的例句。③ Will you walk down to the corner bookstore with me?你愿意和我一块儿去拐角的那家书店吗?④ One day a student came up and asked me a question.有一天一个学生走过来问了我一个问题。⑤ I’ll meet you down in the supermarket in 30 minutes.我过三十分钟在那边的超级市场跟你碰头。【注】在平面行驶而没有上述方向的情形下,则大多用along。如:⑥ We had to drive along the coast very carefully.我们得非常小心地沿着海岸行驶。【注】有上下方向时,则down指向下,up指向上。有南北方向时,则down指往南,up指往北。如:the down train(下行或往南列车),the up train(上行或往北列车)【注】downtown是一个单词,不能分开写。我们一般说 go downtown(到商业区去),不能说 go to downtown或 go down town,这里downtown是副词。

2.祈使句+and/or+含有一般将来时的陈述句
在这一句测中,连间and连接了两个并列句,前面是祈使句,后一个含一般将来时的陈述句。从整体意思上我们可以看出,所表示的是一种条件或假设,陈述句表示的是一个结果。祈使句用上相当于计从句,大本表示建议,提出要求或进行评说等此,这个句型一般可转换成开条件或假设状语从句+主句,信句所表示的意思比开从句所表示的更为紧迫。例如:① Go through the gate and you’ll find the entrance to Boar Cotantthe othei sideou go through the gate, you’ll…= If v穿过大门,你就会发现另一侧通向熊国的人口。(建议)Bork hard and you’ll do well in your leseons.= lt sou work hard, you’ll do…努力学习、你的成绩就会好。(建议)③Think carcfully and you will find the answer.= If you think carefully,you will find the answer.仔细思考一下,你就会找到答案。(建议)Tell us what to do and we’ll go on with it.= If you tell us what to do, we’ll go on with it.如果你告诉我们该怎么做,我们就会干下去。⑤Fail to pay and they’ll cut off the electricity.=If you fail to pay, they’ll cut off the electricity.如果你不付款,他们就要断电。(评说)这种句型还可以用连词or,或otherwise连接,相当于if not,是“否则的话”,从反面来预测一个结果。祈使句仍表示建议也可含有说话人威胁的语气。如:⑥ Take a taxi, or/otherwise you’ll miss the train.= If you don’t take a taxi, you will miss the train.叫出租车,要不然,你就会赶不上火车。(建议)⑦ Stop eating sweets, or/otherwise you won’t get any dinner.= If you don’t stop eating sweets, you won’t get any dinner.如果你不停止吃糖的话,你就不要吃饭。(威胁)⑧ Be there on time, or/otherwise you’ll create a bad impression.=If you aren’t there on time, you’ll create a bad impression.如果你不准时到的话,你就会给人留下一个坏印象。(建议)【注】用or或otherwise连接的这一句型也可以改成由and连接,因在掌握这一句型时,要注意许多时候可用多种方法表达同一思。如:⑨ Study hard and you’ll pass the exam.= Study hard, or/otherwise you won’t pass the exam.f you study hard, you will pass the exam.=If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass the exam.
努力学习,要不然你考试就会不及格。第一单元【注】在表示威胁的句子里,祈使句+or或otherwiao和祈使句+and有时表示的意思很不一样。如:⑩ Drop that gun, or/othorwino I’ll shoot you.放下枪,不然我就打死你。⑪ Drop that papor and I’ll fire you.如果你丢了那个文件,我就开除你。

3.free一词的用法froo一般用作形容词,可表示多种意思。free作“免费的”解,意为 withoul paymont。如:① Are these horso-drawn strootoars free?这些马车是免费的吗?② Children in this village get(或 have,onjoy) free education and medi-cal oare.这个村里的孩子享受免费教育和公费医疗。③ I’ve got three free tickets. I’ll let you have one.我搞到三张免费的票,将给你一张。free可指时间上“空闲的”,=not busy,也可指某一场所“空闲着”,=not being used。如:④ She is usually free in the afternoon.= Her afternoons are usually free.她下午通常有空。⑤ That was a free evening for him.对他来说那是个空闲的晚上。⑥ The bathroom is free now.浴室现在没有人用。⑦ Do you have any rooms free?你们有空房间吗?free可表示“自由的”、“随意的”、“随心所欲的”,=able to do whatone wants to,这时后面常接不定式短语。如:⑧ You are free to go or stay as you please.只要你愿意,去或留都可以。⑨ He’s free to enter the manager’s room.他可以自由出入经理房间。⑩ The prisoner wished to be free again.那囚犯希望重获自由。free的一些常用短语。如:⑪ The teacher is free and easy with his students.那位老师对他的学生很随和。⑫ They were free and easy with their money and it was soon gone.他们用钱很随便,很快就把钱花光了。
⑬ I’m froo from work now.第一单元我现在没有工作。M You’d bottor nol the bird free.你最好把鸟放了。【注】froo也可用作动词,=not or mako free。如:;free a slave(解隶),froo ono’s hands(腾出双手)。

4.join的两种情况表示加入某群体、党派、组织或人伍成为其中一员,应用动词如:① You oan join the lino behind the clock tower.你可以到钟楼后面去排队。② May I join you if you go sghtseeing tomorrow?如果你们明天去观光的话,我可以和你们一起去吗?③ Will you join us in a walk/in a drink/in going to the movies?和我们一同散步/一起喝一杯/一起去看电影好不好?④ Whon did she join the army/the Party/the League/the club/theunion?她是什么时候参军/人党/人团/加入俱乐部/加入工会的?表示参加某一活动一般用join in,后接表示活动的名词或动ing形式。如:⑤ Let me join in the speech contest/general cleaning/the game.让我参加演讲比赛/大扫除吧/游戏吧。让我参加演讲比赛/大扫除吧/游戏吧。⑥ He sat down and joined (us) in our conversation.他坐下来我们一块儿交谈。⑦ Did she join in carrying the bricks?她参加搬砖了吗?【注】接人或表示集体、组织的名词时,用及物动词join。接表示活名词时用join in,这时join为不及物动词。【注】join还可以用来表示“连接”,如:join up the two pipes(把两子连接起来),join the town to the city with a railway(用铁那座城镇和这座城市连接起来)。

5.take一词的几种情况作“取道”、“搭乘”解。如:① Just take this street round to the right of the castle.就走这条街,拐到城堡的右边。② Did she take this way or that way?她走的是这条路还是那条路?③ You can take a bus/a train/a plane to that city.你可以乘公共汽车/乘火车/乘飞机去那座城市。【注】在 Go down this street till you get to the clock tower一句中down不能用Take代替,这是因为take表示“取道”时不能用
续性动词。另外,我们可以说 take a bus/a taxi/a ship等,但不能说take a bike,而习惯说ride a bike,即使别人骑车,你坐在后面,也不用take,而应说 be given a lift on one’s bike。在表示“花费”时间时,take和spend所用的结构不一样。take的主语一般不用或很少用表示人的词,而要用it作形式主语,真正主语通常用不定式,放在句后。epend的主语则必须是人。④ It took me twenty minutes to move the stone off the road.=I spent twenty minutes moving the stone off the road.我花了20分钟把那块大石头从路上搬开。take作“拿去、拿走”解(由近而远);bring作“拿来、带来”解(由远而近);fetch作“去拿来”、“去请来”解(由近而远,再由远而近,包括往返两程动作);carry作“拿、扛”解,不强调方向。例如:⑤ Take it away.把它拿走。⑥ Bring me a cup of coffee,please.请给我拿一杯咖啡。⑦ Fetch a doctor,please.去请一位医生来。⑧ He carried a bag of rice on his shoulder.他肩上扛了一袋大米。take place作“举行”、“发生”解,是不及物动词,不能用于被动语态。如:⑨ The meeting took place (= was held) in that room yesterday.会议昨天在那个房间召开。(不能说 was taken place)⑩ Great changes have taken place in our school in the past five years.五年来我们学校发生了巨大的变化。(不能说 have been taken place)take along表示“随身携带”。如:⑪ He took along some of his pictures in the hope of getting a job there.他带着他创作的一些画,希望能在那儿得到一份工作。⑫ We hope you can take her along so that she can look after you on thetrip.我们希望你能把她带上,以便途中有个照应。【注】take along 这个短语中 along是副词,宾语如果是代词的话,必须位于take之后,如句⑫。请掌握以下take短语:
碰运气,冒险take a chance抓住我的手take me by the hand吃药take medicine喝一杯酒take a drink骑马,乘车take a ride走小路,走捷径take a short-cut散步take a walk
起诉 take action
采取措施/下一步措施take a step/the next step瞄准···take aim at…收回某人所说的话take back what one saye小心,留心take care照顾,管理take care of记笔记take notes把某人的地址记下take down one’s address抓住take hold of脱衣服take off one’s clothes别着急,慢慢来。Take your time.拿出take out拿走take away参加take part in乐于take pleasure in以···为荣take pride in领先take the lead替代take the place of【注】“他拿着一本书”,英语是He has/holds a book in his hand,不能He takes a book in his hand,因为这里take不能作状态性动词

6.wish一词的几种用法名词 wish作“愿望”、“渴望”解,一般和不定式或介词for短语连要注意的是,for后面接名词,不接动词-ing形式。不定式或介词短语均作定语,修饰名词wish。如:短语均作定语,修饰名词wish。如:① Disney’s wish to be a famous artist is very strong.迪斯尼想要成为一位著名的艺术家的愿望非常强烈。(不能说 wish for being a…)② Our wish for world peace is sure to come true.我们对世界和平的渴望终将会实现。动词 wish后接不定式,语气相当于would like,比want客气。如③ Do you wish/want to place an order now= Would you like to place an order now?你想现在就订购吗?(不能说 wish placing…)④ Do you wish/want me to do it for you?= Would you like me to do it for you?你想要我为你做吗?⑤ I wish/I’d like you to come earlier tomorrow.我希望你明天早一点来。【注】wish后不能接动词-ing形式。我们可以说 wish sb. to do sth.不能说 hope sb. to do sth.o不能说 hope sb. to do sth.
【注】句⑤可说成I wish you would come earlier tomorrow,表示请求,显得更客气。I hope you will come earlier tomorrow一句意思相同,但显得没有上两句那么客气。wish可以接双宾语,常表示说话人的良好祝愿。如:⑥ I wish you a pleasant trip/a happy new year/a merry ChrisEmas.祝你旅途愉快/新年快乐/圣诞快乐。(注意a不能省)⑦ I wish you euccess.祝你成功。(这里success前不用a,不说I wishyou a success 或I wish you succeseful。)【注】表示“希望得到···”,应用wish for…,而不能单独用 wísh。“我们希望和平”一句应说成 We wish for peace,不能说 We wishpeace。

7.in the hope of(doing··.)希望···这一短语中要注意不能省略定冠词the,介词of后面一般接动词-ing形式。这个短语在句中用作状语,表示伴随情况,在作用上相当于hoping短语。如:① She went there in the hopeof finding her lost daughter.= She went there, hoping to find her lost daughter.她去了那儿,希望找到她走失的女儿。② He wrote her a letter in the hope of getting back her love.= He wrote her a letter, hoping to get back her love.他给她写了封信,希望重新得到她的爱。③ She’s in the hope of having a good time in the country.她希望在乡村可以过得很愉快。【注】in the hope of有时也可说成in hopes of。名词hope可用作复数,如:He didn’t give up his hopes.(他没有放弃希望。)His hopescame true.(他的希望实现了。)但在 There’s little hope of gettingthat kind of job一句中,hope为不可数名词,意为“可能性”。【注】hope作名词时,后常接of doing或that同位语从句,不能接不定式。如:“我希望再次见到她”可说成I have the hope(或 havehopes) of seeing her again.或者:I have the hope(或 have hopes)that I shall see her again.不能说 I have the hope(或 have hopes)to see her again。但作为动词,hope可接不定式,上句也可说成Ihope to see her again。【注】hope作动词用时,后接不定式或that从句都可以,但不接动词-ing形式。如:I hope to see you again.= I hope I shall see you a-gain.不能说I hope seeing you again.另外,hope不可接人称代词再加不定式,不能说I hope you to go there with me,应说 I hopethat you can go there with meo【注】hope作及物动词带宾语时,后面常接不定式或that从句,但不可直接以名词作宾语,这时应在名词前加for。如:He hopes for suc-cess.不能说 He hopes success。第一单元【注】hope和wish都有“希望”的含义,但大体有三方面的区别:Lto do=want to do,表示说话者想要做什么,但不去想可能实现否,或以为可能性不太大;而hope to do则表示说话人既有此也努力去实现。试比较Iwish(=want) to become a doctor,而hope to become a doctor.两句的含义;②wish表示与事实相反愿望,hope表示未来可能的希望。如:I wish you would dofor me.(但愿你会为我做,但我知道你不愿为我做。)这里w不可用 will。I hope you will do this for me(希望你会为我做,且我知道你可能会帮助我);③wish可用来表示祝愿,后接间宾语+直接宾语,而hope不能这样用。如:I wish you luckhope you will be lucky, 不能说 I hope you luck 或lucky。【注】hope和expect也都有“希望”、“期望”的含义,但hope不但着重待,而且兼指主观的愿望。如:I hope you will join our partymorrow.(我希望你明天参加我们的晚会)。expect着重相信为有客观可能。如:He is expected here about the middle of Oeber.(他十月中旬前后可能走这里)。

