Timeline of programming languages

Predecessor(s)	Year	Name	Chief developer, Company
Pre 1950
*	~1837	Analytical Engine order code	Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace
*	1943-5	Plankalkül (concept)	Konrad Zuse
*	1943-6	ENIAC coding system	John von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing
ENIAC coding system	1946	ENIAC Short Code	Richard Clippinger, John von Neumann after Alan Turing
ENIAC coding system	1946	Von Neumann and Goldstine graphing system (Notation)	John von Neumann and Herman Goldstine
ENIAC coding system	1947	ARC Assembly	Kathleen Booth
Analytical Engine order code	1948	CPC Coding scheme	Howard Aiken
ENIAC coding system	1948	Curry notation system	Haskell Curry
ENIAC Short Code	1949	Brief Code	John Mauchly and William F. Schmitt
ENIAC Short Code	1949	C-10	Betty Holberton
CPC Coding scheme	1949	Seeber coding scheme (concept)	Robert Seeber
1950 onward 1950s
Brief Code	1950	Short Code	William F Schmidt, A.B. Tonik, J.R. Logan
ARC	1950	Birkbeck Assembler	Kathleen Booth
Plankalkül	1951	Superplan	Heinz Rutishauser
*	1951	ALGAE	Edward A Voorhees and Karl Balke
Short Code	1951	Intermediate Programming Language	Arthur Burks
EDSAC	1951	Regional Assembly Language	Maurice Wilkes
Aiken CPC system	1951	Boehm unnamed coding system	Corrado Boehm
Plankalkül	1951	Klammerausdrücke	Konrad Zuse
Short Code	1951	OMNIBAC Symbolic Assembler	Charles Katz
*	1951	Stanislaus (Notation)	Fritz Bauer
EDSAC	1951	Whirlwind assembler	Charles Adams and Jack Gilmore at MIT Project Whirlwind
EDSAC	1951	Rochester assembler	Nat Rochester
*	1951	Sort Merge Generator	Betty Holberton
C-10 and Short Code	1952	A-0	Grace Hopper
Aiken CPC	1952	Autocode	Alick Glennie after Alan Turing
SORT/MERGE	1952	Editing Generator	Milly Koss
*	1952	COMPOOL	RAND/SDC
*	1953	Speedcoding	John W. Backus
*	1953	READ/PRINT	Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman
*	1954	Laning and Zierler system	Laning, Zierler, Adams at MIT Project Whirlwind
Glennie Autocode	1954	Mark I Autocode	Tony Brooker
Speedcoding	1954-1955	FORTRAN "0" (concept)	Team led by John W. Backus at IBM
A-0	1954	ARITH-MATIC	Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC
A-0	1954	MATH-MATIC	Team led by Charles Katz
*	1954	MATRIX MATH	H G Kahrimanian
*	1954	IPL I (concept)	Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon
A-0	1955	FLOW-MATIC	Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC
	1955	BACAIC	M. Grems and R. Porter
FORTRAN, A-2	1955	PACT I	SHARE
Boehm	1955-6	Sequentielle Formelübersetzung	Fritz Bauer and Karl Samelson
Laning and Zerler	1955-6	IT	Team led by Alan Perlis
	1955	PRINT	IBM
IPL I	1958	IPL II (implementation)	Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon
IPL	1956-1958	LISP (concept)	John McCarthy
FLOW-MATIC	1957	COMTRAN	Bob Bemer
FORTRAN 0	1957	FORTRAN "I" (implementation)	John W. Backus at IBM
MATH-MATIC	1957-1958	UNICODE	Remington Rand UNIVAC
*	1957	COMIT (concept)
FORTRAN I	1958	FORTRAN II	Team led by John W. Backus at IBM
FORTRAN, IT and Sequentielle Formelübersetzung	1958	ALGOL 58 (IAL)	ACM/GAMM
IPL II	1958	IPL V	Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon
*	1959	FACT	Fletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick
FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT	1959	COBOL (concept)	The Codasyl Committee
ALGOL 58	1959	JOVIAL	Jules Schwartz at SDC
IPL	1959	LISP (implementation)	John McCarthy
	1959	TRAC (concept)	Mooers
1960s
ALGOL 58	1960	ALGOL 60
FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN	1960	COBOL 61 (implementation)	The Codasyl Committee
*	1961	COMIT (implementation)
FORTRAN II	1962	FORTRAN IV
*	1962	APL (concept)	Iverson
ALGOL 58	1962	MAD	Arden, et al.
ALGOL 60	1962	SIMULA (concept)
FORTRAN II, COMIT	1962	SNOBOL	Griswold, et al.
