本文深入解析Linux下文件管理的核心命令ls的详细用法，包括各种选项参数的意义及实际应用场景，如显示隐藏文件、文件类型识别、目录及文件权限查看等，是Linux系统管理者的必备指南。
4.4.2 linux文件管理 : 文件综合操作 : 文件展示ls
常用命令：
$ ls -al
$ ls -al <regex>
常用只展示目录:
$ ls -al | grep "^d"
drwxrwxr-x. 6 sgx sgx 4096 Sep 27 17:08 .
drwxrwxr-x. 3 sgx sgx 4096 Sep 27 17:02 ..
drwxrwxr-x. 6 sgx sgx 4096 Sep 27 17:04 deps
drwxrwxr-x. 3 sgx sgx 4096 Sep 27 17:08 src
drwxrwxr-x. 10 sgx sgx 4096 Aug 4 06:44 tests
drwxrwxr-x. 8 sgx sgx 4096 Aug 4 06:44 utils
[sgx@localhost redis-4.0.11]$
文件类型:
“l”是链接文件，相当于windows的快捷方式；
“b”是块设备，硬盘就是一个例子；
“c”是字符设备文件，鼠标，键盘算是；
“d”是目录文件，相当于windows的文件夹。
命令详解:
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . //不忽略.开头的文件
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. //不列出.和..
--author with -l, print the author of each file //
-b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters //
--block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them. E.g., //扫描文件的SIZE，在打印之前
'--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of //
1,048,576 bytes. See SIZE format below. //
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ //
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last //
modification of file status information) //
with -l: show ctime and sort by name //
otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first //
-C list entries by columns //
--color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to 'always' //
or can be 'never' or 'auto'. More info below //
-d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, //
and do not dereference symbolic links //
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode //
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color //
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries //
--file-type likewise, except do not append '*' //
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, //
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C //
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso //
-g like -l, but do not list owner //
--group-directories-first //
group directories before files. //
augment with a --sort option, but any //
use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping //
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names //
-h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format //
(e.g., 1K 234M 2G) //
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 //
-H, --dereference-command-line //
follow symbolic links listed on the command line //
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir //
follow each command line symbolic link //
that points to a directory //
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN //
(overridden by -a or -A) //
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: //
none (default), slash (-p), //
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) //
-i, --inode print the index number of each file //
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN //
-k, --kibibytes use 1024-byte blocks //
-l use a long listing format //
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic //
link, show information for the file the link //
references rather than for the link itself //
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries //
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs //
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control //
characters specially) //
-o like -l, but do not list group information //
-p, --indicator-style=slash //
append / indicator to directories //
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters //
--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default //
unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal) //
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes //
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: //
literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape //
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting //
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively //
-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks //打印美国文件分配的size
-S sort by file size //*根号文件的SIZE排序[默认是大的在前]
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, //*排序根据文件 --sort=none; --sort=extension; --sort=size; --sort=time
extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v //
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification //*排序根据时间 --time=atime;
time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, //atime(access time) ctime(change time)[权限修改时间]
or status -c; use specified time as sort key //
if --sort=time //
--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: //和-l搭配使用，展示时间使用style
full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. //
FORMAT is interpreted like 'date'; if FORMAT is //
FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to //
non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; //
if STYLE is prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE //
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale //
-t sort by modification time, newest first //*排序根据修改的时间，新文件是第一个
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 //
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time //*跟上-lt 展示访问时间，按访问时间排序
with -l: show access time and sort by name //跟上-l 展示访问时间，按名称排序
otherwise: sort by access time // 根据访问时间排序
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order //不排序，根据文件系统的排序列出文件
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text //
-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value //
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns //
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension //*根据文件扩展名来排序【按类型排序】
-Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file //
-1 list one file per line //每行列出一个文件
--help display this help and exit //
--version output version information and exit //
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