大片幕后:《移动迷宫》视觉特效

本文详细介绍了电影《移动迷宫》的特效制作过程,包括怪兽悲鸣者的CGI设计、数字迷宫的创建及环境特效的实现等。
文 Graham Edwards
翻译 慕容家大小姐 有个婷枫唐


《移动迷宫》中国大陆版预告海报


  近年来,电影制片人发现了青少年小说改编电影的广阔市场,并享受到了高额的票房回报。继《哈利波特》、《饥饿游戏星火燎原》之后,现在最新登上大荧幕的一场奇幻冒险叫做《移动迷宫》。
  改编自James Dashner畅销小说,Wes Ball执导的《移动迷宫》讲述了一个叫托马斯的男孩在一片陌生的林间空地醒来。这片空地被设置在巨大迷宫的中心。Thomas不知道自己是怎么来到这里,但在和被困的其他人一起解谜的过程中,他渐渐拼凑起了过去的记忆,并开始确信可以逃出迷宫。
  Method Studios是《移动迷宫》主要的特效供应商,为影片交付了大约530个特效镜头。特效视觉总监的职责由Sue Rowe和Eric Brevig共同担当。Rowe带领工作室团队参观了位于巴吞鲁日的进行关键特效场景的拍摄片场,而布雷维格在拍摄期间一直留在了片场。
  “我女儿读过小说,而且很喜欢。”Sue Rowe回忆起项目的早期,“当听说有电影合作,Method Studios团队上了一架飞机,并在福克斯会见了Joe Conmy。后来我们见到了导演韦斯·鲍尔。我们与他会面的前几分钟内,他一直在给我们描述电影的第一个场景。他非常有活力,描述着电梯上升,运用声音效果,在房间里跳来跳去。我想,如果他在我们第一次会议时能这样做,然后哇,以后每天都会很有趣。”
  Eric和我过去有着相似的工作经历。”Rowe说,“我们彼此尊重又能迅速沟通,这让我们很容易进行分工合作。埃里克在场景方面拥有丰富的知识,他监督了许多短片而且执导了自己的故事。我拥有动画背景,曾经做过很多角色短片,最有名的叫《黄金罗盘》。”
  接受这项工作后,Rowe和Brevig请来了《少年派的奇幻漂流》的首席动画师Eric de Boer和维塔数字前概念角色总监James Jacobs,以此提升团队。“有了这样一个团队,”Rowe说:“你知道你可以打造一个大片。


 怪兽悲鸣者


悲鸣者是一种凶猛的机械生物混合体


  Rowe和Brevig的一个重大挑战是赋予怪兽悲鸣者生命。悲鸣者被设定为凶猛的机械生物混合体,他们每天晚上在迷宫中巡逻。
  “我们已经从Wes对悲鸣者的形象说明获得了一些很酷的概念设计。”Rowe说:“我们通过观看臭虫和跳蚤的微距照片发展这些设计。无论你想创造的是多么疯狂的生物,大自然已经在某种程度上为你创造了他。我们研究蚂蚁是怎么移动的,观察鼻涕虫身体柔软的有机组织。我们使用了任何让我觉得恶心的纹理,比如鼻涕虫的皮肤加上蟾蜍的肉赘。螃蟹在海滩上爬行过彼此的形象打动了我们。我们把这个想法用在了最后,当许多悲鸣者袭击林中空地的时候。”
  真实世界的研究不仅提供了悲鸣者形象的来源,还有他们是如何移动的。
  “悲鸣者概念中设置了金属腿,就像专门制造的自然怪物,我们希望它的移动能够不同寻常。”Rowe说:“当我们在做研究的时候,有一项重大工程正在我们办公室的窗外施工。一天早晨,Eric和我笑着谈论外面的气动起重机和钻头,它们看起来就像是怪兽悲鸣者的腿。我们意识到必须做点什么,因此我们看了视频作为参考,将冲击钻和锤子融入了设计。我们想要怪兽悲鸣者的腿可以像吊臂一样伸长和收缩。模型按照物理实际进行了设计,同时角色可以自由伸缩腿的长度,这样就增加了戏剧效果。”