8.We don’t think there’s anything of interest in your pictures.我们认为你的画没有什么趣味。这一句子尽管形式上否定了主句的谓语动词think,但在意思上否定了后面的宾语从句。think后面的宾语从句如具有否定意则习惯上要否定主句中的谓语动词,而不否定宾语从句中的谓动词。如本句不宜说成 We think there isn’t anything of intereslyour pictures。再如:① I don’t think he is at home at this time of day.我想他白天的这个时候不会在家里。② I don’t think what he said about the picture is right.我觉得他关于这幅画的说法是不正确的。【注】类似这种用法的动词还有believe,suppose,expect等。本句中的anything of interest 相当于 anything interesting。再如:③ Do you find there’s anything of value in the picture?你觉得这幅画有什么价值吗?(=anything valuable)) We find nothing of importance in his speech.我们没觉得他的谈话中有什么重要的内容。(=nothing important)9.lose heart 灰心,丧失信心lose一词的基本意思是“丢失”,可引伸用于许多别的情景。如:① Disney didn’t lose heart.迪斯尼没有灰心。② Though he failed in the exam, he didn’t lose heart.
虽然他考试没及格,他并不灰心。第一单元③ Wo won’t lose heart even though we fail.即使我们输了,我们也不会丧失信心。④ He lost his way in that aroa.= He got lost in that area.=He lost himsolf in that area.他在那个地区迷路了。⑤ Did they lose the gamo?他们比赛输了吗?(lose=fail to win)⑥ She loses no chance to practise English.她不放过练习英语的机会。⑦ He will lose his chance of success unless he is careful.如果不小心,他就会失去成功的机会。⑧ Losing a little money doesn’t trouble me.损失一点钱我倒不在意。⑨ Her watch loses six minutes a day.她的表一天慢六分钟。⑩ We lost no time in sending the pleasing news to our comrades athome.我们立刻把这喜讯传给了家里的(或国内的)同志。⑪ He was lost in thought when I went in.我进去时他正想得出神。【注】lose heart这一短语中的heart一词不能用于复数,如句③。heart一词也可引伸用于别的意思。如:⑫ He has a kind heart.=He is a kind-hearted man.他是个心地善良的人。⑬ I thank you from the bottom of my heart.我衷心感谢你。⑭ Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it.世上无难事,只怕有心人。⑮ He served the people heart and soul.他全心全意为人民服务。⑯ The store is in the heart of the town.那家商店位于城镇中心。⑰ The teacher asked us to learn the poem by heart.老师让我们背熟那首诗。⑱ She broke my heart.她伤了我的心。⑲ How can you have the heart to do so?你怎能忍心这么做呢?

10.draw一词的几种用法第一单元draw 可用作及物或不及物动词,表示多种意思。draw表示“画”、“绘图”。=make with a pencil or chalk。如:① He draws well.他画儿画得好。② He continued to draw lots of pictures.他继续画了许多画。③ The teacher drew a straight line on the blackboard.老师在黑板上画了一条直线。draw表示“拉”、“牵”、“拖”、“抽出”,=pull。。如:④ The car was being drawn by a truck.那辆小汽车被一辆卡车拖着。⑤ He drew his chair towards himself.他把椅子拉到自己身边。⑥ He drew a note from his pocket.他从衣袋里抽出一张纸条。draw表示“吸引”,=attract。如:⑦ Street accidents always draw crowds.街上的事故总是吸引很多人。⑧ The force of gravity draws everything down to the earth.地心引力把一切东西吸附在地表。draw 常用的短语:⑨ The terminal examinations are drawing near/close.期终考试就要到了。⑩ They thought about it and drew a conclusion.他们考虑了一下,便得出了一个结论。⑪ We have to draw up a plan before we talk about it.在讨论以前我们得草拟一份计划。⑫ He promised to help me but at the last moment he drew back.他答应帮助我,但到最后时刻他打了退堂鼓。⑬ The hunter drew out his gun and shot the snake.猎人拔出枪射死了那条蛇。11.关于day的几种情况① day after day表示“一天又一天地”,强调动作或情况的连续性。②“整天”常用三种说法:all day,all day long,the whole day,很少all the dayo③by day是“在日间”的意思,与by night相对。如:He worked byand studied by night.(他白天工作,夜间学习。)注意day和m前没有冠词the。by the day是“以日计算”的意思。如:The wamen are paid by the day.(工人以日计薪。)④ in the days of Mao Zedong意思是“在毛泽东时代”,这里days表“时代,时期,日子”,表示此意时一般用作复数形式。再如:beforethe days of television(在电视问世之前),in those days(在那个时代),in these days(时下,当前)。注意:in these days的in可省去,而in those days的in不能省。⑤ this day 除了一些固定说法以外,很少使用。如:this day last year(去年今天),this day next year(明年今天),to this day(到目前为止)。如:I haven’t told him the whole story to this day.(到现在为止我还没有把整个情况告诉他。)call it a day意思是“休工”或“结束一天的工作或学习”。如:Let’s call it a day.(今天就到此为止吧。)⑥普通指“今天”应说today,很多学生常以为用了today就可以用一般现在时,其实不然。如果说今天已发生的某一时间的动作或情况,则应用一般过去时。如:“他今天迟到了”应说成He was latetoday,不能用is。“他今天没来”应说成He didn’t come today或Hehasn’t come today.至于“今天这儿下雨了”,如果说话时不在下,可说 It rained here today,表示地面已干了;也可说It has rained heretoday,则表示地面还潮湿着。

12.介词over的几种情况over作介词。表示时间,意思是“在···期间”、“直到···过完”。如:① In this way over several days the artist and his mouse became goodfriends.就这样过了几天,这位艺术家和他的老鼠成了好朋友。② Are you staying at home over the weekend?你准备在家过完周末再走吗?③ He often works over night.他经常通宵达旦的工作。④ Some waste rots away over a long period of time.有些废物要经过很长一段时间才会烂掉。⑤ Why not ask him to stay over Christmas?何不让他过了圣诞节再走?ask some friends over for dinner 意思是“请朋友过来吃晚饭”,这里over指经过一段较短距离,从一处到另一处。“边吃边谈”可说成They talked about the problem over dinner/over a cup of coffce.think it over意思是“仔细考虑一遍”。talk it over意思是“从头至尾谈一谈”。work overtime是“加班”的意思,“加班费”是 overtimepay。考卷或讲义底下写over或P.T.O.(=Please turn over),意思是“背面尚有文字,请翻阅”。“他职位比我高”英语是He is overme in office.这里不宜用 above代替over。“遍及全国”应说all overthe country,注意这里all over应看作为固定短语,all不能省,不能说 over the country。

13.in this way 以这样的方式
这个短语中的way意思是“方法”、“方式”,表示这个意思时 way面用介词in,而不用on或with。类似的短语还有:① If you do the work in this way, you will get through sooner.如果你这样做,将会更快地完成这项工作。② Don’t operate the machine in that way.这台机器不能那样操作。③ The two boys worked out the problem in the same way.这两个男生是用相同的方法解出这道题的。④ “Can the problem be done in another way?"“Yes. It can be done in three different ways.”“这道题还可以用另一种方法来解吗?”“是的,这道题可以用三种不同的方法来解。”修饰 way的定语从句,可以用in which或者that,也可以省略,一种情况更为普遍。如:⑤ I don’t like the way she speaks to you.= I don’t like the way in which she speaks to you.=I don’t like the way that she speaks to you.我不喜欢她跟你讲话的态度(或样子)。⑥ The way these comrades look at problems is wrong.The way in which these comrades look at problems is wrong-== The way that these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。way还可用来表示“方面”、“点”。如:⑦ The plan is good in several ways.这计划有几点是好的。⑧ In some ways this job is quite difficult; in other ways it’s simple从某些方面来看,这个工作很困难;而从另一些方面看来,它却简单。in the way或in one’s way是“挡路”、“阻碍”的意思,in a way“就某一方面或某种程度而言”,by the way 指“顺便提一下或问下”,by way of是“取道”的意思。如:⑨ In a way/In some ways I like her, but I won’t marry her.就某方面/某些方面来讲,我喜欢她,但我不愿和她结婚。⑩ By the way, have you seen Jack recently?顺便问一下,最近你看到杰克没有?⑪ He went to Hawaii by way of Singapore.他途经新加坡到夏威夷。

14.动词 succeed一词的用法succeed一般用作不及物动词,后面接介词短语,表示经过努“在···方面取得成功”。如:
=We managed to got in touch with him in tho end.第一单元我们终于和他取得了联系。② Did she succced in nolving the money problom?钱的问题她顺利解决了吗?③ Ho succcoded in the oxamination of Beijing University.他考取了北京大学。④ Sho succceded as a teacher.她当教师很有成就。【注】eucccod后面接in介词短语表示“在某方面”,接as短语表示主语的身份或职务。另外,应说 succeed in doing sth.,不能说suc-ceod to do sth.o形容词succcssful,名词success与动词succeed一样,后面都接insth.或 in doing sth.。如:⑤ He succeeded/ was sucessful/had success in solving the problem(或in his business).他成功地解决了问题。(他的事业有成。)⑥ He didn’t succeed/was unsuccessful in getting work as an artist.他没有如愿得到一份艺术家的工作。【注】“祝你成功”英语应说I wish you success!这一句中 success一词前不用a。而且不能说I wish you succeed!【注】名词 success可作“成功的人或事情”解。我们可以说He is agreat success as a writer.(作为一位作家,他很成功。)Themeeting was a great success.(会议开得非常成功。)注意这里success前要用不定冠词a。

15.pick up的几种用法pick up可用来表示“拣起”、“获得”、“(自然地)学会”、“接人”、“恢复健康”等意思。如:① The wallet was picked up in the street.那钱包是在大街上拾到的。② He picked up his pencil and started to draw.他拿起笔开始画了起来。③ The man picked up the little girl and walked off.那人把小女孩抱起走掉了。④ We picked up some new ideas at the conference.我们在会上学到了一些新的概念。⑤ Where did you pick up your technical skill?你的技术是在哪儿学的?⑥ While working in London, he picked up English.他在伦敦工作时,学会了英语。⑦ He picked up that TV set at a second-hand store.那台电视机是他在一家旧货店买的。⑧ The bus stopped to pick up passengers.邮辆公共机车停下来让乘客上车。郭一年元互用 ceck jao wio 机 和x m the snmoon.我6点来非站按体。D She i cicking op xooderfally sinoo the came oul of bosgin.ad推出猴后炼复得非常好。mrick ont 表示“摊选”、“找出”。如:⑪ Pock cus the moctures you like best.挑出你最癖效的画。P in cook Mary a long limne to pick oul a now dress an the surce,鹅丽在店里花了好长时间才挑好一件新衣服。Here are somne onagatines, You oan pock oul those you W2m8-这里有一些杂志。你可挑选你想看的。⑭ The little girl pocked out her father in the crowd.那小女孩在人群中认出了他的父亲。【注】动词 pick也可用来表示此意,代替pick out。【注】pock a pockel 意思是“扒窃”。“我的包被小偷偷了。可说had my pockel picked。

16.experiment一词的用法experiment常用作名词,表示“试验”、“实验”。“做化学实验”应rnake (或 do, perform,carry out) an experiment in chemistry= e피Jment也可用作动词,但一般用作不及物动词,带宾语时后接on,如 experiment with new methods/materials(试验新方法/料),experiment on animals= make experiments on animals(用动实验)

17.start和open的几种用法start可用来表示企业、机构、设施的“创建”、“创办”、“开办”:up。“引起”大火或“发动”战争。如:① The company that Walt Disney started does not just make filuns迪斯尼创建的公司不仅仅制作影片。② The power station was started last year.电站是去年办起来的。③ The factory was started around 1985 by housewives.这家工厂大约是在1985年由一些家庭妇女办起来的。④ They are talking about starting a club.他们正讨论成立一家俱乐部。⑤ The fire was started by a cigarette end.大火是由烟头引起的。⑥ They tried to start a war at that time.当时他们想要发动一场战争。⑦ He said he would like to start a school.他说他想开办一所学校。

open可用来表示商店、事务所、学校、公园、铁路的“开业”、“开放”、“开办”、“开通”。如:第一单元⑧ She’s going to open a small shop-她打算开一家小店。⑨ He has opened his own law office in Beijing.他在北京开设了自己的法律事务所。⑩ In 1955 Walt Disney himself opened the first Disney park.1955年沃尔特·迪斯尼创建了自己的第一家迪斯尼公园。⑪ A man without a smiling face must not open a shop-人无笑脸休开店。⑫ The railway wasn’t opened until 1976.这条铁路一直到1976年才通车。⑬ She opened a primary school in that village.她在那村子里创办了一所小学。【注】start着重“创建”,常用来指规模较大的企业或机构。open 着重“开放”、“开始运转”或“开始起作用”。有时两词也可互换使用,表示“创办”或“开始”有时也可用作不及物动词。如:⑭ The hospital was opened/started in 1990 by a couple.那家医院是1990年由一对夫妻开办的。(本句如没有by介词短语,则句中 was可省略。)⑮ Fighting started/opened at about 1:30 this morning-战斗于今晨1点30分前后开始。

18.表示地理位置的介词in,to和on这三个介词都可用来表示方位,in表示“在其中”,即“在境界内”;而to表示“向”的意思,即“在境界外”;on则表示“与境界相接”。如:① Japan is(或lies) in the east of Asia.日本在亚洲的东部。(指在亚洲境内)② Japan is(或lies) to the east of China.日本位于中国的东边。(指在中国境外)③ Taiwan is to the east of Fujian Province.台湾在福建省的东边。(指在福建省境外)④ China faces the Pacific on the east.中国东临太平洋。(指东部境界与太平洋相接)⑤ The town sits on the Changjiang River.那座城市坐落在长江边。(长江从这座城中或城边通过)【注】to the east(west,south,north)of 指某一区域范围之外的东(西、南、北)面。表示这一概念时有时也可以用介词at。【注】这里补充一个有关方位的常见句型。地点主语ie8+1o tho山中二九be located⑥ The church is situated one or two miles to the west of the villa教堂位于村庄以西一二英里的地方。⑦“Where’s your home town?"“It’s about twenty miles to the east of Chicago.”“我的家乡在芝加哥以东约20英里的地方。”【注】表示方向或方位的名词如:east,west,south,north,right,middle等前面一般有定冠词 the。但方向名词短语用在倒的句首时,有时冠词连同前面的介词一块儿省去。如:Eathe town lies a steel works.(城东有一家钢厂。)

