20090717-高烨-难句练习

难 句 练 习

 

高      烨

 

 

以下所有难句均选自泰祺基础班讲义。

学习以下难句的步骤

 

•1、研究分析句子的各种模块和模块间的关系；

•2、查阅字典理解短语和词汇；

•3、整合前面两点，通盘理解句子；

•4、看句子后面的解析校正自己的理解

•注意：所有句子没有整句翻译，如果能够理解了，可以作为系统阶段的翻译练习。

 

•Time and again labor-market analysts mention a need for talents that liberal-arts majors are assumed to have: writing and communication skills, organizational skills, open-mindedness and adaptability, and the ability to analyze and solve problems.

解析

•主要结构是Time and again labor-market analysts mention a need for talents

•定语从句that liberal-arts majors are assumed to have修饰need

•Time and again：短语，意为常常

•labor-market analysts：人才市场分析人士

•mention a need for talents：提到对于人才的一种需求

•liberal-arts majors are assumed to have：文科专业的学生被假定应该具备

•Liberal arts指文科，science是理科，engineering是工科

•Major既可以指专业，也可以指某专业的学生

•Are assumed是被动语态，assume是假定，are assumed即被假定

•writing and communication skills, organizational skills, open-mindedness and adaptability, and the ability to analyze and solve problems：写作和交流能力，组织能力，开明的思想和适应能力，分析和解决问题的能力（这些词大家可以好好学习，将来放在面试中的自我介绍里面）

通常,劳动力市场分析人士提到对于人才的需求,文科的学生被认为应该具有:写作沟通能力,组织能力,开明的思想和适应能力,以及分析和解决问题的能力.

After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and engineering courses with liberal-arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.

解析

•主要结构式I have learned there are reasons

•同位语从句why few engineering students try to reconcile engineering with liberal-arts courses in college表明reason的内容

•After three years of struggling：在三年的苦苦挣扎后

•to balance math, physics and engineering courses with liberal-arts courses：不定式短语to balance…with…紧接在struggle之后，表明挣扎着（费很大力气）要将……和……平衡；这里是将数学、物理和工科课程和文科课程平衡，即不偏课。

•I have learned there are reasons：learn意为懂得，明白

•why few engineering students try to reconcile engineering with liberal-arts courses in college：few students表示没有几个学生，类似的如little  money表示没有什么钱；engineering student指工科的学生；reconcile…with…是短语，意为把……和……调和，在这里和前面的balance…with…是近义词。本句话的意思是为什么几乎没有学生想着在念大学的时候调和工科课程和文科课程。

为了平衡数学，理工科课程与文科课程，在经过3年的挣扎后，我了解到为什么没有几个理工科学生在大学期间愿意尝试调和工科课程和文科课程的原因。

 

Before Sept. 11, legislation of this kind had been blocked by two powerful lobbies: universities, which rely on tuition from foreign students who could be kept out by the new law, and business, which relies on foreigners for cheap labour.

解析

•主要结构是legislation of this kind had been blocked by two powerful lobbies

•从句which rely on tuition from foreign students who could be kept out by the new law修饰universities

•从句who could be kept out by the new law修饰foreign students

•从句which relies on foreigners for cheap labour 修饰business

•Before Sept. 11：在911以前，Sept.是September（9月）的缩写

•legislation of this kind had been blocked by two powerful lobbies：legislation是立法的意思，立法者为legislator，词根leg和法律有关，如legal表示法律的，反义词illegal为不合法的，legality意为合法性；block此处指阻拦，此外，block有时可指街区；lobbies是lobby的复数形式，lobby指游说组织，是美国的特色政治文化。美国参众两院讨论法规议案时，代表特定利益集团的游说组织会想尽办法影响两院议员使相关讨论有利于特定集团利益。专门从事游说的人叫lobbyist。

•which rely on tuition from foreign students who could be kept out by the new law：rely on是短语，意为依靠，近义短语depend on; tuition from foreign students意为来自外国学生的学费；be kept out是keep out的被动语态，意为把……拒于门外

在911之前，这种法令的颁布被两股强有力的团体阻碍了：大学，依靠外国留学生的学费收入，这些外国留学生会被新的法律拒于门外；商业，依靠外国人的廉价劳动力。

 

In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment.