ALGOL 60	1963	CPL	Barron, Strachey, et al.
SNOBOL	1963	SNOBOL3	Griswold, et al.
ALGOL 60	1963	ALGOL 68 (concept)	van Wijngaarden, et al.
ALGOL 58	1963	JOSS I	Cliff Shaw, RAND
MIDAS	1964	MIMIC	H. E. Petersen, et al.
CPL, LISP	1964	COWSEL	Burstall, Popplestone
ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN	1964	PL/I (concept)	IBM
FORTRAN II, JOSS	1964	BASIC	Kemeny and Kurtz
FARGO	1964	IBM RPG	IBM
	1964	Mark-IV	Informatics
	1964	TRAC (implementation)	Mooers
	1964?	IITRAN
JOSS	1965	TELCOMP	BBN
JOSS I	1966	JOSS II	Chuck Baker, RAND
ALGOL 60	1966	ALGOL W	Niklaus Wirth, C. A. R. Hoare
FORTRAN IV	1966	FORTRAN 66
LISP	1966	ISWIM (Concept)	Landin
ALGOL 60	1966	CORAL66
CPL	1967	BCPL	Richards
FORTRAN, TELCOMP	1967	MUMPS	Massachusetts General Hospital
*	1967	APL (implementation)	Iverson
ALGOL 60	1967	SIMULA 67 (implementation)	Dahl, Myhrhaug, Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral
Lisp	1967	InterLisp	D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy
SNOBOL3	1967	SNOBOL4	Griswold, et al.
PL/I	1967	XPL	W. M. Mckeeman, et al. at University Of California Santa Cruz, California J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford University
ALGOL 60	1968	ALGOL 68 (UNESCO/IFIP standard)	A. van Wijngaarden, B.J. Mailloux, J.E.L. Peck and C.H.A. Koster, et al.
COWSEL	1968	POP-1	Burstall, Popplestone
DIBOL	1968	DIBOL-8	DEC
	1968	FORTH (concept)	Moore
LISP	1968	LOGO	Papert
CRT RPS	1968	MAPPER	Unisys
*	1968	REFAL (implementation)	Valentin Turchin
ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN	1969	PL/I (implementation)	IBM
BCPL	1969	B	Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie
	1969	PPL	Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University
	1969	SETL	Jacob T. Schwartz at Courant Institute
	1969	TUTOR	University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
1970s
	1970?	FORTH (implementation)	Moore
POP-1	1970	POP-2
ALGOL 60, ALGOL W	1970	Pascal	Wirth, Jensen
Pascal, XPL	1971	Sue	Holt et al. at University of Toronto
SIMULA 67	1972	Smalltalk	Xerox PARC
PL/I, ALGOL, XPL	1972	PL/M	Kildall at Digital Research
B, BCPL, ALGOL 68	1972	C	Dennis Ritchie
*	1972	INTERCAL	Don Woods and James M. Lyon
2-level W-Grammar	1972	Prolog	Colmerauer
Pascal, BASIC	1973	COMAL	Christensen, Løfstedt
	1973	ML	Robin Milner
Pascal, Sue	1973	LIS	Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull
BASIC	1974	GRASS	DeFanti
Business BASIC	1974	BASIC FOUR	MAI BASIC Four Inc.