19.operate一词的用法=operate用作及物动词,作“经营”、“管理”、“操作”解,work。如:① All the Disney parks are operated by the same company.所有的迪斯尼乐园都是由同一家公司管理的。② They operate a small factory in the south of England.他们在英格兰南方经营一个小工厂。③ It’s not difficult to operate that machine.操作那台机器并不难。operate 用作不及物动词,作“运转”、“起作用”解。如:④ The machine isn’t operating properly.这部机器运转不正常。⑤ The medicine operated quickly.药很快见效了。operate 用作不及物动词,作“动手术”解,后面接介词on或短语。如:⑥ The doctor operated on/upon the injured man yesterday.=The injured man was operated on/upon yesterday.医生昨天给那伤者动了手术。⑦ Have you ever been operated on?你动过手术吗?⑧ I’ll have to have my nose operated on.我的鼻子得开刀。【注】用于被动语态时operate后的on或upon不能省。另外,我以说 The doctor operated on/upon my leg(医生给我的腿动术),不能说 The doctor operated on my disease.on 或 upon接表示人或人体部分的名词作宾语。【注】operation是名词,医生给病人动手术应用动词perform。
The doctor performed an operation on (upon) a patient(或apatient’s leg)(医生给病人/病人的腿动手术)。病人动手术应说have an operation,动词不能用 receive。“王大夫的手术”英语应说 the operation by Dr.Wang,注意介词用by而不用of。“病人的手术”英语应说 the operation on the patient,这里介词用on,也不用of。

20.allow一词的用法allow 作“允许”、“许可”解,=permit or let。如:① Smoking is not allowed here.此处禁止吸烟。② Please allow me to go swimming with him.请让我和他一块儿去游泳吧。【注】allow用于被动语态时不能用it作形式主语。如:“演讲厅里不允许吸烟”一句英语应是 People are not allowed to smoke in thelecture hall.或 Smoking is not allowed in the lecture hall.不能说It’s not allowed to smoke in the lecture hall.【注】allow后面没有人称代词或名词作宾语时,可直接接动词-ing形式,不能接不定式。如:My parents don’t allow smoking(我父母不允许我吸烟)。不能说My parents don’t allow to smokeo【注】“Allow me.”意思是“让我来(做)吧”,常用于抢着做某事,以表示客气。

21.imnagine一词的用法imagine作“想象”、“设想”、“推测”解。= form a picture in one’s mind,后面可接名词,动词-ing形式以及从句作宾语,不能接不定式。跟名词或代词作宾语:① Can you imagine life on a lonely island?你能想象孤岛上的生活吗?② The parks are the cleanest parks that you can imagine.这些公园是你可以想象的最清洁的公园。③ You can imagine the situation there.你可以想象那儿的情况。④ You can little imagine their surprise at hearing the news.你不能想象听到这个消息后他们有多吃惊。【注】imagine也可用于被动语态。如:Oh,that can be imagined.(啊!这是可以想象的。)接动词-ing形式作宾语:⑤ I can’t imagine marrying a woman of that sort.我难于想象与她那种女子结婚的情形。⑥ Can you imagine him becoming a nurse?你能想象他成了护士吗?⑦ We just couldn’t imagine their living such a poor life like that.我们简直不能想象他们过着那样贫困的生活。【注】imaginc后面不能接不定式作宾语。接感叹词或疑问代词、疑问副词引导的宾语从句。如:⑧ You can’t imagine how I missed you all.你真想象不出我有多么相念你们大家。⑨ She could not imagino what would happen next.她想象不出接下来情况会怎样。⑩ You can well imagine how happy they will be to have this chancome to Beijing.你可以想象他们能有这个机会到北京来会有多高兴。【注】接that从句时,imagine的意思有所改变,指无根据或没有地“以为”或“猜想”,=think or suppose。如:⑪ Don’t imagine that your parents can give you everything.不要认为你的父母能给你一切。⑫ Do you imagine they will lend us a hand?你认为他们会助我们一臂之力吗?imagine可接人称代词+不定式(或形容词),构成复合结构。⑬ Can you imagine yourself to be on a deserted island?你能想象出你单独一人在荒岛上生活的情景吗?⑭ Don’t imagine yourself to be always correct.不要以为自己总是对的。⑮ Imagine yourself to be in their place, how would you act?设想一下如果你处于他们的地位,你会怎么办?⑯ I imagined (= thought/guessed) him safe at sea.我猜想他在海上平安无事。

22.view一词的三种用法view指“自然景色”,=sight。如:① You get a wonderful view from the top of the tower.你可以从塔顶上看到美丽的景色。② The view from the window is very beautiful.窗外的风景很美。③ He climbs higher so that he may get a better view.他爬到高处,是为了看到更好的景色。view表示“看见”、“视域”,=sight,为不可数名词。如:④ That was my first view of ocean.那是我第一次看见海洋。⑤ A ship came into view.看到一条船了。(一条船出现在视线之内)view 可用来表示“观点”,=a personal opinion,idea or belief asth.。如:⑥ His view of life is different from yours
他的人生观与你的不同。第一单元⑦ What are your views on the subject?你对这个题目有何高见?⑧ Each of them has his own point of view.他们每一个人都有他自己的见解。【注】间或view也可用作动词,相当于look at,表示“看”、“观察”。如:⑨ The subject may be viewed in different ways.这个问题可以从不同方面来看。

23.as far as的两种用法as far as作“远至”、“一直到”,含有路程之远,时间之长之意。如:① You can see as far as the coast.你可以一直看到海岸。② The group of children walked as far as the foot of the mountain.这群孩子一直走到那座山的山脚下。③ I didn’t ride as far as the farm.我没有骑到那农场。as far as=so far as,作“就···而论”、“据···”解。如:④ As/So far as I know, he is still working as a policeman.据我所知,他还是在当警察。⑤ As far as I can see, it’s likely to be fine tomorrow.据我看,明天像是晴天。⑥ It’s OK as far as I know.据我所知,情况正常。【注】so far表示“到目前为止”,在句中作状语,常与现在完成时连用。如:⑦ This is the best novel I have so far read.这是我至今读过的最好的一部小说。⑧ So far(=Till now) I have learned about 2000 English words.到目前为止我大约学了2000个英语单词。【注】far from可引伸作“远非”解,=not at all。如:⑨ He’s far from pleased with your work.=He’s not pleased with your work at all.他对你的工作一点都不满意。【注】by far意思是“非常”、“最···”,常与比较级和最高级连用。如:⑩ Mary’s explanation is clearer by far.玛丽的解释要清楚得多。⑪ He is by far the best player in our team.他是我们队中最优秀的队员。

24.work一词的几种特殊用法work = operate or control, make sth.go,意为“操作”,“开动”,这时
work 为足物动闭。鲋:地一追①)h th ur Houee,ovorything la worked (=oontrolled)3时时00000性表来悔了堪,一切都是由电脑控制的。②) Malnes ahowed mo how to work (a oporale) the sowing mao地函数我朝衍使用触纫机。【读]wook wonder 意思是“创造奇迹”,这里work也是及物动能州 mnko代替。=an oorFoolly,意思是“运转”。“工作正常”,“有效果”wo■k=000work 为不及物动词。如:③ We oan’d watch the football matoh lonight booauao tho TVworking.今哦我们看不成足球赛了,因为电视机坏了。④ The modioino dooa work woll. I’m foaling botlor now.这药效果确实不错,我现在好多了。⑤ I think your suggestion will work.我看你的建议能行得通。Wo triod to be friendly at first, but it wouldn’t work.开始时,我们尽力想友好,但事实上行不通。⑦ The maohine won’t work right.这部机器运转不灵。【注】说“这东西不灵”,英语是It doesn’t work。说“收音机坏了语是 The radio isn’t working。说“这东西效果不好”,英语isn’t working well。请学习下列句子中work构成的短语:⑧ They have worked at (=studied) this subject for several year他们研究这门学科已有好多年了。⑨ He has been working on (= busy writing) a new novel foryear.他一直在写一部新小说,已有一年多了。⑩ He has been working away (= working continuously) withoutever sinoe breakfast.ever sinoe breakfast.他从吃早饭之后就一直干个不停。⑪ We are going to work out (= make) a new plan.我们准备制定一个新计划。⑫ The scientists worked ou t (=thought out) a way of sending mthe moon.科学家研究出把人送上月球的方法。⑬ Who can work out this physics problem?谁能解出这道物理题?⑭ He worked out the cost of the trip.他把这次旅行的费用算了出来。第一单元⑮ Wo find tho young man quite pleamant to work with.我们觉得和这位年青人一起工作是很愉快的。【注】名词 work作“工作”、“劳动”解时为不可数名词;作“著作”、“作品”解时,常用复数。如:tho works of Shakeapeare(莎士比亚的作品),也可作单数,如:a new work(=book) on modern art(论现代艺术的新作)。作“机件”解时,只用作复数,如:the works ofa clock(钟的机件)。作“工厂”解时,只有复数形式,但通常被看作单数名词,如:Tho glass works is near the station(那家玻璃厂在火车站附近)。My father works in a chemical works(我父亲在一家化工厂工作)。作“工事”解时,只有复数形式,并与复数谓语动词连用,如:The defence works have been well made(防御工事做得很好)。【注】work表示“工作”、“劳动”时,既可作动词,也可作名词,因此说“开始工作”,英语用 start work或 start working都可以。

25.prepare 和 prepare forprepare sth.表示“准备···”,prepare是及物动词,sth.是prepare的直接宾语。prepare for意思是“为···作准备”,prepare是不及物动词,准备工作做些什么在句中没有明确,要强调的是表示目的的介词for短语,这里的for实际上相当于一个动词不定式,即tomeet, to take, to have等。试比较:① I haven’t prepared my lessons yet.我还没有准备功课。(lessons是准备的具体内容,不言而喻,目的可能是for tomorrow’sclass or the coming examination。)② He had a speech to prepare that evening.那天晚上他得准备一个演讲。(speech是准备的具体内容,至于目的可能是for a meeting thenext day。)③ We were given two days to prepare(our lessons)for(=tomeet ortake) the coming mid-term examinations.给了我们两天时间准备期中考试。(只强调目的,至于准备些什么,如果不言而喻,则不必说出。所以本句中our lessons可有可无。)④ He is busy preparing with great care for the consress.他正忙着精心筹备这次会议。(至于准备了些什么,句子没有言明。)⑤ They hoped for the best, but prepared for the worst.他们存有最好的希望,但作了最坏的准备。(至于准备了些什么以应付最坏情况句中没有言明。)【注】一般说 prepare breakfast (lunch, supper, dinner或 a meal),而不说 prepare for…。第一单元prepare for 可转换成 get prepared for 或 make preparations for.指示“为···作准备”,强调行动。而 be prepared for(或 have gowpared for)表示不仅是行动上,而且在思想上已经“为···作好了。备”,强调状态。试比较:⑥ The farmers are getting (well) prepared for the autumn harvesr=The farmers are making preparations for the autumn harvest.农民们正在为秋收作(充分)准备。⑦ The two astronauts were getting prepared for the historic walkthe moon.= The two astronauts were making preparations for the historie wallon the moon.那两个宇航员正在为这一具有历史意义的月球行走作准备。⑧ We are prepared (= have got prepared) for the coming sports我们已经为即将到来的运动会作好了准备。⑨“Are you prepared?" “Yes, we are well prepared.”“准备好了吗?”“是的,我们充分准备好了。”⑩ She was not prepared for the question.她对这个问题并没有思想准备。⑪ I’m prepared for anything to happen.对任何可能发生的事情,我已有所准备。【注】be prepared+不定式可表示思想上的“意愿”。相当于berealfor。如:⑫ I’m not prepared to listen to all your excuses.我不想听你这一套借口。⑬ He’s not such a man who has prepared to accept others’ ideas.他不是那种轻易接受别人主张的人。【注】be prepared后面可接介词for短语,也可接不定式,如句⑧~这些例句中的prepared更多的具有形容词性质,可能指心理备,如句⑫⑬,可能指事先具体准备,可能两者兼而有之。

26.go on+活动名词和be on+活动名词go on后接一个表示活动的名词,意思是“去进行这一活动”,指行为be on 接这一名词,则表示“在这一活动进行之中”,指状态。试比较:① Last week we went on(= paid) a visit to Disney World Tokyo.我们上周去参观了东京迪斯尼世界。Last week we were on a visit to Disney World Tokyo.我们上周到东京迪斯尼世界参观。② She decided to go on a trip to that area.她决定在那一地区作一次旅行。She was on a trip to that area.她正在那地区旅行。③ The workers went on strike last week.第一单元工人们上周举行了罢工。The workers had been on strike till yesterday.工人们的罢工到昨天才停止。【注】类似的还有 go on a holiday, be on show, go on sightseeing等。

