【Gstreamer 05】基础教程之 GUI工具包集成

官网地址

Basic tutorial 5: GUI toolkit integration

一、目标

本教程展示了如何将 GStreamer 集成到图形用户界面(GUI)工具包(如 GTK+)中。基本上,GStreamer 负责媒体播放,而 GUI 工具包处理用户交互。最有趣的部分是这两个库需要交互的地方:指示 GStreamer 将视频输出到 GTK+ 窗口,并将用户操作转发给 GStreamer。

特别是,您将学习以下内容:

  • 如何告诉 GStreamer 将视频输出到特定窗口(而不是创建自己的窗口)。
  • 如何使用来自 GStreamer 的信息持续刷新 GUI。
  • 如何从 GStreamer 的多个线程更新 GUI,这在大多数 GUI 工具包中是被禁止的操作。
  • 一种机制,用于仅订阅您感兴趣的消息,而不是接收所有消息的通知。

二、介绍 

      我们将使用 GTK+ 工具包构建一个媒体播放器,但这些概念也适用于其他工具包(例如 Qt)。具备一些 GTK+ 的基础知识将有助于理解本教程。

      关键点在于告诉 GStreamer 将视频输出到我们选择的窗口。

       一个常见问题是,GUI 工具包通常只允许通过主线程(或应用程序线程)操作图形“小部件”,而 GStreamer 通常会生成多个线程来处理不同的任务。在回调中调用 GTK+ 函数通常会失败,因为回调在调用线程中执行,而该线程不一定是主线程。这个问题可以通过在回调中向 GStreamer 总线发布消息来解决:主线程将接收这些消息并相应地作出反应。

        最后,到目前为止,我们已经注册了一个 handle_message 函数,每当总线上出现消息时都会调用它,这迫使我们解析每条消息以查看是否对我们有用。在本教程中,使用了一种不同的方法,为每种消息注册一个回调函数,从而减少了解析工作,整体代码也更简洁。

三、GTK+中的媒体播放器

将这些代码复制到一个名为basic-tutorial-5.c的文本文件中(或者在GStreamer安装中找到它)。

basic-tutorial-5.c

#include <string.h>

#include <gtk/gtk.h>
#include <gst/gst.h>
#include <gdk/gdk.h>

/* Structure to contain all our information, so we can pass it around */
typedef struct _CustomData {
  GstElement *playbin;           /* Our one and only pipeline */

  GtkWidget *sink_widget;         /* The widget where our video will be displayed */
  GtkWidget *slider;              /* Slider widget to keep track of current position */
  GtkWidget *streams_list;        /* Text widget to display info about the streams */
  gulong slider_update_signal_id; /* Signal ID for the slider update signal */

  GstState state;                 /* Current state of the pipeline */
  gint64 duration;                /* Duration of the clip, in nanoseconds */
} CustomData;

/* This function is called when the PLAY button is clicked */
static void play_cb (GtkButton *button, CustomData *data) {
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
}

/* This function is called when the PAUSE button is clicked */
static void pause_cb (GtkButton *button, CustomData *data) {
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_PAUSED);
}

/* This function is called when the STOP button is clicked */
static void stop_cb (GtkButton *button, CustomData *data) {
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_READY);
}

/* This function is called when the main window is closed */
static void delete_event_cb (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEvent *event, CustomData *data) {
  stop_cb (NULL, data);
  gtk_main_quit ();
}

/* This function is called when the slider changes its position. We perform a seek to the
 * new position here. */
static void slider_cb (GtkRange *range, CustomData *data) {
  gdouble value = gtk_range_get_value (GTK_RANGE (data->slider));
  gst_element_seek_simple (data->playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH | GST_SEEK_FLAG_KEY_UNIT,
      (gint64)(value * GST_SECOND));
}