悲鸣者的头部特写,口腔内牙齿交错,看起来非常凶狠
 
  悲鸣者的设计开发经历了一些阶段。“悲鸣者一度拥有一对红色的闪烁的眼睛和一个发光的胸腔。”Rowe回忆到:“这看起来很棒,但当加入了动作和运动模糊后,他们失去了恶魔般的感觉,看起来像个万圣节灯笼。我们去掉了发光,转而在他的上颚设计了额外的褶皱和裂缝。我们还创造了一个空的眼腔来展示一种疯狂的怒容。最后一次改进我们增加了肮脏而细密的牙齿,并在它的嘴里反复进行了多次尝试。”
  Paulo Welter 和 Kyeyong Peck使用Zbrush,Mudbox和Mari完成了悲鸣者最后的模型制作。渲染则使用了V-Ray。
狂的怒容。最后一次改进我们增加了肮脏而细密的牙齿,并在它的嘴里反复进行了多次尝试。”
 
  “5月我们开始制作怪兽悲鸣者,9周后我们完成了实用模型。因为福克斯希望在拍摄的最后一天将怪兽悲鸣者作为一个里程碑来展示。”Rowe说,“我们向片场的演员进行了展示,他们可以看到角色拥有了生命。特别是Dylan O’Brien,他在影片中的大部分时间都在躲着一个蓝衣青年,所以他很高兴看到我们的工作成果。”


 数字园艺
 
导演Wes Ball亲自画的迷宫透视示意图,共 8个分区,中间的绿色是林中空地。


  迷宫本身包含了一个复杂的迷宫,它由100英尺的高墙建成。场景搭建包含了最下面16英尺高的墙体,剩余的部分则由Method通过一定范围的数字延展来填充。
  “Wes设置了故事的视觉色调,展示出墙体照明的重要性。”Rowe说,“迷宫的门在早上和夜晚打开,因此我们使用了黎明和黄昏的调色板。我的CG总监Andrew McPhillips和首席灯光师Larry Weiss创造了长长的侧光束照射在墙体上。这样不仅看起来惊人,而且也增添了孩子们在每晚被困时的监禁感。建造墙体听起来很简单,但想要创造真实的比例和结构则需要非常慎重。我真的很满意最终的结果。


《移动迷宫》的概念图,高墙上覆盖着浓密的藤蔓
 
  墙体一建好,他们就需要在上面覆盖大面积的藤蔓。“在Houdini中,我们编写了一个控制藤蔓叶子生长的自定义程序,通过它,绘画师就可以在我们想要藤蔓生长的墙体上进行绘制。为了让藤蔓富有生机,它需要攀援在墙体上,附着于裂缝中。我们编写了一个脚本来确定藤蔓的枝条会抽出多少嫩芽,以及茎的粗细程度。最后,我们添加了一个真正缜密的变量让我们可以控制阳光的方向,这给叶子的生长方向增加了一个随机因素。都是可怕的数字园丁。”


 悲鸣者的袭击


  电影的结尾,迷宫行者试图逃离监狱,在悲鸣者的巢穴遭遇了它们。就像其他室内场景一样,这场戏也是在山姆的仓库拍摄的,这里部分的舞台地面上搭建了360度的蓝幕背景。
 
由仓库改的摄影棚中,四面挂满蓝幕,地面是实景,身着蓝色衣服的替身演员扮演悲鸣者
 
  “天花板只有24英尺高,很难在蓝幕范围内实现飞行。”Rowe评论,“我们让特技演员穿上蓝色的衣服,拿着杆子代表悲鸣者的金属腿。拍摄过程充满了狂热的能量。Wes一度跳着扮演悲鸣者,抖动着这些巨大的蓝色的腿。演员们全身心的投入到战斗中。”
  悲鸣者的袭击是在蓝幕前拍摄的,环境和生物则由Method Studios通过数字技术添加。
  Rowe的团队用类似教堂的巢穴环境替换掉了蓝幕,又用悲鸣者的动画替换掉穿着蓝衣服的表演者。
   “天花板像教堂一样高高的,光线从顶上倾斜而下。” Rowe说,“我们加入了滴水,墙体的腐朽,蒸汽从通风井蒸腾而出……所有这些小说中让环境看起来前卫而真实的技巧。我们移除了那些穿蓝衣服的人,使用紧凑的剪辑方法编排了一场打斗的戏。电影的上半场,你只能看到悲鸣者模糊的闪现,但是到了影片的结尾,它们不再躲藏,露出了真面目与孩子们打斗。通过制作大量全3D的镜头,我们可以增强剪辑效果,就像悲鸣者被Thomas攻击面部的那一幕,你可以看到悲鸣者牙齿交错的整个嘴巴内部。这不是我们事先设计好的,但是做出来的画面非常酷。”


 毁坏迷宫
 
  在这个破坏戏里,令人眩晕的迷宫高墙开始了崩塌。“这个破坏效果是一个大规模数据的挑战但也是视觉上的成功之处”Rowe断言道,Wes自己也用Modo软件做预演,这个“迷宫”基础概念的初步设计就是最后会开始崩溃,充满砂砾和泥土,当他们开始了他们的预设的移动,他们也开始了龟裂和瓦解。”
  “Lisa Nolan 和 Niall Finn成立了个可怕的破坏效果团队,并选择了Houdini作为武器。我们的Maya模型总监Ian Sorensen花费了十周的时间来建造高墙,地面和生锈的大门,然后这个Houdini团队则花费了接下来的三个月的时间摧毁他们!”


