Comparison of Organizational Structures

Organization Structure

Functional

Matrix

Projectized

Project Characteristics

Weak Matrix

Balanced Matrix

Strong Matrix

 

 

 

 

 

 

Project Manager’s Authority

Little or None

Limited

(Coordinator)

Low to Moderate

Moderate to High

High to almost Total

Resource Availability

Little or None

Limited

Low to Moderate

Moderate to High

High to almost Total

Who controls the Project Budget

Functional Manager

Functional Manager

Mixed

Project Manager

Project Manager

Project Manager’s Role

Part-time

Part-time

Full-time

Full-Time

Full-time

Project Management Admin. Staff

Part-time

Part-time

Part-time

Full-time

Full-time

 

 

 

 

 

 

Advantages

Ø  Easier Management of Specialists

Ø  Team members report to only one supervisor

Ø  Similar resources are centralized and company is grouped by specialties

Ø  Clearly defined career paths in the area of work specialization

Ø    Highly visible project objectives

Ø    Improved project manager control over resources

Ø    More support from functional organizations

Ø    Maximum utilization of scarce resource

Ø    Better coordination

Ø    Better horizontal and vertical dissemination of Information than functional.

Ø    Team member maintain a home

Ø    Efficient project organization

Ø    Loyalty to the project

Ø    More effective communication than functional.

Ø    Team members do maintain home while they are on project.

Ø    Most appropriate when the project size is large and technology is new

 

Disadvantages

 

v Team members place more emphasis on their functional specialty to the detriment of the project.

v No career path in project management.

v Project Manager has little of no authority.

 

v   Extra Administration required (Admin Staff required)

v   More than one boss for project team

v   More complex to monitor and control

v   Tougher problems with resource allocation.

v   Need extensive policies and procedures

v   Functional managers have different priorities than project managers

v   More potential to conflict.

 

 

v   No “Home” when project is completed.

v   Lack of professionalism in discipline

v   Duplication of facilities and job functions

v   Less efficient use of resources.

考虑柔性负荷的综合能源系统低碳经济优化调度【考虑碳交易机制】(Matlab代码实现)内容概要:本文围绕“考虑柔性负荷的综合能源系统低碳经济优化调度”展开,重点研究在碳交易机制下如何实现综合能源系统的低碳化与经济性协同优化。通过构建包含风电、光伏、储能、柔性负荷等多种能源形式的系统模型,结合碳交易成本与能源调度成本,提出优化调度策略,以降低碳排放并提升系统运行经济性。文中采用Matlab进行仿真代码实现,验证了所提模型在平衡能源供需、平抑可再生能源波动、引导柔性负荷参与调度等方面的有效性,为低碳能源系统的设计与运行提供了技术支撑。; 适合人群:具备一定电力系统、能源系统背景,熟悉Matlab编程,从事能源优化、低碳调度、综合能源系统等相关领域研究的研究生、科研人员及工程技术人员。; 使用场景及目标:①研究碳交易机制对综合能源系统调度决策的影响;②实现柔性负荷在削峰填谷、促进可再生能源消纳中的作用;③掌握基于Matlab的能源系统建模与优化求解方法;④为实际综合能源项目提供低碳经济调度方案参考。; 阅读建议:建议读者结合Matlab代码深入理解模型构建与求解过程,重点关注目标函数设计、约束条件设置及碳交易成本的量化方式,可进一步扩展至多能互补、需求响应等场景进行二次开发与仿真验证。
While the provided references do not directly address the comparison of different types of pointers in programming, in general programming, different types of pointers can be compared in various ways. ### Pointer Comparison Rules - **Same Type Comparison**: When comparing pointers of the same type, the comparison is often based on the memory addresses they point to. For example, in C and C++, if you have two pointers of the same type, you can use comparison operators such as `==`, `!=`, `<`, `>`, `<=`, and `>=`. If two pointers point to the same memory location, the `==` comparison will return `true`. ```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a = 10; int b = 20; int *ptr1 = &a; int *ptr2 = &a; int *ptr3 = &b; if (ptr1 == ptr2) { printf("ptr1 and ptr2 point to the same location.\n"); } if (ptr1 != ptr3) { printf("ptr1 and ptr3 point to different locations.\n"); } return 0; } ``` - **Different Type Comparison**: Comparing pointers of different types is more complex and often implementation - defined. In some languages, direct comparison of pointers of different types is not allowed. In C and C++, you can cast pointers to a common type (usually `void *`) before comparison. However, the result of such a comparison may not always be meaningful, especially if the pointers point to different types of objects. ```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a = 10; char c = 'A'; int *intPtr = &a; char *charPtr = &c; void *voidPtr1 = (void *)intPtr; void *voidPtr2 = (void *)charPtr; if (voidPtr1 != voidPtr2) { printf("The pointers point to different locations.\n"); } return 0; } ``` ### Special Cases - **Null Pointer Comparison**: A null pointer can be compared with other pointers. In most languages, a null pointer represents a pointer that does not point to a valid memory location. Comparing a pointer with a null pointer is a common way to check if a pointer is valid. ```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { int *ptr = NULL; if (ptr == NULL) { printf("The pointer is null.\n"); } return 0; } ```
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