Mysql在大型网站的应用架构演变

本文深入探讨了网站并发量级下Mysql架构的演变过程,从简单架构到垂直拆分、主从架构、水平拆分等,详细解释了每种架构的原理、优势与面临的挑战,特别关注了数据存储瓶颈、可扩展性理想状态及架构演变过程中的问题与解决方案。

写在最前:

本文主要描述在网站的不同的并发访问量级下,Mysql架构的演变。

可扩展性

架构的可扩展性往往和并发是息息相关,没有并发的增长,也就没有必要做高可扩展性的架构,这里对可扩展性进行简单介绍一下,常用的扩展手段有以下两种:

Scale-up :  纵向扩展,通过替换为更好的机器和资源来实现伸缩,提升服务能力。

Scale-out : 横向扩展,  通过加节点(机器)来实现伸缩,提升服务能力。

对于互联网的高并发应用来说,无疑Scale out才是出路,通过纵向的买更高端的机器一直是我们所避讳的问题,也不是长久之计,在scale out的理论下,可扩展性的理想状态是什么?

可扩展性的理想状态

一个服务,当面临更高的并发的时候,能够通过简单增加机器来提升服务支撑的并发度,且增加机器过程中对线上服务无影响(no down time),这就是可扩展性的理想状态!

架构的演变

V1.0  简单网站架构

一个简单的小型网站或者应用背后的架构可以非常简单,  数据存储只需要一个mysql instance就能满足数据读取和写入需求(这里忽略掉了数据备份的实例),处于这个时间段的网站,一般会把所有的信息存到一个database instance里面。

在这样的架构下,我们来看看数据存储的瓶颈是什么?

1.数据量的总大小  一个机器放不下时

2.数据的索引(B+ Tree)一个机器的内存放不下时

3.访问量(读写混合)一个实例不能承受

只有当以上3件事情任何一件或多件满足时,我们才需要考虑往下一级演变。 从此我们可以看出,事实上对于很多小公司小应用,这种架构已经足够满足他们的需求了,初期数据量的准确评估是杜绝过度设计很重要的一环,毕竟没有人愿意为不可能发生的事情而浪费自己的经历。

这里简单举个我的例子,对于用户信息这类表 (3个索引),16G内存能放下大概2000W行数据的索引,简单的读和写混合访问量3000/s左右没有问题,你的应用场景是否

V2.0 垂直拆分

一般当V1.0 遇到瓶颈时,首先最简便的拆分方法就是垂直拆分,何谓垂直?就是从业务角度来看,将关联性不强的数据拆分到不同的instance上,从而达到消除瓶颈的目标。以图中的为例,将用户信息数据,和业务数据拆分到不同的三个实例上。对于重复读类型比较多的场景,我们还可以加一层cache,来减少对DB的压力。

在这样的架构下,我们来看看数据存储的瓶颈是什么?

1.单实例单业务 依然存在V1.0所述瓶颈

遇到瓶颈时可以考虑往本文更高V版本升级, 若是读请求导致达到性能瓶颈可以考虑往V3.0升级, 其他瓶颈考虑往V4.0升级

V3.0  主从架构

此类架构主要解决V2.0架构下的读问题,通过给Instance挂数据实时备份的思路来迁移读取的压力,在Mysql的场景下就是通过主从结构,主库抗写压力,通过从库来分担读压力,对于写少读多的应用,V3.0主从架构完全能够胜任

在这样的架构下,我们来看看数据存储的瓶颈是什么?

1.写入量主库不能承受

V4.0  水平拆分

对于V2.0 V3.0方案遇到瓶颈时,都可以通过水平拆分来解决,水平拆分和垂直拆分有较大区别,垂直拆分拆完的结果,在一个实例上是拥有全量数据的,而水平拆分之后,任何实例都只有全量的1/n的数据,以下图Userinfo的拆分为例,将userinfo拆分为3个cluster,每个cluster持有总量的1/3数据,3个cluster数据的总和等于一份完整数据(注:这里不再叫单个实例 而是叫一个cluster 代表包含主从的一个小mysql集群)

数据如何路由?

1.Range拆分

sharding key按连续区间段路由,一般用在有严格自增ID需求的场景上,如Userid, Userid Range的小例子:以userid 3000W 为Range进行拆分   1号cluster  userid 1-3000W  2号cluster  userid   3001W-6000W

2.List拆分

List拆分与Range拆分思路一样,都是通过给不同的sharding key来路由到不同的cluster,但是具体方法有些不同,List主要用来做sharding key不是连续区间的序列落到一个cluster的情况,如以下场景:
假定有20个音像店,分布在4个有经销权的地区,如下表所示:

地区

商店ID 号

北区

3, 5, 6, 9, 17

东区

1, 2, 10, 11, 19, 20

西区

4, 12, 13, 14, 18

中心区

7, 8, 15, 16

业务希望能够把一个地区的所有数据组织到一起来搜索,这种场景List拆分可以轻松搞定

3.Hash拆分

通过对sharding key 进行哈希的方式来进行拆分,常用的哈希方法有除余,字符串哈希等等,除余如按userid%n 的值来决定数据读写哪个cluster,其他哈希类算法这里就不细展开讲了。

数据拆分后引入的问题:

数据水平拆分引入的问题主要是只能通过sharding key来读写操作,例如以userid为sharding key的切分例子,读userid的详细信息时,一定需要先知道userid,这样才能推算出再哪个cluster进而进行查询,假设我需要按username进行检索用户信息,需要引入额外的反向索引机制(类似HBASE二级索引),如在redis上存储username->userid的映射,以username查询的例子变成了先通过查询username->userid,再通过userid查询相应的信息。

实际上这个做法很简单,但是我们不要忽略了一个额外的隐患,那就是数据不一致的隐患。存储在redis里的username->userid和存储在mysql里的userid->username必须需要是一致的,这个保证起来很多时候是一件比较困难的事情,举个例子来说,对于修改用户名这个场景,你需要同时修改redis和mysql,这两个东西是很难做到事务保证的,如mysql操作成功 但是redis却操作失败了(分布式事务引入成本较高),对于互联网应用来说,可用性是最重要的,一致性是其次,所以能够容忍小量的不一致出现. 毕竟从占比来说,这类的不一致的比例可以微乎其微到忽略不计(一般写更新也会采用mq来保证直到成功为止才停止重试操作)

在这样的架构下,我们来看看数据存储的瓶颈是什么?

在这个拆分理念上搭建起来的架构,理论上不存在瓶颈(sharding key能确保各cluster流量相对均衡的前提下),不过确有一件恶心的事情,那就是cluster扩容的时候重做数据的成本,如我原来有3个cluster,但是现在我的数据增长比较快,我需要6个cluster,那么我们需要将每个cluster 一拆为二,一般的做法是

1.摘下一个slave,停同步,

2.对写记录增量log(实现上可以业务方对写操作 多一次写持久化mq  或者mysql主创建trigger记录写 等等方式)

3.开始对静态slave做数据, 一拆为二

4.回放增量写入,直到追上的所有增量,与原cluster基本保持同步

5.写入切换,由原3 cluster 切换为6cluster

有没有类似飞机空中加油的感觉,这是一个脏活,累活,容易出问题的活,为了避免这个,我们一般在最开始的时候,设计足够多的sharding cluster来防止可能的cluster扩容这件事情http://www.citygf.com/yy/jtsk/1385090.html
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