27.ride一词的用法作为动词ride可以是及物或不及物,作及物动词时,一般和bicy-cle,horse等搭配,可以说ride a bicycle(或horse)(骑自行车或骑马),ride后不加on着重指骑的动作,加on则强调骑的状态。如:① He jumped on his bicycle and rode away.他跳上自行车就骑走了。② The boy rode on horseback.那男孩骑在马上。③ The little girl was riding on her father’s shoulder.那小女孩骑在她父亲的肩上。一个人坐在有三个轮子以上的交通工具上,并且操纵它,叫做drive,不用ride。可以说 drive a bus/car/train(开公共汽车/轿车/火车),不说ride a bus/train/car,但可以说 ride on a bus/on atrain/in a car,这时ride是“乘”的意思。ride用作名词时,也常和这些表示交通工具的名词连用,指“(乘车等的)旅行”或“搭车”,可以说 take a ride on a train/bus/plane, take a ride in a boat/a car.再如:④ There were lots of good rides, though.不过却有好多愉快的旅行。⑤ On one ride we got on the small carriages of a train.在一次旅程中,我们登上了一列火车的小车厢。⑥ Let me give you a ride(=lift)搭我的便车吧。⑦ It’s only a fifteen minutes’ ride(或 drive) in a car.那儿离这儿开车只需要15分钟。⑧ Let’s go for a ride in a car.我们开车出去兜兜风吧。

unit2
1.提出请求的几种表达方式向对方提出请求时,可用多种表达方法,句中情态动词的形式直接体现了说话人语气是否委婉或礼貌。① Could you (please) show me the way to the zoo?=Could you show me the way to the zoo,(please)?请您告诉我去动物园怎么走,好吗?(加上please更显得客气)② Can/Could I use your dictionary,please?请问我能用一下你的词典吗?③ Could I ask you something, if you’re not too busy?如果你不忙的话,我能问你一些事情吗?④ Could you possibly lend me £ 300?你是否能借给我300英镑?【注】please一词一般用在Could you/I…?句中,而不用在Can you/I…?句中。在 Could you…?句中 please 可位于句中或句尾,可以说 Could you please…?或 Could you…,please? 如句①。在 Could I…句中please只能位于句尾,如句②,不能说 Could Iplease…?【注】couldn’t you…?表示说话人希望得到比对方刚才表示的较为有利的回答。如:⑤“I can’t wait."“Couldn’t you wait five minutes?"“我等不了。”“你能不能等五分钟?”【注】在请求许可时,could实际上并不是过去时,和can一样,都表示将来,用could主要是为了表示礼貌和委婉的语气。如用于回答则表示不确定语气了,因此could一般不用于回答 Could you…?或Could I…?不能说Yes,I/you could.或No,I/you couldn’t.肯定回答可以说Yes, you can. Yes, please./ Certainly./ Ofcourse./Sure./Go ahead./All right./OK.等。否定回答可以说No,you can’t./ No,you mustn’t.或I’m sorry,but…等。如:⑥ “Could I use your phone?"“Yes, of course you can.”“我可以用一下你的电话吗?”“当然可以。”

(不能说:Yes,of couree you could.)知二单元May I…?或Migbtl…?同样可用来表示说话人委婉而有イ语气,在实际使用中,May I…?要比MigbtI…?更为常货⑦ May I stop work a little earlier tonight?我今晚能早一点下班吗?May I have a look at your new photo?我可以看一下你新拍的照片吗?⑨ Might I take the chance to have a talk with him?我可以利用这个机会和他谈谈吗?“Might I trouble you for a light?"“Yes, you may."“麻烦你借个火,行吗?”“行。”【注】may和might一般只用于第一人称,不用于第二人称。语中应用may,不能用might。也可用 Could you…?或I…?中的答语。Will/Would you(please)…用来表示请求,用would要比用礼貌些。如:⑪ Will/Would you please turn down the radio a bit?=Please turn down the radio a bit, will/would you?把收音机的音量放小一些,好吗?⑫ Will/Would you please come over and lend me a hand?=Please come over and lend me a hand, will/would you?请过来帮我一下,好吗?【注】will you或would you放在句尾,一般用于非常友好、很随壁合,否则就会显得很粗鲁。对这类问句的回答也可用上面语。【注】will和would也可以用于对第三人称的请求。如:⑬ Will anyone who saw the accident please phone this mumber?请目睹事故发生者拨打这个电话。⑭ Would Mrs Jones, passenger to London, please come to the InDesk?去往伦敦去的旅客琼斯夫人请到问讯处来。用Would/Do you mind…?句型提出请求。mind作“介意”、凤解,后面一般直接跟动词-ing形式或if从句。对这一问句用答表示同意对方的请求,用Yes则表示不同意对方的请求。文:⑮ “Do/Would you mind if Ismoke(或smoked) in the office next d= Do/Would you mind my(或 me) smoking in the office next do“Certainly not.(=Ofcourse not.)/I’d rather you didn’t_,afraid you can’t)"“我在隔壁的办公室里抽支烟行吗?”“当然可以。/恐怕不行。”

⑯ “Would/Do you mind taking the box downstairs now?"第二单元“Certainly not. (=Not at all.)/Sorry, but I’m not free at the mo-ment.”“请你把这只箱子拿到楼下去好吗?”“当然可以。/对不起,我现在没空。”【注】mind后面的动作如果不是主语you的动作,则用if从句或动词-ing形式均可,接动词-ing形式时,前面须加上物主代词或代词的宾格形式(如句①中my或me作为其逻辑主语,表示该动词的动作是my,不是主语you的。如果mind后面的动作仍是主语 you的动作,表示说话人请求对方做某事,则一般接动词-ing形式,而不用if从句。如句②不宜说成 Would you mind if you wait…?但可说成 Would you mind if I ask you to wait…?【注】如表示“反对”时,用Yes,I would/do则显得不太客气,因此一般说I’d rather you didn’t.或 You’d better not.或 I’m afraid youcan’t.等以表示较委婉的语气。【注】表示“同意”时,可用Certainly not(或用Certainly一个词也可以),或No,go ahead,或 Not at all或I won’t/don’t。【注】mind后面的if从句中通常不用一般将来时,而用一般现在时或一般过去时。句首用Do,if从句中通常用一般现在时,句首用Would,if从句中通常用一般过去时。Would和if从句中的一般过去时并不表示过去,而是说话人表示礼貌或委婉语气。有时可在句尾用 if you don’t mind,如:I’d like to ask you a few questionsif you don’t mind.(如果你不介意的话我想问你几个问题。)这个句子等于 Would/Do you mind if I asked/ask you a few questions?或Would/Do you mind me/my asking you a few questions?可用I would/should be very grateful if you would…这一句型正式提出一项请求,句中用would或should都是为了客气和委婉语气的需要。⑰ I should be very grateful if you would let me know about it?如果你能告诉我有关这件事的情况我将十分感激。⑱ I would be very grateful if you would put me up for a night.如果你能让我留宿一晚我将十分感激。Would you be kind/good enough to do…和 Would you be so kind asto do…也可用来表示请求,语气较强。如:⑲ Would you be kind enough to keep me informed about it.请随时告诉我有关情况,好吗?⑳ Would you be so kind as to lift the box onto the shelf?请你替我把这只箱子放到上面的架子上去,好吗?Perhaps you would…也是提出请求的一种形式,说话人对得到肯定的回答较有信心,一般不用在谈话的开头,但可以在稍后提出。如:
21 Perhaps you would let me know when the new plan is made.= Please let me know when the new plan is made.新计划制定出来时请通知我。

2.smoke一词的用法smoke用作动词可表示“吸烟”,作及物或不及物都可以。作“置解时为不及物动词。如:① Where can I go if I want to smoke a cigarette?我如果想抽支烟该到哪儿去抽呢?② He always smokes a pipe.他总是吸烟斗。③ Do you smoke?你吸烟吗?④ The big chimney of that chemical works is smoking thickly.那家化工厂的大烟囱正冒着浓烟。【注】smoke out意思是“把···熏出来”。如:They lit a pile of leavthe hole to smoke the mouse out.(他们在洞口点燃一堆树叶把老鼠熏出来。)名词smoke作“烟”解时为不可数名词,作“吸烟”解时可以和不冠词连用,用复数形式则指多种香烟。如:⑤ There’s no smoke without fire.= Where there is smoke there’s fire.无风不起浪。⑥ Have/Take a smoke,please.请吸支烟。⑦ He spends much money on smokes each year.他每年在香烟上要花很多钱。【注】“一阵烟”英语是a cloud of smoke,“老烟枪”说成a heavy/smoker,“一支接一支吸烟的人”说成a chain smoker,“无烟说成 non-smoking area,“吸烟量不大的人”是a light smoker。烟”说成 give up smoking,不能说 give up smoke。

3.go ahead的几种用法go ahead的基本意思是“往前走”,ahead为副词,在意思上相forward。 go straight ahead的意思是“一直往前走”,=continuetforward,其中 straight是副词,修饰ahead。如:① Go straight ahead till you see the entrance.一直往前走,走到你看到入口为止。② The police examined the cars and allowed them to go ahead.警察检查了那些汽车后,允许他们继续上路。【注】句①中的straight为副词,=directly,意思是“直接地”,具有顿不绕行之意。再如:come straight home after school(放学接回家),walk straight past me(从我身旁径直走过,没停下rise straight up(直线上升)。straight也可以用作形容词,意为直的”、“端正的”。如:a straight line(一条直线),stand straight(站得笔直/坐得端正)。另外:a straight answer意为“坦诚的回答”。第二单元go ahead 也可表示“先走”、“走在前面”,在意思上与上一种用法有差异。如:③ You go ahead and toll them wo’ll bo thore soon.你先走一步,告诉他们,我们马上就到。④ They went ahoad of ue to clear the road.他们走在我们前面,清除路障。⑤ He went ahead to see if the road was oloar.他跑到前面去看道路是否畅通。【注】ahead可作副词或形容词,构成一些短语。ahead of tíme(提前),get/be ahead of sb.in…(在···超过某人,在···比某人好),be twomiles ahead(在前面2英里处),Danger ahead!(前面危险!)go ahead 可用于引申意义,表示鼓励对方做某事,意为“请吧”、“说下去”、“请尽管用”等,常见于日常对话中。如:⑥ “I wonder if I could use your phone."“Sure, Go ahead.”“我能用一下你的电话吗?”“可以,用吧。”⑦ “Can I have a look at your copy of China Daily?”“Sure, Go ahead.”“我可以看一下你那份《中国日报》吗?”“可以,看吧。”⑧ “May I atart?” "Yes, go ahead.”“我可以开始了吗?”“开始吧。”⑨ "I’m afraid I have to trouble you with a question.”“Go ahead.”“恐怕我得向你请教一个问题。”“说吧。”⑩ Go ahead, we’re all listening.开始吧,我们都听着呢。① If you think you can solve the problem,just go ahead.如果你认为你能解决这个问题,那就干吧。go ahoad 也可引申为某事的“进展”情况,与with介词短语连用表示“进行”、“继续进行”或“着手进行”。如:⑫The work is going ahead(=going on) quite well.工作进展得很好。⑬ After ohe rain, wo went ahead wilh(= continued) our work of dig-ging ohe oanal.阴体之后,我们继续挖渠。⑭ Juat go ahend with your concent.继块体的音乐会吧。

4.百分数和分数第一的百分数一般读作poroont,百分数在句中可作主语、宾语、状语等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式要视百分数代表的量是可数还是不可数而定。① Al prosent aboul 38 percent of the Chinese population smoke.目前38%左右的中国人吸烟。(population 在这一句中相当于pcoplo,因此smoke不加s。)② Seventy percent of the studente in our school are boys.我们学校百分之七十的学生是男生。(students是复数,谓语动词用are)⑨ More than sixty-one percent of the surface of the earth is covered bwator.超过百分之六十一的地球表面被水覆盖着。(sur「ace为不可数,谓语动词用is。)④ Fifty-five peroent of the area is covered by trees.这个地区的百分之五十五的面积被树林覆盖。(area是单数,代表一个单数名词的百分数其谓语动词仍用单数)⑤ They had completed eighty percent of the work by the end of lasmonth.到上月底为止他们完成了百分之八十的工作。(作宾语)⑥ The population of this area went up by 5 percent.这个地区的人口增长了百分之五。(介词by与百分数连用作状语)⑦ The factory produced 20 percent more cars last year than the year before.这家工厂去年生产的汽车比前年增加了百分之二十。(百分数修饰比较级作状语)分数的表达是分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子超过1时,分母的序数词就要用复数,即+so如:one-fourth(四分之一),threefifths(五分之三),two-thirds(三分之二),five-twelfths(十二分之一),seven-ninths(九分之七),two and three-fifths(二又五分之三)。【注】分子与分母之间的连字符号可有可无。“四分之一”可写成afourth, one fourth,one-fourth,a quarter或 one quarter。“二分之一”可说a half或one half。“四分之三”可说成 three fourths或three quarters。“二又四分之一”可说成two and one fourth或twoand a quarter。"【注】“半磅茶”英语说 half a pound of tea或a half pound of tea 都可以.“四分之一磅咖啡”说成a quarter of a pound of coffee。【注】分数在句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语等,作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于分数后面的名词是单数还是复数。如:
⑧ A quarter of the workers are women.第二单元四分之一的工人是女工。(主语,are和workers一致)⑨ Two-thirds of the apple is rotten.那只苹果的三分之二烂了。(主语,is和the apple一致)⑩ A third of the class are girls.那个班的三分之一的学生是女生。(主语,class指全班学生,是复数概念,用are)⑪ Two-fifths of the money has been used up.五分之二的钱已经花光了。(主语,has been和money一致)⑫ The bed takes up two-thirds of the space.床占了三分之二的地方。(宾语)⑬ China produces one third of the world’s cigarettes.中国生产了世界三分之一的香烟。(宾语)⑭ It’s one-twentieth the thickness of a human hair.它相当于人头发丝的二十分之一的粗细。(定语)⑮ They worked there for two and a half years.他们在那儿工作了两年半。(定语)⑯ China is one sixth larger than the United States.中国的国土面积比美国大六分之一。(状语)⑰ The invention of many new tools in our factory has reduced the cost ofproduction (by) one third, while the output has gone up 160 percent.很多新工具的发明,使我厂的生产成本降低了三分之一,而产量却提高了百分之一百六十。(状语)