/* This creates all the GTK+ widgets that compose our application, and registers the callbacks */
static void create_ui (CustomData *data) {
  GtkWidget *main_window;  /* The uppermost window, containing all other windows */
  GtkWidget *main_box;     /* VBox to hold main_hbox and the controls */
  GtkWidget *main_hbox;    /* HBox to hold the video sink and the stream info text widget */
  GtkWidget *controls;     /* HBox to hold the buttons and the slider */
  GtkWidget *play_button, *pause_button, *stop_button; /* Buttons */

  main_window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (main_window), "delete-event", G_CALLBACK (delete_event_cb), data);

  play_button = gtk_button_new_from_icon_name ("media-playback-start", GTK_ICON_SIZE_SMALL_TOOLBAR);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (play_button), "clicked", G_CALLBACK (play_cb), data);

  pause_button = gtk_button_new_from_icon_name ("media-playback-pause", GTK_ICON_SIZE_SMALL_TOOLBAR);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (pause_button), "clicked", G_CALLBACK (pause_cb), data);

  stop_button = gtk_button_new_from_icon_name ("media-playback-stop", GTK_ICON_SIZE_SMALL_TOOLBAR);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (stop_button), "clicked", G_CALLBACK (stop_cb), data);

  data->slider = gtk_scale_new_with_range (GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL, 0, 100, 1);
  gtk_scale_set_draw_value (GTK_SCALE (data->slider), 0);
  data->slider_update_signal_id = g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data->slider), "value-changed", G_CALLBACK (slider_cb), data);

  data->streams_list = gtk_text_view_new ();
  gtk_text_view_set_editable (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (data->streams_list), FALSE);

  controls = gtk_box_new (GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL, 0);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (controls), play_button, FALSE, FALSE, 2);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (controls), pause_button, FALSE, FALSE, 2);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (controls), stop_button, FALSE, FALSE, 2);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (controls), data->slider, TRUE, TRUE, 2);

  main_hbox = gtk_box_new (GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL, 0);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_hbox), data->sink_widget, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_hbox), data->streams_list, FALSE, FALSE, 2);

  main_box = gtk_box_new (GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL, 0);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_box), main_hbox, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
  gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_box), controls, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
  gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (main_window), main_box);
  gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (main_window), 640, 480);

  gtk_widget_show_all (main_window);
}

/* This function is called periodically to refresh the GUI */
static gboolean refresh_ui (CustomData *data) {
  gint64 current = -1;

  /* We do not want to update anything unless we are in the PAUSED or PLAYING states */
  if (data->state < GST_STATE_PAUSED)
    return TRUE;

  /* If we didn't know it yet, query the stream duration */
  if (!GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (data->duration)) {
    if (!gst_element_query_duration (data->playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &data->duration)) {
      g_printerr ("Could not query current duration.\n");
    } else {
      /* Set the range of the slider to the clip duration, in SECONDS */
      gtk_range_set_range (GTK_RANGE (data->slider), 0, (gdouble)data->duration / GST_SECOND);
    }
  }

  if (gst_element_query_position (data->playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &current)) {
    /* Block the "value-changed" signal, so the slider_cb function is not called
     * (which would trigger a seek the user has not requested) */
    g_signal_handler_block (data->slider, data->slider_update_signal_id);
    /* Set the position of the slider to the current pipeline position, in SECONDS */
    gtk_range_set_value (GTK_RANGE (data->slider), (gdouble)current / GST_SECOND);
    /* Re-enable the signal */
    g_signal_handler_unblock (data->slider, data->slider_update_signal_id);
  }
  return TRUE;
}

/* This function is called when new metadata is discovered in the stream */
static void tags_cb (GstElement *playbin, gint stream, CustomData *data) {
  /* We are possibly in a GStreamer working thread, so we notify the main
   * thread of this event through a message in the bus */
  gst_element_post_message (playbin,
    gst_message_new_application (GST_OBJECT (playbin),
      gst_structure_new_empty ("tags-changed")));
}

/* This function is called when an error message is posted on the bus */
static void error_cb (GstBus *bus, GstMessage *msg, CustomData *data) {
  GError *err;
  gchar *debug_info;

  /* Print error details on the screen */
  gst_message_parse_error (msg, &err, &debug_info);
  g_printerr ("Error received from element %s: %s\n", GST_OBJECT_NAME (msg->src), err->message);
  g_printerr ("Debugging information: %s\n", debug_info ? debug_info : "none");
  g_clear_error (&err);
  g_free (debug_info);

  /* Set the pipeline to READY (which stops playback) */
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_READY);
}