鸟瞰整个数字迷宫的环境
 
  随着电影的推进,这个破坏场景变得更大更精细。“那个时候Thomas 和 Minho正在变化的迷宫里逃命,一系列破坏就在他们身后紧跟着。我们尝试使用Houdini的DOPs整合Bullet RBD程序,但是发现需要密集的帧数来为一些特写镜头的破坏力表现来工作,而我们并不能保持整体的平稳。”
  因为这个原因Nial转向对Houdini软件自己的、更慢速、更高质量的RBD程序。这样一来,我们觉得这个能产生更好的视觉结果。覆盖在上层的是由我们的室内工作室制作的精细的刚体碎片,颗粒装的沙土,和多层容量的灰尘。我们使用的是Alembic插件,所以我们的云层由V-Ray渲染,但是灰尘还是在Mantra里。
  为了组合复杂的镜头,Method公司的团队使用了深度合成。这在爆破常场景里很有价值,使得奔跑穿过飘落着尘埃和碎片的云层的角色更有特色。
  “深度合成给数据管理造成了压力”Rowe承认道,“当磁盘空间和渲染力量达到极限的时候,我还是想要深入研究,” Arek Komorowski 和 Abel Milanes是我们的二维总监,领导着一个有着30个Nuke艺术家的团队,团队每个人都是视觉和技术方面的专家。联合这些数字绘画人才进入我们的Nuke核心团队使得我们可以去完成更好的二维工作而不是全部的三维构建。Rasoul Shafeazadeh是这方面早起概念工作的关键人物。当然我也经常让这个团队去“喜爱静止摄影”或是在我们正在拍摄的地方弄上标识来表明。这个视觉速记方式节省了我们许多被浪费了的时间。


Method Studios团队和演员的合影




(文章有部分删节,配图有所调整,翻译中的不足之处欢迎交流指正。)