5.population一词的用法population作“人口”、“人口数”解,是集体名词,一般用作单数,不用复数。当我们评说一个地区或国家的人口时,常用has a large populatin(人口众多),has a population of…(有···人口),What is the populationof…?(···有多少人口?)等语言表达。如:① That city situates on the Tai Lake anad has a large/small population.那座城市在太湖边,人口众多/人口稀少。② That country has a population of two hundred million.= That country has two hundred million population.=The population of that country is two hundred million.那个国家有两亿人口。③ What is the population of Shanxi Province?山西省的人口有多少?④ The population of the earth is growing/increasing/rising very fast.地球的人口正在飞速增长。⑤ The population of that area is sinking rapidly.= That area is losing population.
那个地区的人口正在急剧减少。第二學元b Farmore nccount for 30 percent of the population of that country.农民占那个国家总人口的百分之三十。【注】population一般和不定冠词a连用,指一个整体,a不能省,如①②。指一个国家或地区的整体人口时,population不用复数不能说 populationa。但如果指几个地区的人口时,则populati可用复数。如:Many parte of the world used to have large populstions(世界上许多地区以前曾有过很多人口)。【注】population作主语指一个地区或国家整体人口时,谓语动词通<用单数,如句③④⑤中动词用is,不用are。但是,如果强调这整体人口中的成员或成份时,谓语动词通常用复数。试比较:⑦ At present 38% of the Chinese population smoke.目前百分之三十八的中国人吸烟。(百分数代表的population指成员,smoke用复数形式)⑧ Most of the population there are women.那儿大部分人是妇女。(用are,不用is)⑨ The farming population of this country remains unchanged.这个国家的农业人口没有变动。⑩ According to the latest census, our population has increased.根据最近的人口普查,我国的人口增加了。【注】与population 搭配的词常见的有:control population(控制人口reach a population of…(达到···人口),population explosion(人口爆炸),the English-speaking population(说英语的人口),thwhole population(总人口),growth in populaton(人口的增长),city of 750,000 population(一个有75万人口的城市)6.cause一词的两种用法作为动词,cause表示“导致”、“引起”,作及物动词,可接直接宾语和间接宾语。如:① The accident was caused by a car dirven at a high speed.这场事故是由一辆高速行驶的汽车引起的。② Some people say smoking causes cancer.有人说吸烟会导致癌症。③ You have caused trouble to all of us.=You have caused all of us trouble.你给我们大家惹了麻烦。④ This has caused us much anxiety.这件事使我们非常担心。作为名词,cause表示“原因”、“理由”、“事业”。如:⑤ “What was the cause of the fire?”“The cause of the fire was carelessness."“起火的原因是什么?“是由于不谨慎引起的。”
⑥ Don’t complain without good cause.第二单元没有充分的理由就不要抱怨。⑦ He gave his life for the cause of science.他为了科学事业而献身。【注】cause和reason都可表示“理由”,有时可替换。如:You have noreason(或cause)to complain.(你没有理由抱怨)。但用reason要多于cause。一般来说,cause着重指导致某种行为,产生某种结果的人或事物,多指自然原因,通常与介词of连用;reason着重指产生某种情况,发生某件事情的缘由或借口,多指逻辑上的理由,常与介词for搭配。试比较:Heat is the cause of the expan-sion of matter.(热是物体膨胀的原因。)Give your reason forchanging the plan.(把你改变计划的理由讲一下。)

7.burn down 和 burn upburn down和 burn up都可理解为“烧掉”、“烧毁”,burn down主要指建筑,主语一般是表示事物的名词,burn up可指所有可燃烧的事物,主语可以是人,也可以是物。两个短语均可用作及物或不及物。如:① The town (was) burnt down in 1932 and has since been built.这座城市在1932年被烧毁,此后重建。② The building (was) burnt down and only ashes were left.那座大楼被烧毁,只剩一片废墟。③ A number of houses (were) burnt down in the fire.许多房子在那场火灾中被烧毁了。④ The fire burned up more than £ 50,000 worth of paintings.那次大火烧毁了价值五万英镑的油画。(不用burn down)⑤ Let’s burn up all the fallen leaves.我们把所有这些落叶都烧掉吧。(不用burn down)【注】在实际使用时,burn也可以用来表示“烧毁”,如可以说Thehouse burnt/burnt down/burnt up years ago.(那座房子在多年前烧毁了。)【注】burn up除以上意思以外,还可用来表示“(火)旺起来”,也可引申为“发怒”。如:⑥ The fire burns up suddenly.火突然旺了起来。⑦ Stay away from him. He is all burnt up now.不要惹他,他正在火头上。

8.persuade一词的用法persuade表示“说服”、“劝服”,常用于 persuade sb.to do sth.或 per-suade sb.into doing sth.这两个结构,表示“说服某人做某事”。如:① Every year, tabacco companies must persuade new people to startsmoking cigarettes.每年烟草公司都要说服不会吸烟的人开始吸烟。② He persuaded her to go(或 into going)with him.第二单元他说服了她和他一块儿去。(结果她和他一块儿去了。)③ I persuaded him to give up smoking.=I persuaded him out of smoking.我说服了他戒烟。(结果他戒烟了。)④ I have never persuaded him to take the job.= Many times I tried to persuade him to take the job,but I didn’t suceed/but I failed to.我始终没说服他接受这份工作。(我想说服他接受这份工作,但他不听。)【注】如果说而不服或劝而不服,则不能用persuade,因为这时说服则成了一种愿望或企图,所以应用try to persuade或advise等别的词不能说I persuaded him to do it but he wouldn’t。因为I persuadedhim to do it 已经表示了“说服了他做那事”,因此前句与后句在意思上矛盾。应说Itried to persuade him to do it but he wouldn’t 或I advised him to do it but he wouldn’t。persuade 可接sb.+that从句这一结构。如:⑤ I persuaded him that he was mistaken.我说服了他,使他相信他是错的。⑥ He persuaded me that death does not end all.他说服了我,使我相信死并不能使一切都结束。

9.die of 和 die from说死亡的原因时,可用die from,也可用die of。指因疾病而死时,用diefrom和die of 都可以,如:die from/of heart disease(死于心脏病),diefrom/of cancer(死于癌症)。die from还可指因外部创伤或间接的原因而死。如:die from a wound(受伤而死),die from overwork(因过度劳累而死),die from polluted air(死于空气污染)。表示死亡原因时,die of用得最多,可指疾病、饥渴、年老、悲伤、事故等。如:die of hunger andcold(死于饥饿和寒冷),die of disease/old age/grief(死于疾病/老死/悲伤而死),die of an accident(死于事故)。实际上在使用时 die of和 diefrom有时候并无明显的区别,同学们不必过多地注重它们的区别,以上例子可作为常用短语来记忆。另外,die by指死于暴力、刀或剑等凶器。如:die by the sword/hanging(死于剑下/吊死)。die for表示为某种事业或目的而死。如 die for one’s country/the people/the revolution-ary cause(为自己的国家/为人民/革命事业而死)。die through care-lessness(因过失而死),die in poverty(死于贫穷)。【注】动词die有时可接形容词或名词,表示主语死时的情况。如:d2happy/rich(死时很快乐/很富有),die a hero(死得英勇)。【注】be dying for是“极想得到···”的意思。如:She’s dying for a piamof her own. = She wants very much to have a piano of her own.(她非常想拥有一架属于自己的钢琴。)
【注】动词短语 die away是“(声音、风、光)渐渐消失”的盘剧。如:The noise died away.(喧闹渐渐元寂。)
【注】die(死亡)的现在分词是dying;dye(染)的现在分调册dyoùTg、、画者不可混淆。

10.chance一词的用法作为名词,chance在本单元中作“可能性”解.=passcbaliny、表示这一意思时chance可用作可数名词或不可数名词。如:① The chances are ten to one that we’ll win.我们十之八九会胜。② You will have more chance of calohing the traim if yau tako a taxi lthe station instead of walking.你要是坐出租车而不是步行去火车站,就更有可能赶上火车。③ There’s a good chance that she’ll be relaased without beimg changed.她有可能会被释放并免于起诉。【注】hope也可用来表示“可能性”,但一般用作不可数名调。如:There’s little hope/chance of their winning the game.(他们打胜这场比赛的可能性很小。)表示“偶然性”、“运气”时,chance为不可数名词。如:④ Chance plays an important part in many oard games.玩纸牌许多时候靠运气。玩纸牌许多时候靠运气。⑤ Let’s leave it to chance.听其自然吧。作“机会”解时是可数名词。如:⑥ It’s a good chance to learn(或 of learning) from the famous scian-tists.这是向著名科学家学习的好机会。⑦ If I give you a second chance, will you promise to be good?如果我再给你一次机会,你能答应不再犯错吗?⑧ It’s the chance of a lifetime.这是一生难逢的机遇。【注】by chance作“碰巧”解,如:I mot her in Shanghai by chance lastweek.(我上周碰巧在上海遇见他。)tako tho chance to do…表示“利用机会做某事”。【注】chance表示可能性时作可数名词或不可数名词都可以(多用可数形式),表示机会时是可数名词,表示偶然运气时是不可数名词。chance 也可用作动词,表示“碰巧”,相当于happon,可用于chance to do…和It chanced that…两句型。如:⑨ I chanced(或 happened) to see him in Shanghai.我在上海碰巧看到他。⑩ It (so) chanced(或 happened) that I was out whon he oalled.=I chanced(或 happened) to be out when he called.=I chanced(或 happened) to be out when he called.他来时我恰巧不在家。

11.one smoker in four四个吸烟的人中有一个one smoker in four=one smoker out of every four,意思是“每四的人中有一个”。再如:① The chance is that one smoker in four will die from smoking四个吸烟的人中有一个可能会因吸烟而死。② In China about seven people in len (=out of every ten) atonghua.在中国十个人中有七个讲普通话。3 Seven students in ten (= out of overy ton) have failed theexam.这次英语考试十个学生中有七个没及格。

12.sale一词的用法sale一词是名词,意为“卖”、“出售”,一般用作不可数名词ory for sale 作“叫卖”解,carry sth,about for sale 意思是“兜售on sale作“正在出售”或“减价售出”解,常指商店里的货物for sale 意思是“非卖品”,for sale作“待售”、“出售”解,常由或代理人经手。例如:① Some people carry things about for sale and some people ory foin streets.有些人拿着东西到处兜售,有些人在街上叫卖东西。② Will your new product be on sale as early as next week?你们的新产品下星期能上市吗?③ This kind of machine is not for sale.这种机器是非卖品。④ The sign on the house saya"For sale". Shall we find out the pr那房子上牌子写着“待售”的字样,我们要不要去问问价钱?⑤ Ia this house for sale?这房子是要卖的吗?Bale在表示“销售量”时常用作复数sales。如:⑥ In Britain, sales of oigareltes have fallen by 30% in the lastyears.近十年来,英国香烟的销量下降了百分之三十。⑦ Salos of overyday commodity were great.日用品的销量很大。【注】oaloa作主语时,谓语动词须用复数形式,如句⑥⑦。另外,作语时一般用 aalee。如:eales department(销售部),salen tmx(售税)。“营业员”ehop aoaietanl也可根据性别分别说成man,salesgirl 和 saleswoman。

13.fall一词的用法fall一词除表示“跌倒”“掉下”以外,还可引申为“降低”,表示越意思时,也可以用drop。如:① In Britain, sales of cigarettes have fallen (或 have dropped, havegone down) by 30% in the last ten years.第二单元近十年来,英国香烟的销量下降了百分之三十。② The temperature suddenly dropped (或 fell) to 5℃ below freezing.气温突然降到了摄氏零下5度。fall可以用作连系动词,与形容词搭配,构成系表结构。这时 fall着重指从一种状态进入另一种状态。如:③ The child fell asleep in her mother’s arms.那孩子在她妈妈怀抱里睡着了。④ Bob has fallen ill and is now in hospital.Bob病了,现在正在住院。⑤ Why did she suddenly fall silent at the meeting?她为什么在会上突然变得沉默了呢?⑥ We have fallen short of rice.我们的米不够了。fall in love with sb.意为“爱上某人”,指没有恋爱到产生恋爱的这一转变;be in love with sb.意为“与某人相爱着”,指处于恋爱这一状态之中。请学习下面例句中的fall短语。⑦ He didn’t want to fall behind in his studies.他不想在学习上落后。⑧ The roof/walls of the house fell in.房顶塌了/墙塌了。⑨ After working together for many years, they fell in love with eachother.他们在一起工作多年,最后相爱了。⑩ I’m afraid they have fallen (=got) into trouble.恐怕他们碰到麻烦了。⑪ Soon he fell into a deep sleep.一会儿他就睡得很沉了。⑫ He has fallen into the habit of smoking.他烟抽上瘾了。⑬ He has fallen into some bad habits.他染上了一些不良习惯。⑭ His hair is falling off.他的头发正渐渐脱落。⑮ The vase fell off the desk and broke into pieces.花瓶从书桌上掉下来,摔成粉碎。⑯ National Day falls on ( = happens to be) a Sunday this year.今年国庆节正好是星期天。⑰ The clothing linefalls short.晒衣绳短了。⑱ He fell short of what we had expected.他没有达到我们的要求。第二单元【注】fall虽然是不及物动词,但它的过去 fallon可以用作定语,指”落下”这一状态。如:fallon loavos(落叶),fallen cotton(落在上的棉花)。现在分词falling作定语时表示“正在下落”,指作。如:A falling troo hit and dostroyed the roof of our house (棵正在倒下的树把我家的屋顶砸坏了)。【注】fall可用作可数名词,如:a light/heavy fall of rain(一场小雨),Ho had many falle while skating.(他溜冰时摔了好多在英语中名词fall指“秋天”,= autumn, in the fall = in thetumn。复数falls可作“瀑布”解。如:Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉布)