解析

•主要结构是I wanted to be an electrical engineer and …any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college…

•Electrical意为电的；注意electronic意为电子的；

•Sensible意为理智的；注意sensitive意为敏感的；

•Engineering department意为工程系；有些情况下department可以指部门；

•Famous reputation良好的声誉

•Lab是laboratory的缩写，意为实验室

•Research equipment研究设备

在高中我想成为一个电气工程师，当然，任何有我这样的目标理智的学生都会选择一个有很大的工程系、知名的、并且有很多好的实验室和研究设备的大学。

It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America’s literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception.

解析

•主要结构是It has been suggested，这是一个常用句型，类似的如：it is suggested, it is assumed, it is proposed等等。这样的句型往往后面会跟随that引导的主语从句表达it的内容。

•主语从句that almost 80 percent of America’s literate, educated teenagers can no longer read表达it的内容。

•Literate识字的，反义词illiterate；

•Teenager注意指十三岁至十九岁之间的青少年，不包括十一、二岁的，因为十三至十九岁的英文表达都包括teen这个后缀。从教育角度来讲，虽然英国和美国教育体制多样化，但十三岁以上基本上是中学的学生。

•Read这里是阅读的意思。

•without an accompanying noise (music) in the background没有背景声音（音乐）的伴随；accompany意为伴随，来自于company伴随（公司的本意）

•a television screen flickering电视机屏幕的闪烁

•at the corner of their field of perception在他们视线范围的角落，即眼睛的余光能看见（电视机屏幕的闪烁）；perception常考词义为洞察力，是重要单词。

差不多80%的美国的有文化受过教育的10多岁孩子无法在没有背景噪音（音乐）伴随或者在他们能看到的角落不停闪动的电视机屏幕的陪伴下读书。

 

“Global” does not mean products that are consciously identified as American, but ones that consumers – especially young people – see as part of a modern, innovative world in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes.

解析

•主要结构是“Global” does not mean products …but ones …，这里的not…but…是固定句型，意为不是……而是……。

•定语从句that are consciously identified as American修饰products

•定语从句that consumers – especially young people – see as part of a modern, innovative world 修饰ones

•定语从句in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes修饰modern, innovative world

•that are consciously identified as American意为被人们清清楚楚认定为美国的；consciously意为有意识地（不是潜意识地）；be identified as意为被确认为，可以看作固定短语；identify是动词原形，identification是名词，意为身份。

•that consumers – especially young people – see as part of a modern, innovative world意为消费者们——尤其是年轻人——把这些产品看作是现代创新世界的一部分。Consumer意为消费者，顾客用customer，消费的名词consumption，动词consume；see…as…是固定短语，把……看作……；innovative意为创新的，革新的，名词为innovation，动词innovate。

•people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes意为人们被共同的信念和品味跨越不同的文化连接在一起，即不同文化的人以共同的信念和品味为纽带而联系在一起。重点注意shared的用法，表示共享的，共同拥有的，如shared room合住的房间, shared pizza几人合吃的比萨饼。

“全球的”并不是被明确的认定为美国的产物，而是那些消费者们--尤其是年轻人--把这些产品看作是世界创新的一部分，在这里将不同的交叉文化通过共同的信念和品未联系起来。

 

If FIFA, football’s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.