SETL	1975	ABC	Leo Geurts and Lambert Meertens
LISP	1975	Scheme	Sussman, Steele
BASIC	1975	Altair BASIC	Gates, Allen
ALGOL 68, BLISS, ECL, HAL	1975	CS-4	Brosgol at Intermetrics
Pascal	1975	Modula	Wirth
Smalltalk-72	1976	Smalltalk-76	Xerox PARC
Speakeasy-2	1976	Speakeasy-3	Stanley Cohen,Stephen Pieper at Argonne National Laboratory
C, FORTRAN	1976	Ratfor	Kernighan
APL, PPL, Scheme	1976	S	John Chambers at Bell Laboratories
*	1977	FP	John Backus
*	1977	Bourne Shell (sh)	Bourne
Fortran	1977	IDL	David Stern of Research Systems Inc
MUMPS	1977	Standard MUMPS
SNOBOL	1977	Icon (concept)	Griswold
ALGOL 68, LIS	1977	Green	Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull for US Dept of Defense
ALGOL 68, CS-4	1977	Red	Brosgol et al. at Intermetrics for US Dept of Defense
ALGOL 68,	1977	Blue	Goodenough et al. at SofTech for US Dept of Defense
ALGOL 68,	1977	Yellow	Spitzen et al. at SRI International for US Dept of Defense
*	1978?	MATLAB	Moler at the University of New Mexico
Algol60	1978?	SMALL	Brownlee at the University of Auckland
Ingres	1978	SQL aka structured query language	IBM
*	1978	VISICALC	Bricklin, Frankston marketed by VisiCorp
Modula	1979	Modula-2	Wirth
PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2	1979	REXX	Cowlishaw
C, SNOBOL	1979	AWK	Aho, Weinberger, Kernighan
SNOBOL	1979	Icon (implementation)	Griswold
*	1979	Vulcan dBase-II	Ratliff
1980s
C, SIMULA 67	1980	C with classes	Stroustrup
BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research	1980-1981	CBASIC	Gordon Eubanks
Speakeasy-3	1982?	Speakeasy-IV	Stanley Cohen, et al. at Speakeasy Computing Corporation
Smalltalk, C	1982	Objective-C	Brad Cox
BASICA	1983	GW-BASIC	Microsoft
Green	1983	Ada	CII Honeywell Bull
C with Classes	1983	C++	Stroustrup
BASIC	1983	True BASIC	Kemeny, Kurtz at Dartmouth College
COBOL	1983?	ABAP	SAP
sh	1984?	Korn Shell (ksh)	David Korn
Forth, Lisp	1984	RPL	Hewlett-Packard
ML	1984	Standard ML
dBase	1984	CLIPPER	Nantucket
LISP	1984	Common Lisp	Guy Steele and many others
	1984	Redcode	A.K. Dewdney and D.G. Jones
Pascal	1985	Object Pascal	Apple Computer
dBase	1985	PARADOX	Borland
InterPress	1985	PostScript	Warnock
BASIC	1985	QuickBASIC	Microsoft
BASIC	1986	GFA BASIC	Frank Ostrowski
	1986	Miranda	David Turner at University of Kent
	1986	LabVIEW	National Instruments
SIMULA 67	1986	Eiffel	Meyer
	1986	Informix-4GL	Informix
C	1986	PROMAL
INFORM	1986	CorVision	Cortex
Smalltalk	1987	Self (concept)	Sun Microsystems Inc.
*	1987	HyperTalk	Apple
C	1987	Magic	Magic Software Enterprises
C, sed, awk, sh	1987	Perl	Wall
Modula-2	1987	Oberon	Wirth
Prolog	1987	Erlang	Joe Armstrong and others in Ericsson
*	1987	Mathematica	Wolfram Research
BASIC/Z	1987	Turbo Basic	Robert 'Bob' Zale
MATLAB	1988	Octave
Awk, Lisp	1988	Tcl	Ousterhout
BASIC	1988	STOS BASIC	François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos
REXX	1988	Object REXX	Simon C. Nash
Ada	1988	SPARK	Bernard A. Carré
APL	1988	A+	Arthur Whitney
Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal	1989	Turbo Pascal OOP	Hejlsberg at Borland
Modula-2	1989	Modula-3	Cardeli, et al. DEC and Olivetti
Turbo Basic	1989	PowerBASIC	Robert 'Bob' Zale
1990s
STOS BASIC	1990	AMOS BASIC	François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos
Oberon	1990	Object Oberon	H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer
APL, FP	1990	J	Iverson, R. Hui at Iverson Software
Miranda	1990	Haskell
Common Lisp, Scheme	1990	Eulisp
Object Oberon	1991	Oberon-2	Hanspeter Mössenböck, Wirth
ABC, ALGOL 68[1], Icon, Modula-3	1991	Python	Van Rossum
Prolog	1991	Oz	Gert Smolka and his students
	1991	Q	Albert Gräf
QuickBASIC	1991	Visual Basic	Alan Cooper, sold to Microsoft
Turbo Pascal OOP	1992	Borland Pascal
Common Lisp, Scheme	1992	Dylan	many people at Apple Computer
ksh	1993?	Z Shell (zsh)
Smalltalk	1993?	Self (implementation)	Sun Microsystems Inc.
*	1993	Brainfuck	Urban Müller
Forth	1993	FALSE	Wouter van Oortmerssen
*	1993	WinDev	PC Soft
HyperTalk	1993	Revolution Transcript
HyperTalk	1993	AppleScript	Apple
APL, Lisp	1993	K	Arthur Whitney
Smalltalk, Perl	1993	Ruby	Yukihiro Matsumoto
Lua	1993	Lua	Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio
C	1993	ZPL	Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington
Self, Dylan	1993	NewtonScript	Walter Smith
Common Lisp	1994	ANSI Common Lisp
Perl	1994	PHP	Rasmus Lerdorf
LPC, C, µLPC	1994	Pike	Fredrik Hübinette et al. at Linköping University
Forth	1994	ANS Forth	Elizabeth Rather, et al.