14.over, above, under和 belowovor和under是一对反义词,over作“在···上面”解,under“在下面”解。两者都表示一种直接的垂直概念,但没有上下紧意思。如:① There is a lamp over the table.桌上有一盏灯。② You can find it under your seat.你能在你的座位下找到它。③ The plane is circling over the city.飞机在城市上空盘旋。④ The boy hid himself under the bridge.那孩子躲在桥下。above和below也是一对反义词,above作“高于”解,below作于”解,两者均不表示垂直的上下概念,也无相互紧贴的意如:⑤ The clock is above the picture.钟在画的上方。(不用over)⑥ The Dead Sea is below sea level.死海的海面低于海平面。(不用under)⑦ The sun rises above the horizon.太阳在地平线上升起。(不用over)⑧ The sun goes down below the horizon.太阳在地平线下落。(不用under)over和above的意思相近,但over指垂直的上面,而above则调高于某一点或某一物体,但不一定在垂直上方。under和blow意思相近,但under指垂直的下面,而below则笼统指低于一物体。试比较:⑨ His bedroom is above mine on the second floor.他的卧室在二楼,我卧室上面。(两卧室不一定垂直上下,不用over)
10.His Dedraom Jo jual/sighL over mino on the socond floor.第二单元施的卧室在二楼。我卧室的正上方。(酶外室垂直上下,不用above)T The temple atanda on a hill abovo the valley.郑座庸宇座落在峡谷之上的一座小山上。(不指垂直的上面,不用over)A bridge haa been built over the valloy.峡谷上面日建造了一座桥梁。(指垂直上方,不用above)⑬ This plain is below aea lovel.过块平原低于海拔。(不是垂直上下,不用under)⑭ In the rain many travellore atayod undor the tree.下雨时许多行人停留在树下。(垂直下面,不用below)【注】“在窗下”一般说 under tho window,而不说below the window。below和under在表示年岁、数量、物价标准时,可通用。如:⑮ She is below/under twonty.=She is less than twenty.她不到20岁。⑯ Just undar/below(=less than) a third of the population nowsmoke.仅有不到三分之一的人口吸烟。⑰ There’s nothing in this shop below/under 1 yuan.这家店里没有低于一元的商品。⑱ It is under/below the level.不够标准。【注】under age作“未到法定年龄”解,是固定说法,不可说belowageo【注】在表示职位时,用below指级别“低于”某人,用under则指“在···领导(或指导)下”。如:They worked below her.意思是“他们的职位比她低”。They worked under her.意思是“他们在她领导下工作”。under a good leader表示“在一位好干部的领导下”,under Japanese rule表示“在日本的统治下”,under control表示“在控制下”(out of control是“失去控制”的意思)。值得注意的是:我们说 with the help of…或 with one’s help,意思是“在某人的帮助下”,不说 under the help of…或 under one’s help。
【注】指温度时,常用above和below,而不用over或under。如:above0℃(摄氏零度以上),below freezing point(冰点以下)
【注】在文字中,“下列”的语意可用below,而不用under,“上列”的语意可用 above,而不用over。如:the examples below/above(下面/上面的例子)See above/below(看上面/下面)。See thenote below(见下面的注释)。作定语时,above可位于被修饰名词的前面或后面,如上例可说成the examples above或 the aboveexamples,但 below 不能位于被修饰名词的前面,只能说theexamples below,不能说 the below examples。
over,above和on都表示“在···之上”的意思,所不同的舞和above指不接触下面的物体,而on则指接触下面物体。第二元⑲ There’s a lamp over the dosk.书桌正上方有一盏灯。A There’s a lamp above the desk.书桌上方有一盏灯。Thora’a a lamp on the dosk.书桌上放有一盏灯。【注】以上三例句笼统地说都是“书桌上有一盏灯”,但前两灯,后一句指台灯。【注】“天花板上有一只苍蝇”英语是 There’s a fly on the ceil能说 There’s a fly under the ceiling,这里强调两物体相衫【注】如不强调是否垂直在上,而笼统指上方时,则over和abo,用。如:the cloud above/over us(我们头上的云),flyover the clouds(在云上面飞行),hold an umbrella over/one’s head(撑着伞)。【注】指年龄或价格时,above和over可通用,但有时含义略有如:22 To vote, one has to be over/above the age of 21.任何人要到21岁才有选举权。23 There’s nothing in this shop over/above 100 yuan.这家店里没有超过100元的商品。He is over me in the office.24他是我的顶头上司。He is above me in the company.在公司里他职位比我高。(不是顶头上司)【注】over还有在某一物体的上方“越过”或“从一端到另一端”思,而above仅指位置的上下。试比较:The plane is flying over the city.飞机正飞越城市上空。The plane is flying above the city.飞机正飞临城市上空。26 There’s a bridge over the river.河上有座桥。(不用above)【注】over还可表示全部或大面积地“覆盖”,这时两物体可以是接的,也可以是不接触的。above不能这样用,而on尽管有接之意,但仅指一物体在另一物体的某一点或某一部位接触,不指全部或大面积地“覆盖”。如:52The cloth over the table is rather dirty.铺在桌上的那块台布很脏。(已铺开)27The cloth on the table is rather dirty.放在桌子上的那块台布很脏。(未铺开)
28 Sho put a cont over tho ohild.第二单元她把一件外套盖在孩子身上。2 He pullod his hat ovor his oars.他把帽子拉下来遮住他的耳朵。【注】如上所说,abovo作定语时可位于被修饰名词的前面或后面。如:the above sontence= the sentence above(以上例句),theabove slatement= the statement above(以上陈述)。但是指物体高度时,一般放在后面为宜,如:the room above(楼上面的那个房间),the clouds above(上面的云层)。over不能作定语。

15.compare一词的用法
compare作“比较”解,常用作及物动词,与介词with搭配,指同类事物的具体比较。如:① Compare this with that, and you will see which is better.把这个和那个比较一下,你就可以看出哪个更好了。② She began comparing herself with her classmates and found shedidnt’ study so hard as any of the others.她开始把自己和她的同学作比较,发现她没有其他任何一个同学学得认真。③ Comparing these two languages we can see there are differences aswell as similarities.比较这两种语言,可以发现它们有同有异。compare与介词to搭配,作“比作”解,是非同类事物的抽象比较。如:④ Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.莎士比亚把人世比作舞台。⑤ They compared the boy to a small tiger.他们把这孩子比作一只小老虎。⑥ People often compare girls to flowers.人们常把姑娘比作花朵。⑦ Man’s life is often compared to a candle.人生如蜡烛。【注】compare with是具体的比较,compare to是抽象的比喻。但现代英语中,说“比较”用 compare with和compare to 均可,但说“比喻”则要用compare to。过去分词短语 compared to…或compared with…表示“与···比起来”,常在句中用作状语,可位于句首或句尾,介词to和with可通用。如:⑧ In the 16~19 age group, 32% of women smoke, compared to/with28% of men.在16~19岁这一年龄段中,女性烟民有32%,而男性烟民是28%。
⑨ Compared to/with many people, she was indeed lucky.和许多人比起来她确实是很幸运的。第二弟元⑩ It was a small place then compared to/with what it is now.和现在比起来,那时它还是一个小地方。⑪ The production of cars has increased by 18% compared1995.汽车产量与1995年比起来增长了18%。⑫ London is large, compared with/to Paris.= London is large in comparison with Paris.与巴黎比起来,伦敦更大。【注】compare noles作“交换意见”解。

16.现在进行时表示经常性和反复性现在进行时有时可用来代替一般现在时,表示经常性或重复性作,句中常见的副词有always,forever, repeatedly,constantly等时一般带有说话人的某种感情,如不满、厌烦、赞扬等。如:① The problem is that 300 people are dying each day from illrcaused by smoking.问题是每天有300人由于吸烟患病而死亡。② She’s always helping others.她总是帮助别人。③ I’m always hearing strange stories about him.我常听说关于他的一些怪事。④ He’s forever leaving things about.他总是乱丢东西。⑤ She’s constantly laughing for no reason.她老是无缘无故地大笑。

17.Nicotine is a drug that gets one into the habit of smoking.尼古丁是一种使人染上烟瘾的毒品。get在本句中是使役性动词,也可不带宾语,get into…作“陷“染上”解。如:① The woman got the little girl into the dark room and kept her in那妇女把那小女孩拉进那黑暗的房间,不让她出来。② You shouldn’t have got him into such a sorry state.你本不应该让他处于这样一种尴尬境地。③ Again they got into the same difficulty/trouble.他们又一次陷入相同的困境/碰到相同的麻烦。④ Soon they got into a heated discussion.不久他们就热烈讨论起来。⑤ We often got into debt in those days.那时候我们常负债累累。⑥ When did you get into such a bad habit?你什么时候染上这样一种坏习惯的?第二单元【注】get into与get out of相对,后者表示“摆脱”。如:gat out of thetrouble(摆脱困境)。get用作使役性动词时,其宾语补足语可用多种动词形式,如不定式、过去分词或现在分词,使用什么动词形式取决于该动词与宾语之间的关系。有时got的宾语补足语也可以是形容闻。如:⑦ You must get them to come over here at once.他得想法马上让他们到这儿来。(=have them oome)⑧ I’ll get Mary to do the washing for you.我让玛丽来替你洗这些衣服。(=have Mary do)⑨ Why don’t you get your shoes mended?你怎么不(请人)把鞋补一补?(=have your shoee mended,请人修)⑩ I’ll go and get my hair cut.我要去理发。(=have my hair cut,请人理)⑪ They did what they could to get the machine started.他们尽了最大努力使机器开动起来。(自己也可能参加)⑫ The next thing is to get the problem settled as soon as possible.接下来就是要尽快使问题得到解决。(说话人可能也参加解决问题)⑬ He got his leg broken while playing football.踢足球时他的腿骨折了。(指偶然事故)⑭ She got her wallet picked at the cinema.看电影时她的钱包被人偷了。(指意外遭遇)⑮ Can you get the car going again?你能使汽车再次开动起来吗?⑯ We have to get everybody moving.我们得让所有的人都动起来。⑰ Have you got supper ready?你把晚饭做好了吗?⑱ I can’t get the window open.这窗户我打不开。【注】get后面的不定式须带to,而have后面的不定式不带to。不定式动词是宾语未发生的主动动作,如句⑦⑧。【注】get接过去分词时,该动词与宾语之间具有被动关系,该动作可能由主语请别人完成,如句⑨⑩,可能主语或说话人也参与,如句⑪⑫,也可能是主语意想不到的由别人做的一个动作,如句⑬⑭。【注】get接现在分词时,指宾语开始进行某一动作,该动作可能要进行一段时间,如句⑮⑯。有时get不带宾语,而直接跟现在分词,表示主语开始进行某一动作。如:Hadn’t we better get moving(我们要不要先干起来)?It’s late. Let’s get doing(了,我们干起来吧)。■二单元gel可用来代替助动词be,与过去分词连用,以强调主语的为。如:⑲ They got caught in the big rain on their way here.他们来这儿的路上碰上了大雨。He got burnt while putting out the fire.灭火时他被烧伤了。A Did she get hurt in that accident?那次事故中她受伤了吗?② The car got stuck in the snow.汽车陷在了雪中。【注】get done有时不具有被动意思。如:23 Do you know she’s got married?你知道她已经结婚了吗?24 I’ve got used to such a way of life.我已习惯于这样的生活方式。25 Don’t get excited about it.别为这而激动。get可直接接不定式,表示从没有到有的变化,指不定式动词的作或状态的开始。这时不定式动词大多为意识性或情感性的词。动词come可用来代替get,而不改变这一作用。如:26 I got to know him in 1986.我是1986年认识他的。27 You’ll soon get to like the work.你不久就会喜欢这份工作。28 We have got to see the importance of studying English.我们开始认识到学英语的重要性。