/* This function is called when an End-Of-Stream message is posted on the bus.
 * We just set the pipeline to READY (which stops playback) */
static void eos_cb (GstBus *bus, GstMessage *msg, CustomData *data) {
  g_print ("End-Of-Stream reached.\n");
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_READY);
}

/* This function is called when the pipeline changes states. We use it to
 * keep track of the current state. */
static void state_changed_cb (GstBus *bus, GstMessage *msg, CustomData *data) {
  GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
  gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
  if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (data->playbin)) {
    data->state = new_state;
    g_print ("State set to %s\n", gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));
    if (old_state == GST_STATE_READY && new_state == GST_STATE_PAUSED) {
      /* For extra responsiveness, we refresh the GUI as soon as we reach the PAUSED state */
      refresh_ui (data);
    }
  }
}

/* Extract metadata from all the streams and write it to the text widget in the GUI */
static void analyze_streams (CustomData *data) {
  gint i;
  GstTagList *tags;
  gchar *str, *total_str;
  guint rate;
  gint n_video, n_audio, n_text;
  GtkTextBuffer *text;

  /* Clean current contents of the widget */
  text = gtk_text_view_get_buffer (GTK_TEXT_VIEW (data->streams_list));
  gtk_text_buffer_set_text (text, "", -1);

  /* Read some properties */
  g_object_get (data->playbin, "n-video", &n_video, NULL);
  g_object_get (data->playbin, "n-audio", &n_audio, NULL);
  g_object_get (data->playbin, "n-text", &n_text, NULL);

  for (i = 0; i < n_video; i++) {
    tags = NULL;
    /* Retrieve the stream's video tags */
    g_signal_emit_by_name (data->playbin, "get-video-tags", i, &tags);
    if (tags) {
      total_str = g_strdup_printf ("video stream %d:\n", i);
      gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
      g_free (total_str);
      gst_tag_list_get_string (tags, GST_TAG_VIDEO_CODEC, &str);
      total_str = g_strdup_printf ("  codec: %s\n", str ? str : "unknown");
      gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
      g_free (total_str);
      g_free (str);
      gst_tag_list_free (tags);
    }
  }

  for (i = 0; i < n_audio; i++) {
    tags = NULL;
    /* Retrieve the stream's audio tags */
    g_signal_emit_by_name (data->playbin, "get-audio-tags", i, &tags);
    if (tags) {
      total_str = g_strdup_printf ("\naudio stream %d:\n", i);
      gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
      g_free (total_str);
      if (gst_tag_list_get_string (tags, GST_TAG_AUDIO_CODEC, &str)) {
        total_str = g_strdup_printf ("  codec: %s\n", str);
        gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
        g_free (total_str);
        g_free (str);
      }
      if (gst_tag_list_get_string (tags, GST_TAG_LANGUAGE_CODE, &str)) {
        total_str = g_strdup_printf ("  language: %s\n", str);
        gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
        g_free (total_str);
        g_free (str);
      }
      if (gst_tag_list_get_uint (tags, GST_TAG_BITRATE, &rate)) {
        total_str = g_strdup_printf ("  bitrate: %d\n", rate);
        gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
        g_free (total_str);
      }
      gst_tag_list_free (tags);
    }
  }

  for (i = 0; i < n_text; i++) {
    tags = NULL;
    /* Retrieve the stream's subtitle tags */
    g_signal_emit_by_name (data->playbin, "get-text-tags", i, &tags);
    if (tags) {
      total_str = g_strdup_printf ("\nsubtitle stream %d:\n", i);
      gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
      g_free (total_str);
      if (gst_tag_list_get_string (tags, GST_TAG_LANGUAGE_CODE, &str)) {
        total_str = g_strdup_printf ("  language: %s\n", str);
        gtk_text_buffer_insert_at_cursor (text, total_str, -1);
        g_free (total_str);
        g_free (str);
      }
      gst_tag_list_free (tags);
    }
  }
}

/* This function is called when an "application" message is posted on the bus.
 * Here we retrieve the message posted by the tags_cb callback */
static void application_cb (GstBus *bus, GstMessage *msg, CustomData *data) {
  if (g_strcmp0 (gst_structure_get_name (gst_message_get_structure (msg)), "tags-changed") == 0) {
    /* If the message is the "tags-changed" (only one we are currently issuing), update
     * the stream info GUI */
    analyze_streams (data);
  }
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  CustomData data;
  GstStateChangeReturn ret;
  GstBus *bus;
  GstElement *gtkglsink, *videosink;

