学术写作 如何展开

展开：铺垫前提背景（可以用if）+展开到结论

但是有些题：如 政府政策类题型：

        1. 政府在教育人们注意食品营养健康现在比以前做的好还是不好：不要用if，用Since, Because, when

        2. 教育该不该教育人们注意食品。可if

现在比以前 注意 than that in the past, 小心语法错误，错误超过两次就会严重扣分了。 

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📌 ​​一、核心要求​​

1. ​​Argument任务​​

   • ​​核心目标​​：批判性分析给定论证的逻辑漏洞（如因果错误、样本偏差、类比不当等），而非表达个人观点。
   • ​​评分重点​​：逻辑漏洞识别的准确性、反驳深度、证据支持的有效性。
   • ​​常见错误类型​​：
     • ​​因果混淆​​（Correlation vs. Causation）
     • ​​样本偏差​​（Unrepresentative Sample）
     • ​​错误类比​​（False Analogy）
     • ​​时间外推​​（Hasty Generalization）

2. ​​Issue任务​​

   • ​​核心目标​​：针对复杂议题提出清晰立场，并用多元论据（事例、数据、哲理）展开辩证分析。
   • ​​高分关键​​：思想深度、论证层次（如让步反驳）、语言精准度。

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⚙️ ​​二、Argument写作框架与技巧​​（以五段式结构为例）

📝 ​​1. 开头段（2-3句）​​

• ​​功能​​：重述结论+指出逻辑脆弱性
• ​​模板​​：

  "The argument concludes that [结论]. To support this, the author cites [证据]. However, this reasoning suffers from critical flaws, including [漏洞1] and [漏洞2], rendering the conclusion unpersuasive."

🔍 ​​2. 主体段（3段，每段6-8句）​​

• ​​结构​​：​​漏洞定位 → 解释逻辑错误 → 反例/替代解释 → 后果分析​​

• ​​范例（攻击样本偏差）​​：

  "Firstly, the author assumes that [调查结果] proves [结论]. Yet the survey's reliability is dubious. For instance, the sample may lack representativeness—if respondents were only [特定群体], their views cannot reflect broader populations . Without data on sample size and demographic diversity, this evidence is insufficient."

• ​​关键技巧​​：

  • 使用​​MIT结构​​：Mention（提及原论证）→ Imply（揭示隐含假设）→ Truth（用公理/数据反驳）
  • 灵活运用​​反驳句型​​：
    "The argument overlooks the possibility that..."
    "Absent evidence ruling out [他因], the author cannot justify..."

✒️ ​​3. 结尾段（2-3句）​​

• ​​模板​​：

  "In sum, the argument's dependence on unsubstantiated assumptions and flawed evidence undermines its validity. To strengthen it, the author must provide [具体改进建议，如权威统计数据]."

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📚 ​​三、Issue写作核心策略​​

1. ​​辩证结构（推荐四段式）​​：

   • ​​首段​​：明确立场（e.g., "While technology enhances connectivity, it paradoxically isolates individuals..."）
   • ​​论证段1​​：主论点 + 事例（e.g., 社交媒体导致孤独感↑，引用《Journal of Social Psychology》研究）
   • ​​论证段2​​：让步反驳（e.g., "Admittedly, virtual communication bridges geographical gaps, yet physical interactions remain irreplaceable for empathy-building..."）
   • ​​结尾​​：升华立场（e.g., "Balance between digital and real-world engagement is crucial"）

2. ​​语言升级技巧​​：

   • ​​词汇​​：避免重复，使用学术同义词（e.g., 重要：crucial → pivotal → paramount）
   • ​​句式​​：穿插倒装、虚拟语气（e.g., "Were society to neglect this issue, social fragmentation would escalate."）

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🧩 ​​四、Argument高分范例​

​​题目​​：某镇因健身俱乐部火爆和学校推行健身计划，建议开设健康食品店。
​​反驳段落​​：
"Secondly, the author falsely equates gym popularity with demand for health food. Even assuming fitness clubs are popular, their members may prioritize convenience over nutrition—a busy professional might prefer fast food post-workout. Moreover, school fitness programs target children, but their parents control dietary choices; if parents lack health consciousness, the store’s customer base shrinks. Without surveys confirming target customers’ purchasing preferences, this analogy is speculative."

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