独立思考Justic:Free to Choose and Who owns me

本文探讨了自由主义视角下的税收与财富再分配问题,提出在尊重个人权利的同时,也需要通过税收调节来实现社会公平,确保每个人都有平等的发展机会。

这一次花了很长时间,天气太冷了,人也懒了。然后婆婆妈妈地发了些牢骚,作为一个典型的南方人,抗热怕冷,这个冬天真的很冷,想起来2008年的冰灾。虽然没那么冷,但是感觉不好,在家里越坐越冷,人也越来越懒。

在这两课中,即功利主义之后,在功利主义无法解决的一些场景,引入了人文的关怀,注重了个人权利之后,仍然有些问题无法解决,例如大家都认为莎士比亚具有更高的价值,但是我们更宁愿看动画片,更直接一些,是否在功利主义下,我们就可以牺牲个人。在功利主义之后,出现了充分尊重个人权利的自由主义派,这里以Robert Nozick为代表。而这两课中,对自由主义引起的一些争论进行讨论。(我觉得这个课程最大的好处是没有进行宣教,而是让你思考,哲学这个东西,并没有什么绝对,没有唯一标准,将争议摆出来,让大家自己去想)。

自由主义有些类似于老子的寡国少人,也就是minimum state。认为除了必须之外,例如国防,警察等,国家应该不扮演其他角色,特别是家长角色和道德审判。例如gay没有影响到别人,就不应该立法禁止。但是这里有一个很大的争论:就是通过税收政策进行财富的重新分配。这一点也是这两节课在喋喋不休地争论。

Libertarianism也认可一个前提,就是提供政府支出,例如国防等的税收是必须,在此之外,是否需要向富人(假设所有财富来源公正,例如Bill Gates)增收更多的财富以帮助穷人。他的逻辑是:再分配的税收是一种,但这不仅是,它相当于剥削了我的时间和劳动,在道义上,它等同于强迫劳动,强迫劳动就像奴役,因为我并不是唯一能支配我的劳动的,这意味着我是一个奴隶,我不拥有自己。而I own myself是libertarianism的基础。

反驳这种观点,包括有税收是政府决定的,我们投票选举了政府,因此这不能算是slave;穷人更需要金钱的补助;富人应该回馈社会(libertarianism对此的观点是富人可以通过公益事业回馈社会,而不是通过强制税收)。

我虽然也是自由散漫,但我不是一个无政府主义者。如果不通过税收进行重新分配,这个社会可能很难运转,根据马太效益,越多愈多,越少愈少。每个人都应当平等地获得机会,也就是有平等接受教育的权利,不应该因为他的出身,他的父母是否成功而影响他的发展。税收重分配,可以帮助所有人有个接近的起点和靠个人努力实现梦想的机会。否则阶级僵化缺乏流转,社会也就缺乏生气。

哪种方式好,我们不是一元社会,相互之间存在达尔文的竞争。道金斯的《自私的基因》一书讲了一个道理,能够繁殖更多后代的基因将留下,不决定好坏和道德,任何方式,能够具有最高的竞争力,将存留下来。社会的运转需要均衡,如果不加以节制资本,马太效益的尽头,就少者为零,生存堪忧。如果没有社会的保障和福利,人的生活压力很大,这会影响以消费为驱动的商品社会,进而影响社会的均衡点。通过重新分配,提供保障和福利是社会运行的必须,因此taxation是必须的。如果我们是一元社会,财富非常充裕,或许可以考虑取消重分配,但是现在不行。

这个主要是看度,重分配不等于人民公社,大锅饭,历史证明,这是行不通的,现在各国实现的都是分级税收来处理,这是可以接受的,自是我们希望能够更加轻徭薄赋,少点三公消费(这就是完全没必要的开支)。扯远了。就像中国的诸子百家,都来最后,就是集大成者,或者说兼容百家。

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