What static_cast is actually doing

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#casting #compiler #types #c++ #class #cheating

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本文详细探讨了C++中static_cast和reinterpret_cast的区别与用法，通过实例展示了不同情况下这两种类型转换的效果，特别关注指针类型转换时可能出现的问题。

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Introduction

Most programmers learn C before C++, and get used to C style casting. When writing C++, sometimes we may be confused about when to use static_cast<> and when to use reinterpret_cast<>. In this article, I will illustrate what static_cast<> actually does, and will show some cases that will lead to errors.

Generic Types

float f = 12.3;
float* pf = &f;

// static cast<>
// OK, n = 12
int n = static_cast<int>(f);
// Error, types pointed to are unrelated
//int* pn = static_cast<int*>(pf);
// OK
void* pv = static_cast<void*>(pf);
// OK, but *pn2 is rubbish
int* pn2 = static_cast<int*>(pv);

// reinterpret_cast<>
// Error, the compiler know you should
// call static_cast<>
//int i = reinterpret_cast<int>(f);
// OK, but *pn is actually rubbish, same as *pn2
int* pi = reinterpret_cast<int*>(pf);

In short, static_cast<> will try to convert, e.g., float-to-integer, while reinterpret_cast<> simply changes the compiler's mind to reconsider that object as another type.

Pointer Types

Pointer casting is a bit complicated, we will use the following classes for the rest of the the article:

class CBaseX
{
public:
    int x;
    CBaseX() { x = 10; }
    void foo() { printf("CBaseX::foo() x=%d/n", x); }
};

class CBaseY
{
public:
    int y;
    int* py;
    CBaseY() { y = 20; py = &y; }
    void bar() { printf("CBaseY::bar() y=%d, *py=%d/n", y, *py); }
};

class CDerived : public CBaseX, public CBaseY
{
public:
    int z;
};

Case 1: Casting between unrelated classes

// Convert between CBaseX* and CBaseY*
CBaseX* pX = new CBaseX();
// Error, types pointed to are unrelated
// CBaseY* pY1 = static_cast<CBaseY*>(pX);
// Compile OK, but pY2 is not CBaseX
CBaseY* pY2 = reinterpret_cast<CBaseY*>(pX);
// System crash!!
// pY2->bar();

As we learnt in the generic types example, static_cast<> will fail if you try to cast an object to another unrelated class, while reinterpret_cast<> will always succeed by "cheating" the compiler to believe that the object is really that unrelated class.

Case 2: Casting to related classes

1.  CDerived* pD = new CDerived();
2.  printf("CDerived* pD = %x/n", (int)pD);
3. 
4.  // static_cast<> CDerived* -> CBaseY* -> CDerived*
    // OK, implicit static_cast<> casting
5.  CBaseY* pY1 = pD;
6.  printf("CBaseY* pY1 = %x/n", (int)pY1);
    // OK, now pD1 = pD
7.  CDerived* pD1 = static_cast<CDerived*>(pY1);
8.  printf("CDerived* pD1 = %x/n", (int)pD1);
9.  
10. // reinterpret_cast
    // OK, but pY2 is not CBaseY*
11. CBaseY* pY2 = reinterpret_cast<CBaseY*>(pD);
12. printf("CBaseY* pY2 = %x/n", (int)pY2);
13. 
14. // unrelated static_cast<>
15. CBaseY* pY3 = new CBaseY();
16. printf("CBaseY* pY3 = %x/n", (int)pY3);
    // OK, even pY3 is just a "new CBaseY()"
17. CDerived* pD3 = static_cast<CDerived*>(pY3);
18. printf("CDerived* pD3 = %x/n", (int)pD3);

---------------------- output ---------------------------
CDerived* pD = 392fb8
CBaseY* pY1 = 392fbc
CDerived* pD1 = 392fb8
CBaseY* pY2 = 392fb8
CBaseY* pY3 = 390ff0
CDerived* pD3 = 390fec

Noted that when static_cast<>-ing CDerived* to CBaseY* (line 5), the result is CDerived* offset by 4. To know what static_cast<> is actually doing, we have to take a look at the memory layout of CDerived.

Memory Layout of CDerived

Class Memory Layout

As shown in the diagram, CDerived's memory layout contains two objects, CBaseX and CBaseY, and the compiler knows this. Therefore, when you cast CDerived* to CBaseY*, it adds the pointer by 4, and when you cast CBaseY to CDerived, it subtracts the pointer by 4. However, you can do this even if it is not a CDerived (line 14-18) [1].

Of course, the problem happens only if you have multiple inheritance. static_cast<> and reinterpret_cast<> make no different if you are casting CDerived to CBaseX.

Case 3: Casting back and forth between void*

Because any pointer can be cast to void*, and void* can be cast back to any pointer (true for both static_cast<> and reinterpret_cast<>), errors may occur if not handled carefully.

CDerived* pD = new CDerived();
printf("CDerived* pD = %x/n", (int)pD);

CBaseY* pY = pD;                // OK, pY = pD + 4
printf("CBaseY* pY = %x/n", (int)pY);

void* pV1 = pY;                    // OK, pV = pY
printf("void* pV1 = %x/n", (int)pV1);

// pD2 = pY, but we expect pD2 = pY - 4
CDerived* pD2 = static_cast<CDerived*>(pV1);
printf("CDerived* pD2 = %x/n", (int)pD2);
// System crash
// pD2->bar();

---------------------- output ---------------------------
CDerived* pD = 392fb8
CBaseY* pY = 392fbc
void* pV1 = 392fbc
CDerived* pD2 = 392fbc

Once we have cast the pointer to void*, we can't cast it back to the original class easily. In the above example, the only way to get back a CDerived* from a void* is to cast it to a CBaseY* and then to CDerived*. But if we are not sure whether it is CBaseY* or CDerived*, then we have to use dynamic_cast<> or typeid [2].

Footnote

dynamic_cast<>, on the other hand, can guard against casting a generic CBaseY* to CDerived*.
dynamic_cast<> requires the classes to be "polymorphic", i.e., contains "virtual" function, and hence can't be void*.