打造高效Linux开发环境全攻略

1. 系统准备与更新

bash

# 更新系统包列表
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade -y

# 安装基础工具
sudo apt install -y curl wget git vim build-essential

2. 终端工具配置

Zsh + Oh My Zsh

bash

# 安装 Zsh
sudo apt install -y zsh

# 设置为默认 shell
chsh -s $(which zsh)

# 安装 Oh My Zsh
sh -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/master/tools/install.sh)"

# 推荐插件
git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions
git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting.git ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-syntax-highlighting

3. 编程语言环境

Python 开发环境

bash

# 安装 Python 和相关工具
sudo apt install -y python3 python3-pip python3-venv

# 安装 pyenv（多版本 Python 管理）
curl https://pyenv.run | bash

# 添加到 ~/.zshrc
echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"' >> ~/.zshrc
echo 'command -v pyenv >/dev/null || export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.zshrc
echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> ~/.zshrc

Node.js 开发环境

bash

# 使用 nvm 安装 Node.js
curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.0/install.sh | bash

# 重新加载配置后安装 Node.js
nvm install --lts
nvm use --lts

Java 开发环境

bash

# 安装 OpenJDK
sudo apt install -y openjdk-17-jdk

# 安装 Maven
sudo apt install -y maven

C/C++ 开发环境

bash

# 安装编译工具链
sudo apt install -y gcc g++ gdb cmake

4. 数据库

PostgreSQL

bash

sudo apt install -y postgresql postgresql-contrib
sudo systemctl start postgresql
sudo systemctl enable postgresql

MySQL

bash

sudo apt install -y mysql-server
sudo mysql_secure_installation

Redis

bash

sudo apt install -y redis-server
sudo systemctl start redis
sudo systemctl enable redis

5. 开发工具

VS Code

bash

# 通过 snap 安装
sudo snap install code --classic

# 或通过官方仓库
wget -qO- https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | gpg --dearmor > packages.microsoft.gpg
sudo install -D -o root -g root -m 644 packages.microsoft.gpg /etc/apt/keyrings/packages.microsoft.gpg
echo "deb [arch=amd64,arm64,armhf signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/packages.microsoft.gpg] https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/code stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscode.list
sudo apt update
sudo apt install code

Docker

bash

# 安装 Docker
sudo apt install -y docker.io
sudo systemctl start docker
sudo systemctl enable docker
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER

# 安装 Docker Compose
sudo curl -L "https://github.com/docker/compose/releases/latest/download/docker-compose-$(uname -s)-$(uname -m)" -o /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose

Git 配置

bash

git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email "your.email@example.com"
git config --global core.editor "code --wait"

6. 桌面应用增强

常用工具

bash

# 系统监控
sudo apt install -y htop neofetch

# 文件比较工具
sudo apt install -y meld

# API 测试工具
sudo apt install -y postman

# 截图工具
sudo apt install -y flameshot

字体安装（编程字体）

bash

# 安装 JetBrains Mono 字体
wget -O /tmp/jetbrains-mono.zip https://download.jetbrains.com/fonts/JetBrainsMono-2.242.zip
unzip /tmp/jetbrains-mono.zip -d /tmp/jetbrains-mono
sudo cp /tmp/jetbrains-mono/fonts/ttf/*.ttf /usr/share/fonts/truetype/
fc-cache -f -v

7. 常用软件推荐

bash

# 浏览器
sudo apt install -y chromium-browser

# 通讯工具
sudo snap install slack --classic
sudo snap install discord

# 设计工具
sudo snap install figma-linux

# 笔记工具
sudo snap install obsidian --classic

8. 性能优化配置

调整 swappiness

bash

echo "vm.swappiness=10" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
sudo sysctl -p

禁用不必要的服务

bash

# 查看启动服务
systemctl list-unit-files --type=service --state=enabled

# 根据需要禁用服务，例如蓝牙（如果不用）
# sudo systemctl disable bluetooth.service

9. 开发环境备份

创建安装脚本备份

bash

# 将上述所有命令保存到 setup.sh
# 添加执行权限：chmod +x setup.sh

10. 推荐配置

VS Code 扩展推荐

• 通用：GitLens、Prettier、ESLint

• Python：Python、Pylance、Jupyter

• Web：Live Server、Auto Rename Tag

• 数据库：SQLite、PostgreSQL

• Docker：Docker、Remote - Containers

终端美化

bash

# 安装 starship 提示符
curl -sS https://starship.rs/install.sh | sh

# 添加到 ~/.zshrc
echo 'eval "$(starship init zsh)"' >> ~/.zshrc

快速检查清单

bash

# 检查各组件安装情况
python3 --version
node --version
java --version
docker --version
code --version
git --version

注意事项

1. 权限管理：谨慎使用 sudo，开发时尽量在用户目录操作

2. 定期更新：每周运行 sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

3. 备份配置：将 dotfiles（如 .zshrc、.gitconfig）备份到 GitHub

4. 磁盘空间：注意 /tmp 和 Docker 镜像的清理

5. 网络配置：如果使用代理，配置相应的环境变量