解析

•主要结构是it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance

•If引导条件状语从句If FIFA, football’s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup,

•rather than rushing to keep up with the ball和keep their eyes on the action from a distance是对应结构，…rather than…相当于中文的“……而不是……”。

•the researcher argues是全句的后置插入语，即前面所有的内容都是研究者观点的内容。

•Football’s international ruling body足球的国际管理机构。ruling意为统治，管理，原形为rule；body本意为身体，引申义为机构，实体，例如the student body指全体学生；our school claims a student body of 1000意为我们学校的学生总数达到1000人。

•Improve the standard提高水准，是常用短语，例如improve the living standard提高生活水准，improve the salary standard提高薪资水准；

•Refereeing意为裁判（这个行为），裁判（人）用referee。

•Keep with the ball跟着球跑

•Keep their eyes on the action眼睛盯着（球员的）行动，keep one’s eyes on …是固定短语，表示盯着……。

•Argue在这里指提出（观点），有时argue可以表示争辩。

研究员认为。如果国际足联，足球的国际管理机构，想要在下届世界杯提高裁判标准，就应该鼓励裁判保持一定距离用眼睛看动作，而不是为了跟着球不停猛跑。

The fine points of etiquette that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents (“Chew with your mouth closed.” “Keep your elbows off the table.”) must be picked up elsewhere.

解析

•主要结构是The fine points of etiquette must be picked up elsewhere

•That引导定语从句children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents (“Chew with your mouth closed.” “Keep your elbows off the table.”)修饰The fine points of etiquette

•括号中的“Chew with your mouth closed.” “Keep your elbows off the table.”表述instruction的具体内容

•The fine points of etiquette意为礼仪中的优点。注意Etiquette特指礼仪或礼节，和politeness礼貌不同。

•Pick up意为重新拾起。如pick up English指以前学过英语，后来丢了，现在再重新学。

•By observation or instruction from parents and grandparents意为通过观察或父辈和祖父辈的教导。

•Chew意为咀嚼，常用词chewing gum口香糖

一些好的礼仪必须在其他某些地方才可重新捡起来，而这些礼仪本来是在孩子们吃饭的时候通过观察以及父辈祖父辈们的教导而得到的，比如闭上嘴巴咀嚼,把胳膊肘放在桌子外面。

 

They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born with, or whether it is a learned behavior.

解析

•主要结构是They offer a new way to probe …and throw new light on …

•宾语从句how the brain generates and understands language是probe（探索）的内容

•Whether引导同位语从句whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born with, or whether it is a learned behavior修饰an old scientific controversy表明古老科学争议的内容

•Offer意为提供。有些时候这个词很难翻译成汉语对等词。例如job offer，指公司向雇员提出建立雇佣关系的书面文件；I received 3 job offers.译成汉语大概是我收到了三个公司希望我加盟的邀约。再比如国外大学会给申请入学者提供offer，即提供上大学的机会。 Last month I received 3 offers, all of which came from world top 100 universities.上个月我收到三份大学的入学邀请信，它们全都来自世界排名前一百位大学。

•Probe意为探索，近义词investigate调查，discover发现，explore探索

•Generate产生，词根gene和基因有关，名词generation

•Throw light on是固定短语，意为把光线投射在……上面，即照亮……。Throw new light on…意为将新的光线投射在……上面，引申意为对……提供了新的解释。

•Controversy意为争议，形容词controversial

•whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born with, or whether it is a learned behavior.这个句子是用or连接的两个whether引导的从句，即whether…or whether…。Language，complete with grammar意为有语法后变得完备的语言。

•A learned behavior直译为被学习的行为，即后天习得行为，相对于先天行为。

针对人脑是如何产生和掌握语言的，他们提供了一个新的探索方法并且针对过去古老的科学争论抛出来新的解释，究竟是我们生而就具有语法完善过的语言呢，还是我们后天学习到的。

 

Stokoe – now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on American Sign Language and the deaf culture – is having lunch at a café near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution.