  /* Initialize GTK */
  gtk_init (&argc, &argv);

  /* Initialize GStreamer */
  gst_init (&argc, &argv);

  /* Initialize our data structure */
  memset (&data, 0, sizeof (data));
  data.duration = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;

  /* Create the elements */
  data.playbin = gst_element_factory_make ("playbin", "playbin");
  videosink = gst_element_factory_make ("glsinkbin", "glsinkbin");
  gtkglsink = gst_element_factory_make ("gtkglsink", "gtkglsink");

  /* Here we create the GTK Sink element which will provide us with a GTK widget where
   * GStreamer will render the video at and we can add to our UI.
   * Try to create the OpenGL version of the video sink, and fallback if that fails */
  if (gtkglsink != NULL && videosink != NULL) {
    g_printerr ("Successfully created GTK GL Sink");

    g_object_set (videosink, "sink", gtkglsink, NULL);

    /* The gtkglsink creates the gtk widget for us. This is accessible through a property.
     * So we get it and use it later to add it to our gui. */
    g_object_get (gtkglsink, "widget", &data.sink_widget, NULL);
  } else {
    g_printerr ("Could not create gtkglsink, falling back to gtksink.\n");

    videosink = gst_element_factory_make ("gtksink", "gtksink");
    g_object_get (videosink, "widget", &data.sink_widget, NULL);
  }

  if (!data.playbin || !videosink) {
    g_printerr ("Not all elements could be created.\n");
    return -1;
  }

  /* Set the URI to play */
  g_object_set (data.playbin, "uri", "https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/data/media/sintel_trailer-480p.webm", NULL);

  /* Set the video-sink  */
  g_object_set (data.playbin, "video-sink", videosink, NULL);

  /* Connect to interesting signals in playbin */
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data.playbin), "video-tags-changed", (GCallback) tags_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data.playbin), "audio-tags-changed", (GCallback) tags_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data.playbin), "text-tags-changed", (GCallback) tags_cb, &data);

  /* Create the GUI */
  create_ui (&data);

  /* Instruct the bus to emit signals for each received message, and connect to the interesting signals */
  bus = gst_element_get_bus (data.playbin);
  gst_bus_add_signal_watch (bus);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::error", (GCallback)error_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::eos", (GCallback)eos_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::state-changed", (GCallback)state_changed_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::application", (GCallback)application_cb, &data);
  gst_object_unref (bus);

  /* Start playing */
  ret = gst_element_set_state (data.playbin, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
  if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) {
    g_printerr ("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state.\n");
    gst_object_unref (data.playbin);
    gst_object_unref (videosink);
    return -1;
  }

  /* Register a function that GLib will call every second */
  g_timeout_add_seconds (1, (GSourceFunc)refresh_ui, &data);

  /* Start the GTK main loop. We will not regain control until gtk_main_quit is called. */
  gtk_main ();

  /* Free resources */
  gst_element_set_state (data.playbin, GST_STATE_NULL);
  gst_object_unref (data.playbin);
  gst_object_unref (videosink);

  return 0;
}

Linux 安装库(Install GStreamer on Ubuntu or Debian)

apt-get install libgstreamer1.0-dev libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-dev libgstreamer-plugins-bad1.0-dev gstreamer1.0-plugins-base gstreamer1.0-plugins-good gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad gstreamer1.0-plugins-ugly gstreamer1.0-libav gstreamer1.0-tools gstreamer1.0-x gstreamer1.0-alsa gstreamer1.0-gl gstreamer1.0-gtk3 gstreamer1.0-qt5 gstreamer1.0-pulseaudio

其他的系统看官网教程。

Installing on Mac OS X

执行编译

gcc basic-tutorial-5.c -o basic-tutorial-5 `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-3.0 gstreamer-1.0`

必需的库:gtk+-3.0 gstreamer-1.0

四、代码解析

       关于本教程的结构,我们将不再使用函数的前向声明:函数将在使用之前定义。此外,为了解释的清晰性,代码片段的呈现顺序并不总是与程序的实际顺序一致。请使用行号在完整代码中定位这些片段。