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  创意云•渲染,效果图按张计费啦,0元测试小图即刻体验!
iphone5s拆机方法图解-多图 独家:iphone5s拆机方法图解--共37图 Step 1 — iPhone 5s Teardown • [size=1em]An iPhone release means a trip to the future—the iFixit teardown crew has traveled 17 hours forward in time to get the iPhone 5s early. • [size=1em]We want to send out a big thanks to our good friends at MacFixit Australia for letting us use their office in Melbourne for the teardown. They stock Mac and iPhone upgrades/accessories, and also carry ouriFixit toolkits. o [size=1em]To cover all our bases, we confirmed with our best linguists that the 5s upside-down is still the 5s. • [size=1em]Speaking of toolkits, for this teardown, we'll be using iFixit's brand-new Pro Tech Screwdriver Set. Step 2 • [size=1em]As we ready ourselves to delve into the delightful innards of the 5s, let's check out some of its tech specs: o [size=1em]Apple A7 processor with 64-bit architecture o [size=1em]M7 motion co-processor o [size=1em]16, 32, or 64 GB Storage o [size=1em]4-inch retina display with 326 ppi o [size=1em]8 MP iSight camera (with larger 1.5μ pixels) and a 1.2MP FaceTime camera. o [size=1em]Fingerprint identity sensor built into the home button o [size=1em]Available in three different colors: space gray, silver, and gooooooold (or as we call them, Not-at-all-the-Color-of-Space, Second Place Medal, and Bling!). Step 3 • [size=1em]Apple continues the everlasting trend of locking users out with pentalobular screws. Luckily, we came prepared. We whip out our trusty iPhone 5 Liberation Kit, and to our pleasant surprise, it works! • [size=1em]Unfortunately, we are ill-equipped in the color department, as we only have silver and black replacement Phillips screws. o [size=1em]We are currently involved in heavy lobbying to our product designers to create 14k gold replacement screws. They'll be $50 each and strip the first time you try to unscrew them, so they will be perfect for the iPhone. Stay posted. • [size=1em]With our iPhone 5s sufficiently liberated, it reminds us of another polka-dotted iPhone teardown coming in the near future… Step 4 • [size=1em]We're done screwing around; it's time to get this baby open! Just like last year, we enlist the help of a suction cup to free the display assembly from the rear casing. • [size=1em]Unlike last year, we make use of some gentle spudgering, just in case… Step 5 • [size=1em]Our careful spudgering paid off. At the bottom of the phone, a cable connects the Touch ID sensor in the home button to the Lightning port assembly. o [size=1em]This adds a small element of danger to disassembly, as pulling too hard on the suction cup could cause accidental damage to the cable. • [size=1em]We survive this first booby trap and swiftly disconnect the Touch ID cable connector with the help of a spudger. • [size=1em]Alas, our first peek at the internal layout of the 5s. Comparing it to the iPhone 5, we spot very few differences, the main one being the lack of a battery removal pull-tab. Step 6 • [size=1em]With our favorite screwdriver set, we remove a few metal connector covers and embark on the epic battle of battery removal. • [size=1em]The missing battery pull-tab, though seemingly innocuous, indicates a bigger problem for battery repair: glue. • [size=1em]Perhaps the "s" in 5s stands for "stuck," as in "this battery is stuck in with a lot of glue," or "I hope you didn't want to replace your battery—you're going to be stuck with this one." • [size=1em]While we'd love a tool-less battery removal as we've seen in other phones, we settle for thermal battery removal via an iOpener. • [size=1em]Holy adhesive! It appears Apple ditched the minimal adhesive in the iPhone 5 in favor of those two huge white runways of adhesive holding the 5s(tuck) battery in place. Step 7 • [size=1em]The 5s has a claimed 10 hours of talk time on 3G, but there are rumbles that iOS 7 isn't doing you any favors. • [size=1em]The gold unit from Desay Battery Co., Ltd in Huizhou, China sports a 3.8V - 5.92Wh - 1560mAh battery. Comparatively: o [size=1em]iPhone 5: 3.8 V - 1440 mAh - 5.45 Wh. Talk time: Up to 8 hours on 3G. Standby time: Up to 225 hours. o [size=1em]Samsung Galaxy S4: 3.8 V - 2600 mAh - 9.88 Wh. Talk time: up to 7 hours. Standby time: Up to 300 hours. o [size=1em]Motorola Moto X: 3.8 V - 2200 mAh - 8.4 Wh. 24 hours of "mixed usage." • [size=1em]It appears different units sport different battery manufacturers; our "space-gray" spare (right) comes to us from Simplo Technology Inc. Step 8 • [size=1em]With the battery safely removed, we turn to the next step in our disassembly journey: removing the(unchanged) 326 ppi Retina display assembly. • [size=1em]A few flicks of a spudger to disconnect the FaceTime camera, digitizer, and LCD cables, and the display is free. o [size=1em]Looking for some tech specs on the display? Well look no further! In fact, just look backwards…to the iPhone 5. Despite the trend in almost every other smartphone release, the iPhone 5s display is no bigger, better, or badder than the 5. Step 9 • [size=1em]We quickly extract the home button and Touch ID, Apple's new fingerprint scanner. Time to dust for prints! o [size=1em]A CMOS chip, the Touch ID is essentially a bunch of very small capacitors that creates an "image" of the ridges on your finger. • [size=1em]The sensor technology, developed by AuthenTecand bought by Apple a year ago, reportedly stores your fingerprints locally, so giving your iPhone the finger will not make it all the way back to Cupertino. • [size=1em]We worry about how well the sapphire crystal covering the sensor can protect it from degrading over time like most CMOS fingerprint sensors. If not, it could become a ticking time bomb, just like