解析

•主要结构是Stokoe… is having lunch… and explaining…

•破折号中是插入语now devoting his time to …

• devote… to…是短语，意为把……贡献于/用于……。注意to后面接名词性的成分，例如名词、代词、现在分词等。devote的名词形式是devotion。两个并列结构to writing and editing books and journals和to producing video materials on American Sign Language and the deaf culture以and连接。注意此处第二个to不可省，因为to在这里是介词，和后面的分词构成介宾结构，是相对稳定的，不能拆开。

•Journal意为杂志，期刊。

•Video material意为录像资料

•American sign language意为美国手语。身势语（体态语言）为body language。

•Deaf culture意为聋人的文化，文化在这里是泛指聋人圈子里的事情。

•How he started a revolution作explain的宾语。

stokoe，最近把时间都花在书写和编辑书和杂志以及为美国手语和聋人文化做音像材料，现在正在gallaudet校园的咖啡馆吃午饭，解释他是怎么开始一场革命的！

 

Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.

解析

•主要结构是Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world…。But相当于only

•As引导时间状语从句as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system

•built over the decades…修饰global network of underwater listening system

•Tracking whales跟踪鲸鱼

•Just opening to civilian scientists刚刚对非军方科学家开放。注意civilian是military的相对词，如civilian clothes是老百姓的衣服，而military uniform是军队的制服。Civilian的词根是civil表示城市的，文明的，所以相关词有civilization文明，civilized文明的。

•Cold war冷战

•Navy海军。注意army可以表示军队，也可以表示陆军。

•Start to share and partly uncover…中share和uncover并列，短语意为开始分享和部分公开……。注意cover的两个反义词，discover意为发现，uncover意为公开。

•Global network of underwater listening system全球水下监听系统。

•Built over the decades在几十年中建立起来的。注意over后面可以跟一段时间，类似于during。

•Potential enemies意为潜在的敌人。Potential是重点词，既可以当形容词表示潜在的，也可以当名词，表示潜力。

跟踪鲸鱼只是令人激动新领域中的一个例子，它刚刚对非军方科学家开放，自从冷战以来，海军开始共享和部分公开这些全球水下监听网络系统，这些监听系统为了跟踪潜在敌人的船只而建设了几十年。

 

A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.

解析

•主要结构是A study …confirmed…

•That引导宾语从句those …regained almost all their old weight, 作confirm的宾语

•第一个Who引导定语从句who dieted without exercise修饰第一个those

•While引导状语从句while those… maintained their new weight.和前面those那个句子相对比

•第二个who引导定语从句who worked exercise into their daily routine修饰第二个those

•A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees是常见结构，基本模式为A study at （地点）of （研究对象）。这样的结构以后要习惯一眼扫过，直接找谓语动词。overweight超重的。Public employee公共雇员，即相当于中国的公务员。

•Confirm确认，及物动词；名词为confirmation。

•Diet本句中意为节食，有短语go on diet节食。Diet有时意为饮食。形容词dietary，饮食习惯dietary habits。

•Exercise锻炼

•Regain almost all their old weight几乎重新回到他们原来的体重。Regain意为重新获得，前缀re表示再一次，返回。

•Work exercise into their daily routine把锻炼作为自己的日常活动。

•Maintain意为维持。该词是多义词，也可以指保养，维护。

一份来自波士敦大学针对超重警员和其他公务员的医疗中心的研究证实：那些通过节食而没有运动的人会很快恢复他们原来的体重，而那些坚持日常锻炼的人则会维持着新的体重。

Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the costal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America’s energy problems.