      本教程主要由回调函数组成,这些回调函数将由 GStreamer 或 GTK+ 调用。因此,让我们先回顾一下主函数,它负责注册所有这些回调函数。

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  CustomData data;
  GstStateChangeReturn ret;
  GstBus *bus;
  GstElement *gtkglsink, *videosink;

  /* Initialize GTK */
  gtk_init (&argc, &argv);

  /* Initialize GStreamer */
  gst_init (&argc, &argv);

  /* Initialize our data structure */
  memset (&data, 0, sizeof (data));
  data.duration = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;

  /* Create the elements */
  data.playbin = gst_element_factory_make ("playbin", "playbin");
  videosink = gst_element_factory_make ("glsinkbin", "glsinkbin");
  gtkglsink = gst_element_factory_make ("gtkglsink", "gtkglsink");

  /* Here we create the GTK Sink element which will provide us with a GTK widget where
   * GStreamer will render the video at and we can add to our UI.
   * Try to create the OpenGL version of the video sink, and fallback if that fails */
  if ((gtkglsink) && (videosink)) {
    g_printerr ("Successfully created GTK GL Sink");

    g_object_set (videosink, "sink", gtkglsink, NULL);

    /* The gtkglsink creates the gtk widget for us. This is accessible through a property.
     * So we get it and use it later to add it to our gui. */
    g_object_get (gtkglsink, "widget", &data.sink_widget, NULL);
  } else {
    g_printerr ("Could not create gtkglsink, falling back to gtksink.\n");

    videosink = gst_element_factory_make ("gtksink", "gtksink");
    g_object_get (videosink, "widget", &data.sink_widget, NULL);
  }

  if ((!data.playbin) || (!videosink)) {
    g_printerr ("Not all elements could be created.\n");
    return -1;
  }

  /* Set the URI to play */
  g_object_set (data.playbin, "uri", "https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/data/media/sintel_trailer-480p.webm", NULL);

  /* Set the video-sink  */
  g_object_set (data.playbin, "video-sink", videosink, NULL);

       标准的 GStreamer 初始化和 playbin 管道创建,以及 GTK 初始化 我们还创建了一个视频接收器(video sink)元素,它将渲染到 GTK 小部件中。稍后我们将在用户界面中使用这个小部件。

/* Connect to interesting signals in playbin */
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data.playbin), "video-tags-changed", (GCallback) tags_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data.playbin), "audio-tags-changed", (GCallback) tags_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (data.playbin), "text-tags-changed", (GCallback) tags_cb, &data);

      当流中出现新标签(元数据)时,我们希望收到通知。为了简单起见,我们将使用同一个回调函数 tags_cb 处理所有类型的标签(视频、音频和文本)。

/* Create the GUI */
create_ui (&data);

      所有 GTK+ 小部件的创建和信号注册都在此函数中完成。它仅包含与 GTK 相关的函数调用,因此我们将跳过其定义。它注册的信号用于传递用户命令,如下文在回顾回调函数时所示。

/* Instruct the bus to emit signals for each received message, and connect to the interesting signals */
  bus = gst_element_get_bus (data.playbin);
  gst_bus_add_signal_watch (bus);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::error", (GCallback)error_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::eos", (GCallback)eos_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::state-changed", (GCallback)state_changed_cb, &data);
  g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (bus), "message::application", (GCallback)application_cb, &data);
  gst_object_unref (bus);

        在播放教程 1:Playbin 使用中,使用 gst_bus_add_watch() 注册一个函数来接收发布到GStreamer 总线的每条消息。我们可以通过使用信号来实现更细粒度的控制,它允许我们仅注册我们感兴趣的消息。通过调用 gst_bus_add_signal_watch(),我们指示总线在每次收到消息时发出一个信号。该信号的名称格式为 message::detail,其中 detail 是触发信号发出的消息类型。例如,当总线收到 EOS 消息时,它会发出一个名为 message::eos 的信号。

       本教程使用信号的详细信息来仅注册我们关心的消息。如果我们注册到 message 信号,我们将收到每条消息的通知,就像 gst_bus_add_watch() 所做的那样。

       请注意,为了使总线监视器工作(无论是 gst_bus_add_watch() 还是 gst_bus_add_signal_watch()),必须有一个 GLib 主循环在运行。在本例中,它隐藏在 GTK+ 主循环中。

