writing .NET applications, which language to use?

本文对比了使用不同语言和技术栈开发Windows Store应用的特点。在.NET应用程序中,各种语言几乎等效,但在Windows Store应用中存在明显差异。JavaScript、C# 和 C++ 各自拥有独特的优势,如 DirectX 游戏开发仅限于 C++。此外,文章还讨论了 Win32 和 COM 库的使用限制。

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Note When writing .NET applications, all languages are equivalent because they all com-
pile down to Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL, or IL for short). In fact, you could say
that to a very large extent, the language that you choose reflects the syntax you prefer. This
is not the case when writing Windows Store apps, for which there are very real differences
in the three aforementioned approaches. There is some functionality available in JavaScript
that isn’t available in C# or C++, and vice versa, but the main difference is that if you want
to use any Win32 and COM libraries you can only do it from C++. This means that to use
DirectX to write games, you will need to use C++.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!-- Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. --> <!-- Note: A "Server" is not itself a "Container", so you may not define subcomponents such as "Valves" at this level. Documentation at /docs/config/server.html --> <Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN"> <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener" /> <!-- Security listener. Documentation at /docs/config/listeners.html <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.security.SecurityListener" /> --> <!--APR library loader. Documentation at /docs/apr.html --> <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener" SSLEngine="on" /> <!-- Prevent memory leaks due to use of particular java/javax APIs--> <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.JreMemoryLeakPreventionListener" /> <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.mbeans.GlobalResourcesLifecycleListener" /> <Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.ThreadLocalLeakPreventionListener" /> <!-- Global JNDI resources Documentation at /docs/jndi-resources-howto.html --> <GlobalNamingResources> <!-- Editable user database that can also be used by UserDatabaseRealm to authenticate users --> <Resource name="UserDatabase" auth="Container" type="org.apache.catalina.UserDatabase" description="User database that can be updated and saved" factory="org.apache.catalina.users.MemoryUserDatabaseFactory" pathname="conf/tomcat-users.xml" /> </GlobalNamingResources> <!-- A "Service" is a collection of one or more "Connectors" that share a single "Container" Note: A "Service" is not itself a "Container", so you may not define subcomponents such as "Valves" at this level. Documentation at /docs/config/service.html --> <Service name="Catalina"> <!--The connectors can use a shared executor, you can define one or more named thread pools--> <!-- <Executor name="tomcatThreadPool" namePrefix="catalina-exec-" maxThreads="150" minSpareThreads="4"/> --> <!-- A "Connector" represents an endpoint by which requests are received and responses are returned. Documentation at : Java HTTP Connector: /docs/config/http.html Java AJP Connector: /docs/config/ajp.html APR (HTTP/AJP) Connector: /docs/apr.html Define a non-SSL/TLS HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8080 --> <Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1" connectionTimeout="20000" redirectPort="8443" /> <!-- A "Connector" using the shared thread pool--> <!-- <Connector executor="tomcatThreadPool" port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1" connectionTimeout="20000" redirectPort="8443" /> --> <!-- Define an SSL/TLS HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8443 This connector uses the NIO implementation. The default SSLImplementation will depend on the presence of the APR/native library and the useOpenSSL attribute of the AprLifecycleListener. Either JSSE or OpenSSL style configuration may be used regardless of the SSLImplementation selected. JSSE style configuration is used below. --> <Connector port="8443" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol" maxThreads="150" SSLEnabled="true" scheme="https" secure="true"> <SSLHostConfig> certificateKeystoreFile="conf/keystore.jks" certificateKeystorePassword="changeit" type="RSA" /> </SSLHostConfig> </Connector> <!