解析

•主要结构是the National Resources Defense Council says…

•Says后面跟的宾语从句there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil省略了引导词that

•Sticking to the low end of government estimates是个非常重要的分词结构。动词部分sticking to的主语没有出现在该结构中，所以主句主语就是sticking to的主语。如果sticking to前面有名词属格，如national basketball association’s，则该名词是sticking to的主语。

•a drop in the bucket…作no more than… oil的同位语。

•That引导定语从句that would do …problems修饰a drop in the bucket

•Stick to是固定短语，表示坚持，死守不放

•the low end of government estimates政府预估的低端

•economically recoverable oil经济上可开采的石油。

•costal plain海岸的平原

•a drop in the bucket这里的drop意为一滴（不要误解为下降），a drop in the bucket相当于中文的杯水车薪。即不超过32亿桶经济上可开采的石油仅是杯水车薪而已。

•Virtually意为基本上，实际上

•ease America’s energy problems减轻美国的能源问题。Ease one’s problem可以看成一个常用短语。

全国能源防御委员会坚持政府的低端估计，他们说，在ANWR的海岸平原上，经济上可开采的石油可能不足32亿桶，杯水车薪阿，这些石油对减轻美国能源问题起不到什么实际的作用.

Also on the agenda for next year: a proposal, backed by some influential law-makers, to split the INS into two agencies – a good cop that would tend to service functions like processing citizenship papers and a bad cop that would concentrate on border inspections, deportation and other functions.

解析

•主要结构是Also on the agenda for next year，是个不完整句，相当于Also on the agenda for next year is…

•冒号后面的主要结构是a proposal to…，中间有插入的定语backed by… law-makers，proposal的内容是to引导的to split the INS into two agencies

•破折号后面是two agencies的描述，a good cop…和a bad cop，以and连接

•Good cop后面跟that引导的定语从句，类似的，bad cop后面跟that引导的定语从句。像这样对比强烈的结构，往往是重点。

•on the agenda是固定短语，表示在日程表上。

•Proposal to…做……的提议。Proposal是名词，表提议，动词propose.

•backed by some influential law-makers得到一些有影响力的立法者支持，注意back可以表示支持的意义。

•split the INS into two agencies把INS分成两个机构

•tend to service functions中tend to是重要短语，意为习惯上，有……趋势，有时可翻译为常常。Service作动词，和function搭配表示起作用。

•processing citizenship papers处理居民文件。注意paper是多义词，可以指考试卷，身份证明文件，文件等。

•concentrate on border inspections, deportation and other functions重点从事边境检查，驱逐出境和其他工作。concentrate on 是重点短语，表示集中于……

明年的议程将包括：一些有影响的立法者支持的一个提议会将DNS分为两个机构 --好警察通常会从事处理居民文件等一些服务性职能,不好的警察将重点从事边境检查，驱逐出境和其他工作

As further evidence of the erosion of corporate faith in specialized degrees, Michigan State’s Scheetz cites a pattern in corporate hiring practices - although companies tend to take on specialists as new hires, they often seek out generalists for middle and upper-level management.

解析

•主要结构是Michigan State’s Scheetz cites a pattern…

•As是介词，引导介宾短语As further evidence…

•破折号后是pattern的内容，主句是they often seek out generalists…，从句是although companies tend to…

•As further evidence作为进一步的证据

•the erosion of corporate faith in specialized degrees可以看成两个部分： the erosion of corporate faith公司信任度下降，和faith in specialized degrees对专业学位的信任。Erosion意为腐蚀，即越来越少，动词erode，形容词erosive；corporate意为集团的，公司的；faith in …可以看成固定短语，意为对……的信任。

•Michigan State密歇根州。

•cites a pattern引用了一种模式

•in corporate hiring practices在公司聘用员工的实践中，practice意为操作惯例。

•take on specialists as new hires雇佣专才为新员工

•seek out generalists寻找通才

•middle and upper-level management中高层管理人员，这里middle和upper共享level，相当于middle-level and upper-level management。Management意为管理层，有时可指管理。注意其形容词为managerial。

尽管更多的证据表明企业对专业学位的信任度在下降，。。。

密歇根州立scheetz引用了公司聘用员工的实践中的一个典例：虽然企业倾向于雇佣专才作为新员工，但他们也经常寻找多面手作为中高层管理者。

But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading.