/* Register a function that GLib will call every second */
g_timeout_add_seconds (1, (GSourceFunc)refresh_ui, &data);

       在将控制权转移给 GTK+ 之前,我们使用 g_timeout_add_seconds() 注册另一个回调函数,这次带有超时时间,因此它每秒被调用一次。我们将使用它从 refresh_ui 函数刷新 GUI。

      在此之后,我们完成了设置,可以启动GTK+主循环。当有趣的事情发生时,我们将从回调中重新获得控制权。让我们回顾一下回调。每个回调都有不同的签名,这取决于调用它的人。您可以在信号的文档中查找签名(参数的含义和返回值)。

/* This function is called when the PLAY button is clicked */
static void play_cb (GtkButton *button, CustomData *data) {
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
}

/* This function is called when the PAUSE button is clicked */
static void pause_cb (GtkButton *button, CustomData *data) {
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_PAUSED);
}

/* This function is called when the STOP button is clicked */
static void stop_cb (GtkButton *button, CustomData *data) {
  gst_element_set_state (data->playbin, GST_STATE_READY);
}

       这三个小回调函数与 GUI 中的 PLAY、PAUSE 和 STOP 按钮相关联。它们简单地将管道设置为相应的状态。请注意,在 STOP 状态下,我们将管道设置为 READY。我们可以将管道一直设置为 NULL 状态,但这样转换会稍慢一些,因为需要释放并重新获取一些资源(如音频设备)。

/* This function is called when the main window is closed */
static void delete_event_cb (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEvent *event, CustomData *data) {
  stop_cb (NULL, data);
  gtk_main_quit ();
}

      gtk_main_quit() 最终会使 main 中的 gtk_main_run() 调用终止,在本例中,这将结束程序。在这里,我们在主窗口关闭时调用它,并在停止管道后退出(只是为了整洁)。

/* This function is called when the slider changes its position. We perform a seek to the
 * new position here. */
static void slider_cb (GtkRange *range, CustomData *data) {
  gdouble value = gtk_range_get_value (GTK_RANGE (data->slider));
  gst_element_seek_simple (data->playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH | GST_SEEK_FLAG_KEY_UNIT,
      (gint64)(value * GST_SECOND));
}

       这是一个复杂的 GUI 元素(如搜索条或允许跳转的滑块)如何通过 GStreamer 和 GTK+ 协作轻松实现的示例。如果滑块被拖动到新位置,则告诉 GStreamer 使用 gst_element_seek_simple() 跳转到该位置(如基础教程 4:时间管理中所示)。滑块的设置使其值表示秒。

       值得一提的是,通过进行一些节流可以获得一些性能(和响应性),也就是说,不响应每个用户的请求。由于seek操作必然要花费一些时间,因此在执行一次seek操作后(例如)等待半秒钟再执行另一次操作通常会更好。否则,如果用户疯狂地拖动滑块,则应用程序可能看起来没有响应,这将不允许在新请求排队之前完成任何请求。

/* This function is called periodically to refresh the GUI */
static gboolean refresh_ui (CustomData *data) {
  gint64 current = -1;

  /* We do not want to update anything unless we are in the PAUSED or PLAYING states */
  if (data->state < GST_STATE_PAUSED)
    return TRUE;

       此函数将移动滑块以反映媒体的当前位置。首先,如果我们不在 PLAYING 状态,我们在这里无事可做(此外,位置和持续时间查询通常会失败)。

/* If we didn't know it yet, query the stream duration */
if (!GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (data->duration)) {
  if (!gst_element_query_duration (data->playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &data->duration)) {
    g_printerr ("Could not query current duration.\n");
  } else {
    /* Set the range of the slider to the clip duration, in SECONDS */
    gtk_range_set_range (GTK_RANGE (data->slider), 0, (gdouble)data->duration / GST_SECOND);
  }
}