18.不定代词one的用法不定代词one起名词作用时,可以用来代替人,泛指“人”、“任何-个人”,在句中作主语或宾语。如:① One should love one’s(或his) country.人人都应爱国。② One oannot make bricks without straw.巧匠难制无料的砖。(巧妇难为无米之炊。)③ One must know oneself.人要有自知之明。④ One should listen carefully to one’s (或 his) employer if one(或 hewants a rise.一个人如果想要晋级的话,就得认真听从于他的老板。⑤ If one reads a great many articles in English, one(或 he) will geknow more and more about how to express oneself(或 himself).一个人如果读许多英语文章的话,他就会对这门语言的表达方式越来越了解。第二单元⑥ Such a drug will make one find it hard to go without it.这种毒品会使人感到离了它不行。⑦ A burden of one’s choice is not felt.爱挑的担子不嫌重。【注】one作主语时,其相应的物主代词可用one’s或his,反身代词可用oneself或himself,重复主语时可用one或he。注意句中不能用her,herself,you或 yourself替代主语 one。one和it都可用来指代物,但用法不一样,其区别是it用于名称相同的同一事物,one则用于名称相同的另一事物,试比较:⑧“Are you still using your old car?"“No, I sold it the other day."“你还在开你的旧车吗?”“不,我前两天已经把它卖了。”(it=my old car,即上文提到的那一辆汽车,属特指)⑨ Where did you buy the watch? Would you please get one for me too?这块表你在哪儿买的?请你给我也买一块好吗?(one=a watch like yours,是同一类中的一个,属泛指)⑩ I have no bookshelf in my room, so I’m going to make one myself.我房间里没有书架,所以我准备做一个。(one=a bookshelf,指这一类事物中的一个)one和that都可用来代表一个句子前面部分中的某个名词,以避免重复,但须注意两者在用法上的区别。一般来说,one代表单数可数名词,通常含有不定冠词a的意思,因此,one=a+名词。that代表单数可数名词或不可数名词,通常含有定冠词the的意思,因此that=the+名词。如:⑪I prefer a small house in a small town to one(=asmall house)in alarge city.我喜欢住在小城镇的一座房子里而不喜欢住在大城市的一座房子里。⑫ A desk made of steel costs much higher than one(=a desk)ofwood.钢桌要比木桌贵得多。yes-⑬ The weather today is much hotter than that (= the weather) of terday.今天要比昨天热得多。e⑭ The priceof a steel desk is much higher than thatthe price)JOwooden one.钢桌的价格要比木桌的价格高得多。⑮ The climate here is said to be like that (= the climate) of Canada.据说这儿的气候很像加拿大的气候。one作替代词时,前面可用某些形容词或限定词作为其修饰语,这类限定词常见的有the、this,that,which,cach,every能直接用序数词或物主代词修饰one。尽管one=a+名当onc长一个后置定语修饰表示特指时,前面应加the.on the left(左边的那一个)。当one被一个形容词修饰时如a、tbe或物主代词。如:a red onc(一个红色的),(红色的那一个),my ncw one(我那个新的)。如:C"Which boy is your brother?"“The one in blue.”“哪一个孩于是你的弟弟?”“穿蓝衣服的那一个。”(one可不能省)Your old bicycle is a good one. It’s much betler than myn.你的旧自行车不错,要比我的新自行车好得多。(本句中的a和my不能省)B We have completed the first part. Now let’s consider howsecond(part).我们已完成了第一部分,现在我们来考虑一下怎样做第二(一般不说 the second one)⑲ This kind of bread is different from that one.这种面包不同于那种面包。(that one=that kind of bread,【注】按习惯用法可以说 this one和that one,如句⑲,但不能说ones或 those ones。如不能说 These ones are too small Ithose ones.应该说 These are too small. I want those. 2小,我想要那些。)虽然不能说 these ones 或 those ones.占被某一形容词修饰,则可以在前面加these或 those。如=black ones are too small. I want those green ones.(这些票太小,我想要那些绿色的。)【注】More than one student has missed school 这一句子是正确的dent不能用复数,has不能改为have。从数的角度来看,一个”自然应接复数名词,动词也应用复数形式,但从邻三来考虑后面的名词贴近one,则应用单数形式,由于名词数,谓语动词也应用单数形式。【注】两者中的一个用one,两者中的另一个用the other。不定要的一个用one,不定数目中的又一个用another。如:⑳ He held a violin in one hand and a bow in the other.他一手拿小提琴,另一手拿弓。(人的手只有两只,故用t上er,不用another)21 These cakes are quite tasty. I’d like to have another.这些蛋糕很可口,我还想吃一个。(蛋糕的数量不确定,故other,不用the other)【注】表示对比的两件事情时,可说“…one and…another,作一回事,···又是一回事”解。这里的another不能用the other代替。
2 To say is one thing; to do is quile another.第二单元讲是一回事,做又是一回事。3 His voice says one thing, but his hearl thinks another.他嘴上一套,心里又是一套。(即表里不一)【注】表示特定范围的全体所分成的两个部分时,用“some…the oth-ers”,注意 the others用复数形式,前面用定冠词表示特定范围中的所有其余的。不强调特定范围中所有其余时,说“some…others(或 some)…”,表示“有人···有人···”。如:24 Some of the students are absent; the others are present.有些学生缺席,其余的人到了。25 Some say yes,others(或some)say no.有人说对,有人说不对。26 Some people drive carefully, and some(或 others) don’t.有些人开车很小心,有些人则不然。

19.动词go的几种引伸用法go without…表示“不吃(不吸,不用)···过日子”,如:① When smokers who are used to nicotine go without it for an hour ortwo,they begin to feel bad(或 terrible).习惯于吸尼古丁的烟民如果一两小时不吸就会感到难受。② In those days we had to go without supper.那时候我们常常没有晚饭吃。③ Sometimes they had to go for days without washing their faces.有时候他们得走几天路也不洗脸。④ One cannot go for even a day without water.人要是不喝水连一天都不能过。【注】go without saying 作“不成问题”、“不言而喻”解。如:They willdo all they can to help. That goes without saying(他们将尽力帮忙的,这是不成问题的)。go用于引申意义时,在不同的情况下有不同的理解。如:⑤ I don’t feel sick any more. The pain is gone.我不觉得恶心了,疼也止住了。⑥ Which road goes to the station?哪条路通往车站?⑦ They went from one song to another.他们歌唱了一首又一首。⑧ How are things going?情况进行得怎么样?⑨ There goes the bell for class.上课铃响了。⑩ We still have a long way to go before the work is done.要完成这项工作还有许多事情要做。⑪ There are only five minutes to go before the train leaves.现在离开车只有五分钟了。第二单元⑫ A Chinese saying goes,“One who does not reach the Greatnot a man."中国有句俗话,“不到长城非好汉。”⑬ The temperature here never goes below 0℃.这儿的气温从没有降到零度以下。go用作连系动词,后面接形容词,表示从一种状态转变成另状态。如:⑭ Fish soon goes bad in hot weather.热天鱼容易坏。⑮ The old woman has gone blind/deaf.那位老太太眼睛瞎了/耳朵聋了。⑯ Has anything gone wrong with the machine?机器出了什么毛病了吗?⑰ The well has gone dry.井干了。⑱ The wife went mad at the news of her husband’s death.听到丈夫死的噩耗时,这位妻子疯了。⑲ They went hungry in the woods for the whole day.他们在森林里整天挨饿。⑳ In those days we often went short of food and clothing-那时候我们经常缺吃少穿。
21 When we talked about this, she went red.我们提到这事时,她脸涨红了。22 You were a boy then but now your hair is going white.那时候你还是一个孩子,可现在你的头发都白了。过去分词gone和be连用时,实际相当于一个形容词,强调了”、“不在了”、“丢了”、“没有了”等状态。如:23 When I got here, she was gone (= was no longer there).我到时她已走了。24 Thedays when we played hide-and-seek are gone(=willneverback).我们一起捉迷藏的日子一去不复返了。25 She looked down and found her necklace was gone= missic她往下看时发现她的项链不见了。–26 She told me that all thepapers were gone(=lost她告诉我所有的文件都丢了。

20.call for等短语动词短语 call for可用来表示多种意思。如:① The body is calling for a new supply of the drug nicorine身体正需要重新得到毒品展方于
② He entered the restaurant and called for a glass of beer.第二单元他走进饭馆,叫了一杯啤酒。(=ask for)③ He called for his car and left the meeting.他叫了他的车,离开了会场。(=ask for)④ The problem calls for close altention and careful thought.这个问题需要集中精力和认真思考。(=need)⑤ That was what we called for.这就是我们所需要的。(=demand/want)⑥ Such a plan calls for a lot of money.这样的计划需要许多钱。(=need)⑦ I’ll call for you from your house at nine.我九点到你家来接你。(=come and get)⑧ I’m waiting for my brother’s car to call for me.我在等我哥的汽车来接我。(=pick up)请学习以下例句中call构成的短语。⑨ You’d better call at his office.你最好到他办公室去找他。⑩ The train calls at every station.这列火车每个站都停。⑪ We must call your attention to the problem.我们必须引起你对这个问题的重视。⑫ She formed the habit of calling on me in the evenings.她每天晚上都来看我,这已成了习惯。⑬ Please call in a doctor at once.请马上把医生请来。⑭ The makers have called in some cars with dangerous faults.制造商收回了一些有危险性缺陷的语气。⑮ Let’s call it a day.今天就干到这里。⑯ We may have to call off the meeting.我们也许得取消这次会议。⑰ The boy called out for help.那男孩大声呼救。⑱ It’s wrong to call a person names.骂人是不对的。⑲ Now let me call your names.现在我来点名。⑳ I’ll call you up at about seven o’clock.我七点左右给你打电话。【注】“给某人打电话”可以说callsb.up,也可以说call sb.“给你办公室打电话”应说 call your office,而不说 call up your office。

21.report一词的用法
report sth.to sb.表示“把情况报告给某人”,宾语如果是从把to sb.移前。如:第二单元① Work in groups of four and answer these questions in turn.写port your opinions to the rest of the class.以四个人一组进行讨论,轮流回答这些问题,然后把你们■告诉给班上其他同学。② They will certainly report it to their manager.他们当然会把这一情况报告给他们的经理。③ He reported the whole matter to the headmaster.他把整个情况向班主任作了汇报。④ I will report to him what we are doing at present.我将向他汇报我们现在正在进行的工作。【注】report sb.to the police意思是“向警察告发某人”。reportto sb.意思是“到某人那儿去报到”。report用来指电台、电视台、报纸等宣传工具的报道。如:⑤ The event was widely reported in Japan.这一事件在日本被广泛报道。⑥ The radio reported that there would be a big storm over the nig据电台报道夜间将会有大风暴。⑦ It’s reported that China has sent another man-made satellite.据报道中国又发射了一颗人造卫星。⑧ He is reported to be still in London.据报道,他还在伦敦。⑨ He is reported to have made another new invention.据报道他又创造一项新的发明。What do you like/dislike about…?22.How do you like…?当询问对方具体哪一方面喜欢或不喜欢某人或某事物时,What do you like/dislike about…?这一句型,疑问词What作的宾语,不用How。如:①“What do you dislike about smoking?"“Smelly rooms.”“哪一点使你不喜欢吸烟呢?”“房间里难闻的气味。”②“What do you like about him?”“Honesty and diligence."“你喜欢他哪一点呢?”“诚实与勤奋。”当我们询问对方对某一事物的看法时,常用 How do you like.一句型,疑问词how作状语,不能用what代替。句中的like用find代替,如果用think of代替 like,疑问词应用 what。如③“How do you like/find the city?"“Very beautiful.“你觉得这座城市怎么样?”“很美。”第二单元④ “What do you think of the novel?”“Very interesting."“你觉得这部小说怎么样?”“很有趣。”⑤ Tell me how you like my idea.告诉我,你认为我的想法如何。【注】What’s…like是用来询问某人或某物的情况,句中like为介词。如:⑥ “What’s your English teacher like?"“Quite tall with big eyes.”“你们的英语老师长什么样儿?”“高个子,大眼睛。”【注】do as one likes表示“高兴怎样就怎样”。如:You can do as youlike.(你完全可以按自己的意思办。)As you like通常用作回答,意思是“随你的便”。如:“Shall I stay or leave?”“As youlike.”(“我该留下呢还是走?”“随你的便。”)anything/anywhereyou like表示“爱怎样就怎样”。如:You can say anything youlike.(你想说什么就说什么。)You can go anywhere your like.(你爱到哪儿就到哪儿。)【注】if you like表示“如果你愿意的话”,如:You may do it if you like.意思是“你愿意干的话就干吧”。23.at least的几种情况at least=not less than,意为“至少”,“起码”。如:① It costs at least five dollars.这东西至少值五美元。at least也可作“不论怎样”、“不管怎么说”,相当于after all。如:② He left last Tuesday-at least,I think he did.上星期二他离开了,无论如何,我认为他已经走了。at least 还用于表示某物的一些小的优点,如:③ The food wasn’t good, but at least it was cheap.食物虽不好,但毕竟便宜。not in the least= not at all.意为“毫不”、“一点儿也不”。可单独使用,也可用在句中作状语。如:④“I’m sorry for the trouble.""Not in the least./Not at all.”“很抱歉,麻烦你了。”“一点也不。”⑤ The film is not in the least/not at all interesting.这部电影一点也不好看。

unit3
1.meet 和 meet withmoet一词的常见用法如下:①作“迎接”解:The organizer of a confence is meeting one of the speakers at the airport.会议组织者正在场迎接一位演讲者。I must go to the station to meet my boyfrien我得去车站接我的男朋友。表示这一意思时,meet的反义词是off。 Do you think it better for us to go and see off those comradesthe wharf?你认为我们是不是最好去码头送送那些同志?②作“见”解:I often meet her in(或on)the street.我时常在这条街上通她。Men may meet, but mountains never greet.山和山不相碰,和人常相逢。③作“满足”解:meet one’s wishes(或needs,demandrequirements,expectations)满足某人的愿望(需要,要求,条件,待)。④作“开会”解:The members of the board meet every Monda董事会成员每星期一碰一次头。⑤作“见面”、“认识”解:I knowname,but we’ve never met.我知道他的名字,但我们从未见过⑥作“支付”解:Have you enough money to meet the bill?买单的够吗?meet with的常见用法如下:①作“遭遇”解:He met with a small acdent on the way.他在路上遭遇了一个小事故。②作“偶遇”解met with one of my old school friends on the train yesterday.我昨在火车上偶遇一位老同学。③作“受到”解:They met with a wanwelcome,他们受到了热烈欢迎。

