常见的字符和字符串的库函数:
求字符串长度
strlen
长度不受限制的字符串函数
strcpy、strcat、strcmp
长度受限制的字符串函数介绍
strncpy、strncat、strncmp
字符串查找
Strstr、strtok
错误信息报告
strerror
字符操作
内存操作函数:memcpy、memmove、memset、memcmp
前言
C语言中对字符和字符串的处理很是频繁,但是C语言本身是没有字符串类型的,字符串通常放在常量字符串中或者字符数组中。
字符串常量 适用于那些对它不做修改的字符串函数.
1. 函数介绍
1.1size_t strlen ( const char * str );
字符串已经 '\0' 作为结束标志,strlen函数返回的是在字符串中 '\0' 前面出现的字符个数(不包含 '\0' )。
size_t strlen ( const char * str );
参数指向的字符串必须要以 '\0' 结束。
注意函数的返回值为size_t,是无符号的( 易错 )
/* strlen example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char szInput[256];
printf ("Enter a sentence: ");
gets (szInput);
printf ("The sentence entered is %u characters long.\n",(unsigned)strlen(szInput));
return 0;
}
模拟实现:
//计数器方式
int my_strlen(const char * str)
{
int count = 0;
while(*str)
{
count++;
str++;
}
return count;
}
1.2 strcpy
char* strcpy(char * destination, const char * source );
Copies the C string pointed by source into the array pointed bydestination, including the
terminating null character (and stopping at that point).
源字符串必须以 '\0' 结束。
会将源字符串中的 '\0' 拷贝到目标空间。
目标空间必须足够大,以确保能存放源字符串。目标空间必须可变。
模拟实现:
char *my_strcpy(char *dest, const char*src)
{
char *ret = dest;
assert(dest != NULL); assert(src != NULL);
while((*dest++ = *src++))
{
;
}
return ret;
} assert(src != NULL);
while((*dest++ = *src++))
{
;
}
return ret;
}
1.3 strcat
char * strcat ( char * destination, const char * source );
Appends a copy of the source string to thedestination string. The terminating null character
in destination is overwritten by the firstcharacter of source, and a null-character is included
at the end of the new string formed by theconcatenation of both in destination.
源字符串必须以 '\0' 结束。
目标空间必须有足够的大,能容纳下源字符串的内容。
目标空间必须可修改。
/* strcat example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[80];
strcpy (str,"these ");
strcat (str,"strings ");
strcat (str,"are ");
strcat (str,"concatenated.");
puts (str);
return 0;
}
//Output:
these strings are concatenated.
模拟实现:
char *my_strcat(char *dest, const char*src)
{
char *ret = dest;
assert(dest != NULL);
assert(src != NULL);
while(*dest)
{
dest++;
}
while((*dest++ = *src++))
{
;
}
return ret;
}
1.4 strcmp
int strncmp ( const char * str1, const char * str2, size_t num );
This function starts comparing the first characterof each string. If they are equal to each
other, it continues with the followingpairs until the characters differ or until a terminating
null-character is reached.
标准规定:
第一个字符串大于第二个字符串,则返回大于0的数字
第一个字符串等于第二个字符串,则返回0
第一个字符串小于第二个字符串,则返回小于0的数字
1.5 strncpy
char * strncpy ( char * destination, const char * source, size_t num );
Copies the first num characters of source to destination. If the endof the source C string
(which is signaled by a null-character) is found before numcharacters have been copied,
destination is padded with zeros until a total of numcharacters have been written to it.
拷贝num个字符从源字符串到目标空间。
如果源字符串的长度小于num,则拷贝完源字符串之后,在目标的后边追加0,直到num个。
1.6 strncat
char * strncat ( char * destination, const char * source, size_t num );
Appends the first num characters of source to destination, plus aterminating null-character.
If the length of the C string in source is less than num, only thecontent up to the terminating null-character is copied.