Borland Pascal	1995	Borland Delphi	Anders Hejlsberg at Borland
	1995	ColdFusion (CFML)	Allaire
C, SIMULA67 OR C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C	1995	Java	James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
Self, Java	1995	LiveScript	Brendan Eich at Netscape
Lisp, C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML	1996	Curl	David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at MIT
LiveScript	1996	JavaScript	Brendan Eich at Netscape
APL, Perl	1996	Perl Data Language (PDL)	Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller
S	1996	R	Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka
REXX	1996	NetRexx	Cowlishaw
	1996	Lasso	Blue World Communication
Oberon-2	1997	Component Pascal	Oberon microsystems, Inc
Joule, Original-E	1997	E	Mark S. Miller
Scheme	1997	Pico	Free University of Brussels
Smalltalk-80, Self	1997	Squeak Smalltalk	Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer
JavaScript	1997	ECMAScript	ECMA TC39-TG1
Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C	1997	F-Script	Philippe Mougin
Common Lisp	1997	ISLISP	ISO Standard ISLISP
Java, Scheme, Tcl	1997	Tea	Jorge Nunes
Self, Forth, Lisp, Logo	1997	REBOL	Carl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies
C++, Standard C	1998	Standard C++	ANSI/ISO Standard C++
Erlang	1998	Open Source Erlang	Ericsson
AWK, Perl, Unix shell	1998	Pikt	Robert Osterlund (then at University of Chicago)
JAVA, SQL	1998	DASL (BOS)	Bob Goldberg and Ludovic Champenois at Sun Microsystems
Web 2.0 IDE & ALM	1999	WebDev	PC Soft
DSSSL	1999	XSLT (+ XPath)	W3C, James Clark
Game Maker	1999	Game Maker Language (GML)	Mark Overmars
JAVA, HTML	1999	DASL (AUS)	Bob Goldberg, Bruce Daniels, Peter Yared, Yury Kamen, and Syed Ali at Sun Microsystems
2000s
Java	2000	Join Java	G Stewart von Itzstein
FP, Forth	2000	Joy	von Thun
C, C++, C#, Java	2000	D	Walter Bright at Digital Mars
Ada, C++, Lisp	2000	XL	Christophe de Dinechin
Magic	2000	eDeveloper	Magic Software Enterprises
C, C++, Java, Delphi	2000	C#	Anders Hejlsberg at Microsoft(ECMA)
C, C++, Java, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme	2000	Ferite	Chris Ross
Java	2001	AspectJ	Xerox PARC
Visual Basic	2001	Visual Basic.NET	Microsoft
Self, NewtonScript	2002	Io	Steve Dekorte
C#, ML, MetaHaskell	2003	Nemerle	University of Wrocław
Joy, Forth, Lisp	2003	Factor	Slava Pestov
Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml	2003	Scala	Martin Odersky
Lua	2003	Squirrel	Alberto Demichelis
BASIC	2004	FreeBASIC	Andre Victor
Mobile Development	2004	WinDev Mobile	PC Soft
*	2004	Subtext	Jonathan Edwards
Python, C#	2004	Boo	Rodrigo B. de Oliveira
Object Pascal, C#	2004	Oxygene (formerly Chrome)	RemObjects Software
Java	2004	Groovy	James Strachan
BASIC	2004	ThinBasic	Eros Olmi thinBasic community
*	2005	Corn
Objective Caml, C#, Haskell	2005	F#	Don Syme at Microsoft Research
ARC Assembler	2005	Rage Assembler	Wim Boot at Micronix Softworks
*	2005	Seed7	Thomas Mertes
Haskell	2006	Links	Phil Wadler, University of Edinburgh
*	2006	Kite	Mooneer Salem
C#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQL	2006	Windows PowerShell	Microsoft
C#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang	2007	Fan	Brian Frank, Andy Frank
APEX	2007	APEX	Salesforce.com
C#	2007	Vala	GNOME
Lisp, ML, Haskell, Erlang	2007	Clojure	Rich Hickey
*	2007	LOLCODE	Adam Lindsay
*	2008	RapidRage	Wim Boot at Micronix Softworks
eDeveloper	2008	uniPaaS	Magic Software Enterprises
Haskell	2008	Disciple	Ben Lippmeier Disciple Wiki
C, R	2008	PCASTL	Philippe Choquette
*	2008	Seccia	Sylvain Seccia
Standard ML, SML/NJ	2009	Mythryl	Cynbe ru Taren