2.meeting,conference,gathering和 party这几个词都可表示“会议”、“聚会”,但它们的使用范围不同。meetin指一般性会议,人们为讨论或解决某个问题而集合在一起,使用最泛,可用于各种场合。Where does the meeting take place?会议在什地方举行?“参加会议”一般可说成attend(或go to)a meeting,“召会议”可说成call a meeting,“举行会议”说成hold(或have) a meeting“主持会议”说成 preside over(或chair)a meeting。conference是专性的正式会议,常用于就某个重大问题进行专门研究或交换意见的论会,协商会议等。a conference on educational work 教育工作会议,international conference in New York 在纽约召开的一次国际会议。
gathering-gol-togethor,指非正式的集负,常用于群众性的社交活动.联欢会等。a publlo gathorlng 公众聚会,Thoro wao a got-togethor at horhoune yonlorday,昨大在她家里举打丁一次联欢会。party指社交性或熊乐性的集会,多半有庆祝或喜庆的宴会和舞会。I wan invitod to borbirthday party.我应邀参加丁她的生日宴会。dinnos party 宴会,a tonparty 茶话会,adanoing parly 舞会。主人“毕行宴会”说成 giva(或havo) a dinner party,客人"参加宴会”说成 attond a dinnos party.不可说成 tako part in a dinner party。

3.It’s a pleasure to do… It’s a pleasure.和 With pleasure.It’s a pleasuro to do…是客套语,意思是“很高兴做···”,相当于Pleased(或 Nioe,Creat) to do…。如:① It’o a pleaaure to mool you.=Ploased(或 Nioo,Great) to meet you.认识你很高兴。② It’s a ploasuro for mo to bo invitod to spoak hore.= I’m glad to bo invitod to spoak here.应邀在这儿发言我深感荣幸。【注】名词 ploasuro 大多用于客套语中,关于这一点请见高一上册188页。【注】pleasuro 和 dolight,joy 同义。如:Reading gives mo great pleasure.读书对我来说是一大乐事。His work leaves him no tíme for plea-sure.他工作忙,没有时间娱乐消遣。【注】Ploased(或 Nice,Great) to meet you.和 It’s a pleasure to meetyou.是两人初次相识或经第三者介绍认识时的客套语,句中meet不宜用see代替。熟人或朋友之间相见常说 Glad to see you。It’s a pleasure=A pleasure 表示“没什么,不用谢。”“这是我乐意做的。”类似的习语还有:It’snothing,Not at all. You are welcome,Don’t mention it .That’s all right.My(Our)pleasure等,主要用于当你帮助了别人或你为别人做了好事,而别人对你说“Thank you”时。如:①“Thank you,Mum,for my party,and for your beautiful presents!”“Not at all,dear.It was a pleasure.”“谢谢你,妈妈,为了我的这次聚会,也为你送给我的漂亮礼物。”“不用谢,亲爱的,这是我乐意做的。”② “Thank you for all the help you’ve given me.”'It’sa pleasure."“谢谢你给予我的所有帮助。”“不用谢。”With pleasure = Yes/Certainly,表示“当然可以”,“愿意效劳”,“行”,“不成问题”,“好的”,类似的习语还有:All right,No problem,I’d liketo等。主要用于别人求你做某事,你很乐意去做的场合。Lwith my English?”“With pleasure
“你能否帮我学英语吗?”“当然可以。”第三弟元④ “Could you post the letter for me?”“With pleasure.”“你能否替我把这封信寄走?”“愿意效劳。”4.pleasant 和 pleasing这两个词都是形容词,意思也较接近,但在用法上不太相同。作“愉快的”、“欢乐的”、“舒适的”解,多指给人愉快感和精神上冬的活动和气氛,如:一段时光、一次旅途、一次交谈、一个声音物、一个房间甚或也可指一个人。pleasing一般不用于以上慢曼“令人高兴的”、“令人愉快的”解,主要指令人感到高兴而不是一个消息、一件事情。例如:① We had a pleasant (= happy) time at the party.那次舞会上我们玩得很愉快。② Did you have a pleasant journey home?回家途中顺利吗?③ We had a pleasant talk at the dinner party.宴会上我谈得很箧令④ She has a pleasant voice.她的声音悦耳。⑤ The picture is pleasant to look at.这幅画看上去很悦目。⑥ That’s a pleasant room to live in.那是间很舒适的房间。⑦ The weather here is not very pleasant.这儿的天气不太宜人。⑧ We had a pleasant evening at his home.我们在他家过了一个愉快的晚上。⑨ She’s a pleasant person to work with.和她一起工作会感到很愉快。⑩ The news is quite pleasing.这消息太令人高兴了。⑪ The whole thing is really pleasing.整件事情实在是令人高兴。⑫ The story he told was not pleasing.他讲的故事不讨人喜欢。【注】句①_{⑨中的pleasant不能用pleasing代替,句⑩}⑰pleasing不能用pleasant代替。当我们说“她很高兴”时,英“She’s very pleased/glad/happy",不能说成“She’s very ples(或pleasing)”。

5.take代替 carry和bring代替 take的情况我们一般知道take表示“拿去”,bring表示“拿来”,两词具有的方向性;carry表示“拿”、“扛”等,不强调方向,而强调负重之但是,有时take也可用来代替carry,表示随意性的拿,不强向,也不强调负重。如本单元中的 Can I take those boxes for y和 Would you like me to carry it? 两句中 take和carry 意思是一的,可互换。而bring的方向性较强,一般不用来代替carry。在表示把某人或某物带到对话双方都将去的那个地方时用bring而不用take。如:Would you please bring your wife to the party too?请你也把你的妻子带去参加舞会好吗?Do remember to bring yournotebook.务必带上你的笔记本。

6.提供帮助、接受帮助和拒绝帮助的表达如何向对方主动提供帮助?接受对方帮助时该作何回答?拒绝对方的帮助时该怎么说?下面多种表达方式可供这几种情景选用。提供帮助时的典型表达方式① Can/Shall I help(you)?我能帮你什么吗?② Can/Shall I help you with the box?我帮你拿这只箱子吧,好吗?③ Can/Could/Shall I open the window for you?我来为你打开窗户吧,好吗?ou?④ Is there anything else I can do for y= Anything else I can do for you?= What else can I do for you?还有什么事要我做的吗?⑤ Would you like some help?你需要帮助吗?⑥ Would you like me to do something for you?你要我帮你做些什么吗?⑦ Let me carry it for you. OK?我来替你拿吧,好吗?⑧ May I take your coat?我为你拿大衣,好吗?接受帮助时的典型回答常见的有:⑨ Yes,please.行。/可以。⑩ Thanks.Thanks a lot/very much.多谢。⑪ Thank you very much for your help.非常感谢你的帮助。⑫ That’s very kind.太好了。/太谢谢了。⑬ That’s very kind/nice of you.你真是太好了。【注】接受帮助时不能说Yes,you can或Yes,you may等。拒绝帮助时的典型回答常见的有:⑭ No, thanks.不用,谢谢。⑮ It’s all right, thank you.我能行,谢谢你。⑯ No, it’s OK. Thank you.不,我能行,谢谢你。⑰ That’s very kind of you, but I can manage it myself.你太好了,但是我自己能对付。【注】拒绝帮助时不能说No,you can’t.以免显得十分无礼。

7.realize一词的用法
realize(或 realise)= understand and believe,作“认识”、“了解到后可接名词或从句作宾语。如:第三单元① Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others weourselves understood not just by words.尽管我们还没有意识到,但实际上我们与人交谈时不仅仅是言让对方明白我们的意思。② Does he realize his mistake yet?他认识到自己的错误了吗?③ I didn’t realize this until you told me.直到你给我讲了我才意识到这一点。④ Don’t you realize that it’s against the rules to do that?这样做是违反规定的,这一点你难道不明白吗?⑤ Not until he went outside did he realize how cold it was.直到他走到外面他才知道天气有多冷。⑥ Finally she realized what I meant.最终她明白了我的意思。【注】“了解一个人”英语是 understand a person,不能说 realizeson。realize后面不能接表示人的名词或代词作宾语。realize=turn a hope or a plan into a fact,作“实现”解。如:⑦ Finally he realized his hope of becoming an artist.最后他实现了当美术家的愿望。⑧ Today hiswishes will be realized.今天他的愿望将成为现实。⑨ The next step is how to realize the plan.下一步是如何实现这一计划。⑩ She realized her dreams when she became a college student.她实现了自己的梦想,成了一名大学生。【注】第一种用法中的realize属意识性动词,第二用种法中的 reali短暂性动词,两者均不能用于进行时态。

8.make+宾语+宾语补足语的四种情况make oneself(或sb.)+过去分词。这一结构中宾语用反身代词语本人,宾语补足语用过去分词表示与宾语之间具有被动关如:① When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.讲英语时,务必要让别人明白你的意思。② He raised his voice trying to make himself heard by those at the b他提高了嗓音,想要让后面的人听到他所说的话。③ She waved her hand in the crowd trying to make herself seen bboy friend who came to meet her.她在人群中挥挥手,想让来接站的男朋友看到她。 ④ What made the little girl so friohtanade什么使得那小女孩如此惊恐?⑤ Talking with Professor Wang made her interested in history.与王教授交谈使她对历史产生了兴趣。make sb.+不定式,这一结构中的make如用于主动语态,不定式不带to,如用于被动语态,不定式则须带to。不定式与宾语之间具有主动关系。如:⑥ You may take a horse to the water, but you can’t make him drink.你可以牵马到河边,但不能逼它喝水。⑦ What makes you think so?什么使你这样想的?⑧ People who won’t work should be made to work.不肯工作的人要让他们工作。⑨ Bob was made to do his homework all over again.鲍勃被迫把作业重新做一遍。【注】类似“make+宾语+不带to的动词不定式”结构中make这种功能的动词常见的有:let, have, watch, see, hear, notice,observe,feel,help等,其中let和have一般不用于被动语态,其他动词可用被动语态。用于被动语态时,后面的不定式短语前必须带to。如:⑩ I let him do it because he had asked several times.由于他要求了好几次,因此,我就让他做了。⑪ I heard her move about in her room upstairs last night.昨晚我听到她在她楼上房间里走来走去。⑫ Did you notice anyone come into my office?你注意到有人走进我的办公室吗?⑬ We all felt the building move just now.刚才我们大家都感到房子动了一下。⑭ I’ll have Tom go and get it for you.我让汤姆去替你把那东西拿来。⑮ Was Jack seen to take away the magazine?有人看到杰克拿走了那本杂志吗?⑯ A young man was noticed to come in.有人注意到一个年青人进来过。make sb.(或oneself)+形容词。这一结构中的宾语补足语用形词表示使宾语所指的人或事物产生某种情况,形容词可根据意使用原级或比较级。如:⑰ Her coming to my birthday party made me even happier.她来参加我的生日聚会使我更加高兴。⑱ Have I made myself clear?我意思说清楚了吗?⑲ Praise makes good men better and bad men worse.赞扬使好人更好,坏人更糟。第三单元⑳ You are making black white and white black.你是在颠倒黑白。【注】在这种复合结构中,如宾语太长,则可以把作宾语补足语的词提前,有时可用it作形式宾语,把真正的宾语(不定式或放在句后。如:21 He refused and made clear his different point of view.他拒绝了,并表明了他不同的观点。That made it impossible for us to go on.这使我们没法进行下去。23 We’ve already made it clear that we won’t support either of thsides.我们早已表明,我们不支持双方中的任何一方。make sb.(或sth.)+名词,这一结构中的名词表示使宾语所人或事物构成为具有另一性质的人或事物,这一结构有时也于被动语态。如:24 We all made him our team leader.我们都选他做我们的队长。25 He decided to make his study the lab for his scientific experime他决定把书房改作科学实验室。26 He was made monitor at that class meeting.他在那次班会上被选为班长。27 The city was made the base for these comrades’ revolutionary当时那座城市被作为这些同志革命工作的基地。

9.while一词的三种用法while可用作并列连词,作“然而”解。连接一个并列句,表示意义上的对比或转折。如:① Nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disament.点头表示同意,而摇头表示不同意。② Sometimes the language spoken in these places stayed the same,the language in England changed.有时候这些地方的语言保持不变,而英国的语言却发生生了变③ Some people are rich while others are poor.有的人富,而有的人穷。④ There’s plenty of rain in the southeast while there’s little in the nwest.东南部雨量充足,而西北部则很少下雨。⑤ Mum was washing while Dad was cooking.妈妈在洗衣服,而爸爸在做饭。⑥ I’m interested in sports while my brother is fond of music.我对体育很感兴趣,而我的弟弟爱好音乐。第三单元while作“当···时候”解,指一段时间,不能用来表示一点时间。如:⑦ While I was sleeping,a thief entered the house.我睡觉时,小偷进了我的屋。⑧ While in London, he studied music and painting.在伦敦时,他学习音乐和绘画。⑨ Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。【注】when可用来代替句⑦~⑨中的while,表示一段时间,但when还可表示一个时间点,而while则不能。如不能说 We wereabout to go shopping while John dropped in,本句中的while须改为when。关于when, while, as, as soon as。【注】当while从句中的主语与主句的主语相同,并含有be(助动词或连系动词)时,则while从句中的主语连同be可一块省去,如句⑧,可用这种结构的还有when,after,once, antil,though,as,since等。如:⑩ While listening to the radio, she fell asleep.她听着收音机时,睡着了。⑪ When going to school, I met a friend.上学时,我碰到一个朋友。⑫ Don’t leave until told to do so.在得到允许前别离开。while也可用作“只要”解,=as long as。如:⑬ While there is water, there is life.只要有水就有生命。⑭ While there is life, there is hope.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。

10.take…for example等短语take…for example意思是“以···为例”,“比如说···”,常用于阐明一件事情的开头。如:① Take nodding the head for example.比如说点点头这一动作吧。② Take this problem for example.以这道题为例。③ Take research work for example,就说研究工作吧。④ Take our school for examnple.就说我们学校吧。
take…for…可用来表示“把···当作···”、“错认为是”,表示结果与事实不符;而 take…to be和take…as指主观上“把···认作为···”,不管对或错。试比较:⑤ At first I took him for a Japanese.起初,我把他当成了日本人。(for不用as代替)⑥ She took me for my brother.她把我当成了我的哥哥。(for不用as代替)-