如果我们还不知道剪辑的持续时间,则恢复它,以便我们可以为滑块设置范围。

if (gst_element_query_position (data->playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &current)) {
  /* Block the "value-changed" signal, so the slider_cb function is not called
   * (which would trigger a seek the user has not requested) */
  g_signal_handler_block (data->slider, data->slider_update_signal_id);
  /* Set the position of the slider to the current pipeline position, in SECONDS */
  gtk_range_set_value (GTK_RANGE (data->slider), (gdouble)current / GST_SECOND);
  /* Re-enable the signal */
  g_signal_handler_unblock (data->slider, data->slider_update_signal_id);
}
return TRUE;

        我们查询当前管道位置,并相应地设置滑块的位置。这将触发 value-changed 信号的发出,我们使用该信号来了解用户何时拖动滑块。由于我们不希望在没有用户请求的情况下发生跳转,因此我们在此操作期间使用 g_signal_handler_block() 和 g_signal_handler_unblock() 禁用 value-changed 信号的发出。

      从这个函数返回TRUE将使它在将来继续被调用。如果我们返回FALSE,计时器将被移除。

/* This function is called when new metadata is discovered in the stream */
static void tags_cb (GstElement *playbin, gint stream, CustomData *data) {
  /* We are possibly in a GStreamer working thread, so we notify the main
   * thread of this event through a message in the bus */
  gst_element_post_message (playbin,
    gst_message_new_application (GST_OBJECT (playbin),
      gst_structure_new_empty ("tags-changed")));
}

       这是本教程的关键点之一。当在媒体中发现新标签时,将从流线程(即非应用程序或主线程)调用此函数。我们想在这里更新 GTK+ 小部件以反映此新信息,但 GTK+ 不允许从主线程以外的线程操作。

      解决方案是让 playbin 在总线上发布一条消息并返回到调用线程。在适当的时候,主线程将接收此消息并更新 GTK。

      gst_element_post_message()使GStreamer元素将给定的消息发送到总线。gst_message_new_application()创建一个APPLICATION类型的新消息。GStreamer消息有不同的类型,这种特定的类型保留给应用程序:它将通过总线,不受GStreamer的影响。类型列表可以在GstMessageType文档中找到。

      消息可以通过它们的嵌入式GstStructure传递额外的信息,GstStructure是一种非常灵活的数据容器。在这里,我们使用gst_structure_new()创建一个新结构,并将其命名为tags-changed,以避免在我们想要发送其他应用程序消息时产生混淆。

     稍后,一旦进入主线程,总线将接收此消息并发出message::application信号,我们已经将其关联到application_cb函数:

/* This function is called when an "application" message is posted on the bus.
 * Here we retrieve the message posted by the tags_cb callback */
static void application_cb (GstBus *bus, GstMessage *msg, CustomData *data) {
  if (g_strcmp0 (gst_structure_get_name (gst_message_get_structure (msg)), "tags-changed") == 0) {
    /* If the message is the "tags-changed" (only one we are currently issuing), update
     * the stream info GUI */
    analyze_streams (data);
  }
}

     一旦确认是 tags-changed 消息,我们调用 analyze_streams 函数,该函数也在播放教程 1:Playbin 使用中使用,并在那里更详细地解释。它基本上从流中恢复标签并将其写入 GUI 中的文本小部件。

error_cb、eos_cb和state_changed_cb实际上不值得解释,因为它们的作用与前面所有教程中的相同,但现在是在它们自己的函数中。

      就是这样!本教程中的代码量可能看起来令人望而生畏,但所需的概念很少而且很简单。如果您遵循了前面的教程,并且对GTK有一点了解,那么您可能已经理解了这一点,现在可以享受您自己的媒体播放器了

五、练习

如果这个媒体播放器对您来说不够好,请尝试将显示有关流信息的文本小部件更改为适当的列表视图(或树视图)。然后,当用户选择不同的流时,让GStreamer切换流!要切换流,您需要阅读播放教程1:Playbin的使用。

六、结论

本教程展示了:

  • 如何使用 gtksink 元素将视频输出到特定的 GTK 小部件。
  • 如何使用 g_timeout_add_seconds() 注册超时回调以定期刷新 GUI。
  • 如何通过总线使用 gst_element_post_message() 将信息传递给主线程。
  • 如何通过使总线发出信号并使用信号详细信息来仅接收感兴趣的消息通知。

这使您能够构建一个具有适当图形用户界面的完整媒体播放器。 接下来的基础教程将继续关注其他单独的 GStreamer 主题。

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