解析

•特别注意：本句语法结构不严谨。

•主要结构是my own worry today is less that of…than it is of…

•在than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem后面跟了两个并列的of结构： of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader和of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence（语法上，应该用and连接这两个并列结构）。

•Afford后面有两个宾语those spaces of silence和those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration（语法上，应该用and连接这两个并列结构）。

•That引导的定语从句that surround the image of the classic act of reading修饰those spaces of silence, those luxuries… and concentration

•本句层次较复杂，请仔细体会下面的层次结构图。

•But my own worry today is

•   less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy（并列-1）

•   than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem（并列-2）

•      of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader,（并列-1）

•      of his unwillingness to afford（并列-2）

•         those spaces of silence,（并列-1）

•         those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration,（并列-2）

•              that surround the image of the classic act of reading.

•But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading.

•less that of the overwhelming problem中that代替worry。it is of the slightly more luxurious problem中it代替my own worry today，省略了of之前的worry 。这个结构较复杂，希望大家仔细体会。相当于：

•My own worry today is less worry of the overwhelming problem of…than worry of the slightly more luxurious problem of…。

•Overwhelming problem意为具有压倒性的问题，即普遍性的问题

•Elemental literacy基本的教育水平

•Luxurious problem奢侈而舒适的问题，这里是常用的转移修饰，因为后面提到的middle-class reader生活相对舒适，比如在美国，他们可能有一栋自己的房产，几辆汽车，生活压力并不大。

•Decline in the skill阅读技能的下降。Decline意为下降，名词declination。有时decline可表示婉言拒绝。

•Unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration不愿意为了安静的空间，幸福的家庭氛围，悠然自得的时间和全神贯注读书而付出努力。注意这里的afford不是付钱。

•that surround the image of the classic act of reading围绕着古典读书行为的形象。在古代欧洲，电视机没有发明之前，家庭晚间消遣娱乐的一种主要方式是围坐在一起，由其中一个人读书，其他人听。这也是简~爱、呼啸山庄、傲慢与偏见等小说在当时流行的原因之一。classic可以理解为古典的，也可以理解为经典的。

但是今天我本人所担心基础教育这类压倒性的问题比慢慢增长的奢华的问题要少，比如，甚至一些中产阶级阅读者的阅读技能在下降，他们不愿意为了安静的空间，幸福的家庭氛围和悠然自得的时间和全身关注的读书而付出努力，这些画面如同古时读书的一样环绕着我们。

The violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart.

解析

•本句很难，希望同学仔细体会

•主要结构是分号隔开的两个并列句子

•1）The violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy;

•2）this new form of… renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration

•Let alone引导让步状语从句修饰第二个并列句let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves,

•Which引导定语从句which is to learn it by heart修饰tribute.

•The violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart.

•The violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy这种对全神贯注、安静和独处原则的违背深入到我们学习概念的核心部分。violation意为违背，违反，侵犯，践踏，动词violate。注意相关词violence暴力（名词），violent暴力的（形容词）

•this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction这种在背景干扰下不全神贯注阅读的新形式。这个部分相当于一个名词结构，作render的主语。

•renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration使某些很重要的理解和聚精会神的行为变得不可能。这里render相当于make，render…impossible可以看成一个固定结构，使……不可能。apprehension现在一般指担忧，焦虑。文中是较老的用法，意为理解。

•let alone是固定短语，相当于更不用说，常用来引导让步状语从句。

•Tribute意为敬意，和后面的pay… to构成短语pay tribute to对……表示敬意，文中为对自己喜爱的诗歌或散文以恭敬的心情阅读。

•Learn …by heart记住

聚精会神、安静、独处的违背深入到了我们读书意愿的核心部分以及这种在对抗背景干扰下的而不能全力读书和理解的新形式，在使人们某些重要的理解和聚精会神的做法变得不可能。

更不用说人们能够对她（他）真正喜欢的一篇诗歌或者散文用心来学习。