-- Define an SSL/TLS HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8443 with HTTP/2 This connector uses the APR/native implementation which always uses OpenSSL for TLS. Either JSSE or OpenSSL style configuration may be used. OpenSSL style configuration is used below. --> <!-- <Connector port="8443" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11AprProtocol" maxThreads="150" SSLEnabled="true" > <UpgradeProtocol className="org.apache.coyote.http2.Http2Protocol" /> <SSLHostConfig> <Certificate certificateKeyFile="conf/localhost-rsa-key.pem" certificateFile="conf/localhost-rsa-cert.pem" certificateChainFile="conf/localhost-rsa-chain.pem" type="RSA" /> </SSLHostConfig> </Connector> --> <!-- Define an AJP 1.3 Connector on port 8009 --> <!-- <Connector protocol="AJP/1.3" address="::1" port="8009" redirectPort="8443" /> --> <!-- An Engine represents the entry point (within Catalina) that processes every request. The Engine implementation for Tomcat stand alone analyzes the HTTP headers included with the request, and passes them on to the appropriate Host (virtual host). Documentation at /docs/config/engine.html --> <!-- You should set jvmRoute to support load-balancing via AJP ie : <Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost" jvmRoute="jvm1"> --> <Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost"> <!--For clustering, please take a look at documentation at: /docs/cluster-howto.html (simple how to) /docs/config/cluster.html (reference documentation) --> <!-- <Cluster className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.SimpleTcpCluster"/> --> <!-- Use the LockOutRealm to prevent attempts to guess user passwords via a brute-force attack --> <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm"> <!-- This Realm uses the UserDatabase configured in the global JNDI resources under the key "UserDatabase". Any edits that are performed against this UserDatabase are immediately available for use by the Realm. --> <Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm" resourceName="UserDatabase"/> </Realm> <Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps" unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true"> <!-- SingleSignOn valve, share authentication between web applications Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html --> <!-- <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.authenticator.SingleSignOn" /> --> <!-- Access log processes all example. Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html Note: The pattern used is equivalent to using pattern="common" --> <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs" prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt" pattern="%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b" /> </Host> </Engine> </Service> </Server> 重启https还是连不上
06-27
<think>问题:配置了Tomcat的HTTPS连接器,但重启后仍然无法通过HTTPS连接。可能原因:1.证书配置错误(路径、密码不正确)2.端口冲突或被防火墙阻止3.配置未正确生效(重启失败或配置位置错误)4.连接器配置有语法错误(如XML结构问题)解决方案步骤:1.检查配置文件语法-确保XML格式正确,特别是<SSLHostConfig>和<Certificate>标签的闭合。-提供的配置中,<Certificate>标签的属性没有写在标签内,而是换行了,这会导致解析错误。2.确认证书路径和密码-证书路径:`conf/keystore.jks`是相对于Tomcat根目录的,确认该文件存在。-密码:`changeit`需要与生成证书时设置的密码一致。3.检查端口监听-重启Tomcat后,使用命令查看8443端口是否被监听(Linux:`netstat-tunlp|grep8443`,Windows:`netstat-ano|findstr8443`)4.查看日志文件-检查Tomcat的日志文件(logs/catalina.out或logs/localhost.log),查找SSL初始化相关的错误信息。修改后的配置(修正XML标签):原配置中<Certificate>标签的属性换行写,导致标签不完整。应将其属性写在同一行内。修正后的连接器配置:```xml<Connectorport="8443"protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol"maxThreads="150"SSLEnabled="true"scheme="https"secure="true"><SSLHostConfig><CertificatecertificateKeystoreFile="conf/keystore.jks"certificateKeystorePassword="changeit"type="RSA"/></SSLHostConfig></Connector>```完整server.xml示例(仅HTTPS连接器部分):注意:其他部分保持原样,只修改连接器部分。重启Tomcat并验证:1.停止Tomcat:`./shutdown.sh`(或shutdown.bat)2.启动Tomcat:`./startup.sh`(或startup.bat)3.