that super-glued battery. Step 10 • [size=1em]We uncover the iSight camera. • [size=1em]The back of the iSight camera is labeled DNL333 41WGRF 4W61W. • [size=1em]According to our good friend Jim Morrison, Vice President of the Technology Analysis Group atChipworks, "the DNL markings are consistent with the markings on the camera modules housing the Sony IMX145 we saw in the iPhone 4s and on the iPhone 5. The marks on the side of the module are different, but our industry insiders tell us this is Sony's again" • [size=1em]As Apple has stated the pixel pitch on this camera is 1.5 μ, this sensor should not be the IMX145, but a newer variant. • [size=1em]The bottom of the camera is labeled AW32 65BD 4511 b763. Step 11 • [size=1em]For those of us counting steps and comparing with last year, we're unsurprisingly right on par. • [size=1em]A great example of Apple's iterative design, the 5s shows some streamlining and optimization in its internal construction. • [size=1em]Gone are those silly antenna interconnect cables, leaving one less thing to break or get accidentally disconnected. o [size=1em]If only they had decided to move that antenna connector from the bottom of the logic board to the top... Step 12 • [size=1em]Looks like we found a Murata 339S0205 Wi-Fi module (based on the Broadcom BCM4334, according to Chipworks). • [size=1em]Again comparing our 16 and 64 GB models: o [size=1em]It seems that the Murata IC is the same between both iPhone 5s'. o [size=1em]The design of both logic boards may be identical, but slight differences in markings (e.g. 94V-0 on the rightmost, nonexistent on the leftmost) may indicate that Apple is manufacturing the 5s logic boards at multiple locations. Step 13 ¶ • [size=1em]Open ses-EMI! Behold, IC treasures identified: o [size=1em]SK Hynix H2JTDG8UD3MBR 128 Gb (16 GB) NAND Flash o [size=1em]Qualcomm PM8018 RF power management IC o [size=1em]TriQuint TQM6M6224 o [size=1em]Apple 338S1216 o [size=1em]Broadcom BCM5976 touchscreen controller o [size=1em]Texas Instruments 37C64G1 o [size=1em]Skyworks 77810 Step 14 • [size=1em]More ICs! o [size=1em]Skyworks 77355 o [size=1em]Avago A790720 o [size=1em]Avago A7900 o [size=1em]Apple 338S120L • [size=1em]A super-awesome thanks to the Chipworks team for helping us decode and discern these delightful devices! Step 15 • [size=1em]Turning our attention to the backside of the logic board: o [size=1em]Apple A7 APL0698 SoC (based on thisMacRumors post, the markings F8164A1PD indicate the RAM is likely 1GB) o [size=1em]Qualcomm MDM9615M LTE Modem o [size=1em]Qualcomm WTR1605LLTE/HSPA+/CDMA2K/TDSCDMA/EDGE/GPS transceiver. • [size=1em]As we search for a much-anticipated M7 coprocessor, we begin to wonder if it actually is a separate IC, or if it is additional functionality built into the A7. o [size=1em]Maybe the "M" stands for "magical," the M7 is invisible, and Apple does use pixie dust to hold the device together. Or perhaps the "M" stands for "marketing"… o [size=1em]Update: the M7 has been found! • [size=1em]Our A7 was fabbed in July. Step 16 • [size=1em]It's time to investigate the new kid on the block, and it's fly like an A7. Along with the fingerprint sensor, the A7 is a major enticement for consumers to pick the 5s over the 5c. • [size=1em]The A7 is advertised as providing twice the performance of the 5 (and 5c)'s A6 processor. o [size=1em]The switch to the A7 marks the first use of a 64-bit processor in a smartphone. Based on AnandTech's review, it seems that the bulk of the A7's performance gains do not come from any advantages inherent to a 64-bit architecture, but rather from the switch from the outdated ARMv7 instruction set to the newly-designed ARMv8. o [size=1em]The modern ARMv8 instruction set was designed for a 64-bit architecture. It does away with the legacy support of the last 20 years, which increases efficiency, improving performance without sacrificing battery life. • [size=1em]We'll have to wait until we get inside the chip to find out who manufactured it. Step 17 • [size=1em]Time for your close-up, selfie cam! • [size=1em]A few screws hold the 1.2MP FaceTime camera in place. • [size=1em]While the updated pixel size in the iSight camera may get a lot of attention, DIY paparazzi is what bling iPhones are all about. Step 18 • [size=1em]The lower peripherals on the 5s look very similar to those in the 5, though the speaker assembly comes out with slightly more ease in this iteration. • [size=1em]With the speaker assembly out, the headphone jack/microphone/Lightning connector assembly comes out easily. o [size=1em]As with previous generations, you will have to replace multiple components at once, since the design is not modular. Step 19 • [size=1em]We find another hardware update: the new dual flash. • [size=1em]White and amber LEDs sit by the camera to balance the flash-induced ghostly tones of night-life photography. Step 20 • [size=1em]iPhone 5s Repairability: 6 out of 10 (10 is easiest to repair) • [size=1em]Just like in the iPhone 5, the display assembly is the first component out of the phone, simplifying screen replacements. • [size=1em]The battery is still fairly easy to access, even though it's not technically "user replaceable." • [size=1em]The battery has lost the 5's convenient pull tab, and gained more resilient adhesive—it now requires heat and prying to remove. • [size=1em]The fingerprint sensor cable could be easily ripped out of its socket if a user is not careful while opening the phone. • [size=1em]The iPhone 5s still uses Pentalobe screws on the exterior, making the 5s difficult to open. • [size=1em]The front glass, digitizer, and LCD are all one component, thereby increasing cost of repair.
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值