访问:`https://localhost:8443`如果问题仍然存在,请检查:-防火墙设置(开放8443端口)-证书是否有效(使用keytool检查)-使用浏览器访问时,浏览器是否有安全警告(如自签名证书的警告,这表示连接已建立但证书不受信任,并不是连接失败)调试步骤(在Tomcat启动日志中查找SSL相关错误):在Tomcat的logs/catalina.out文件中,查找以下内容:-"SSLimplementation":确认使用的SSL实现-"Keystorefile":确认加载的密钥库文件-"Aliasname":确认别名示例日志(成功情况):```INFO[main]org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.initInitializingProtocolHandler["https-jsse-nio-8443"]...INFO[main]org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SSLUtilBase.getStoreLoadingkeystorefileconf/keystore.jks...INFO[main]org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.startStartingProtocolHandler["https-jsse-nio-8443"]```如果日志中有错误,根据错误信息调整。高级调试:启用SSL调试信息在Tomcat启动脚本(catalina.sh或catalina.bat)中添加:```bashexportJAVA_OPTS="$JAVA_OPTS-Djavax.net.debug=ssl"```或对于Windows(catalina.bat):```batsetJAVA_OPTS=%JAVA_OPTS%-Djavax.net.debug=ssl```然后重启Tomcat,日志会输出详细的SSL握手过程。常见错误及解决:1.`java.io.FileNotFoundException:conf\keystore.jks(系统找不到指定的路径。)`-解决方案:使用绝对路径或确保文件在指定位置。2.`java.io.IOException:keystorepasswordwasincorrect`-解决方案:检查证书密码,确保和生成时一致。3.`NoavailablecertificateorkeycorrespondstotheSSLciphersuiteswhichareenabled`-解决方案:检查证书类型(RSA)和密钥长度(2048位),确保支持。4.端口冲突:`java.net.BindException:Addressalreadyinuse`-解决方案:更换端口或释放8443端口。如果以上步骤无法解决,请提供具体的错误日志。§§相关问题§§:1.如何解决Tomcat启动时端口冲突问题?2.如何配置Tomcat使用Let'sEncrypt证书?3.如何将Tomcat的HTTP请求自动重定向到HTTPS?4.如何配置Tomcat支持HTTP/2?</think>### 解决 Tomcat HTTPS 无法连接的问题 从您的配置看,主要问题是 **SSL 连接器配置存在 XML 语法错误**。以下是完整的修复方案: #### 修正后的 `server.xml` 配置 ```xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN"> <!-- ... 其他监听器配置保持原样 ... --> <Service name="Catalina"> <!-- 修正后的 HTTPS 连接器配置 --> <Connector port="8443" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol" maxThreads="150" SSLEnabled="true" scheme="https" secure="true"> <SSLHostConfig> <Certificate certificateKeystoreFile="conf/keystore.jks" certificateKeystorePassword="changeit" type="RSA" /> </SSLHostConfig> </Connector> <!-- ... 其他配置保持原样 ... --> </Service> </Server> ``` ### 关键修复点: 1. **修正 XML 标签结构**: - 原配置中 `<Certificate>` 标签的属性换行导致语法错误 - 修正后所有属性应在同一标签内 2. **添加缺失的结束标签**: - 原配置缺少 `</Certificate>` 的闭合标签 3. **验证证书路径**: - 确认 `conf/keystore.jks` 文件存在 - 检查密码是否匹配(示例中使用 `changeit`) ### 系统排查步骤: #### 1. 检查 Tomcat 启动日志 ```bash tail -f logs/catalina.out ``` 查找以下关键信息: - `Initializing ProtocolHandler ["https-jsse-nio-8443"]` - `Loading keystore file /path/to/keystore.jks` - `SSL support is enabled` #### 2. 验证端口监听状态 ```bash # Linux/Mac netstat -tuln | grep 8443 # Windows netstat -ano | findstr 8443 ``` 应有类似输出: ``` tcp6 0 0 :::8443 :::* LISTEN ``` #### 3. 测试本地连接 ```bash # 使用 OpenSSL 测试 openssl s_client -connect localhost:8443 -showcerts # 使用 cURL 测试 curl -vk https://localhost:8443 ``` #### 4. 常见错误解决方案: | 错误现象 | 解决方案 | |---------|----------| | `java.io.FileNotFoundException` | 检查 `keystore.jks` 路径是否正确 | | `java.security.UnrecoverableKeyException` | 确认密钥库密码正确 | | `Address already in use` | 更换端口或释放 8443 端口 | | `No SSL support` | 检查 JDK 是否完整安装 | | 浏览器 "不安全连接" | 导入证书或添加安全例外 | ### 完整诊断脚本: ```bash #!/bin/bash # tomcat-https-diag.sh # 1. 检查端口占用 echo "=== Port 8443 Status ===" netstat -tuln | grep 8443 || echo "Port not listening" # 2. 检查证书文件 echo -e "\n=== Keystore File ===" ls -l $CATALINA_HOME/conf/keystore.jks 2>/dev/null || echo "Keystore missing" # 3. 检查证书内容 echo -e "\n=== Keystore Content ===" keytool -list -v -keystore $CATALINA_HOME/conf/keystore.jks -storepass changeit 2>/dev/null # 4. 提取日志错误 echo -e "\n=== SSL Errors in Log ===" grep -i 'ssl\|https\|8443' $CATALINA_HOME/logs/catalina.out | tail -20 # 5. 测试本地连接 echo -e "\n=== Connection Test ===" echo "Q" | openssl s_client -connect localhost:8443 2>/dev/null | grep "subject" ``` ### 防火墙配置: ```bash # Linux 开放端口 sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=8443/tcp sudo firewall-cmd --reload # Windows 防火墙 netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="Tomcat HTTPS" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=8443 ``` ### 最终验证步骤: 1. 完整重启 Tomcat: ```bash ./catalina.sh stop ./catalina.sh start ``` 2. 浏览器访问: ``` https://localhost:8443 ``` 3. 接受安全警告(自签名证书)
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