/* strncat example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str1[20];
char str2[20];
strcpy (str1,"To be ");
strcpy (str2,"or not to be");
strncat (str1, str2, 6);
puts (str1);
return 0;
}
1.7strncmp
int strncmp ( const char * str1, const char * str2, size_t num );
比较到出现另个字符不一样或者一个字符串结束或者num个字符全部比较完。

/* strncmp example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[][5] = { "R2D2" , "C3PO" , "R2A6" };
int n;
puts ("Looking for R2 astromech droids...");
for (n=0 ; n<3 ; n++)
if (strncmp (str[n],"R2xx",2) == 0)
{
printf ("found %s\n",str[n]);
}
return 0;
}
1.8 strstr
char * strstr ( const char *str1, const char * str2);
Returns a pointer to the first occurrenceof str2 in str1, or a null pointer if str2 is not part of str1.
/* strstr example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[] ="This is a simple string";
char * pch;
pch = strstr (str,"simple");
strncpy (pch,"sample",6);
puts (str);
return 0;
}
模拟实现:
char * strstr (const char * str1, const char * str2)
{
char *cp = (char *) str1;
char *s1, *s2;
if ( !*str2 )
return((char *)str1);
while (*cp)
{
s1 = cp;
s2 = (char *) str2;
while ( *s1 && *s2 && !(*s1-*s2) )
s1++, s2++;
if (!*s2)
return(cp);
cp++;
}
return(NULL);
1.9 strtok
char * strtok ( char * str, const char * sep );
sep参数是个字符串,定义了用作分隔符的字符集合
第一个参数指定一个字符串,它包含了0个或者多个由sep字符串中一个或者多个分隔符分割的标记。
strtok函数找到str中的下一个标记,并将其用 \0 结尾,返回一个指向这个标记的指针。(注:strtok函数会改变被操作的字符串,所以在使用strtok函数切分的字符串一般都是临时拷贝的内容并且可修改。)
strtok函数的第一个参数不为NULL ,函数将找到str中第一个标记,strtok函数将保存它在字符串中的位置。
strtok函数的第一个参数为NULL ,函数将在同一个字符串中被保存的位置开始,查找下一个标记。
如果字符串中不存在更多的标记,则返回 NULL 指针。
/* strtok example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[] ="- This, a sample string.";
char * pch;
printf ("Splitting string \"%s\" into tokens:\n",str);
pch = strtok (str," ,.-");
while (pch != NULL)
{
printf ("%s\n",pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, " ,.-");
}
return 0;
}
1.10 memcpy
void * memcpy ( void * destination, const void * source, size_t num );
函数memcpy从source的位置开始向后复制num个字节的数据到destination的内存位置。
这个函数在遇到 '\0' 的时候并不会停下来。
如果source和destination有任何的重叠,复制的结果都是未定义的。
/* memcpy example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct {
char name[40];
int age;
} person, person_copy;
int main ()
{
char myname[] = "Pierre de Fermat";
/* using memcpy to copy string: */
memcpy ( person.name, myname, strlen(myname)+1 );
person.age = 46;
/* using memcpy to copy structure: */
memcpy ( &person_copy, &person, sizeof(person) );
printf ("person_copy: %s, %d \n", person_copy.name, person_copy.age );
return 0;
模拟实现:
void * memcpy ( void * dst, const void * src, size_t count)
{
void * ret = dst;
assert(dst);
assert(src);
/*
* copy from lower addresses to higher addresses
*/
while (count--) {
*(char *)dst = *(char *)src;
dst = (char *)dst + 1;
src = (char *)src + 1;
}
return(ret);
}
1.11 memmove
void * memmove ( void * destination, const void * source, size_t num );
和memcpy的差别就是memmove函数处理的源内存块和目标内存块是可以重叠的。
如果源空间和目标空间出现重叠,就得使用memmove函数处理。
/* memmove example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char str[] = "memmove can be very useful......";
memmove (str+20,str+15,11);
puts (str);
return 0;
}
模拟实现:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<assert.h>
void* my_memmove(void* dest, const void* src, size_t num)
{
void* ret = dest;
assert(dest && src);
if(dest <= src)
while (num--)
{
*(char*)dest = *(char*)src;
dest = (char*)dest + 1;
src = (char*)src + 1;
}
else
{
while (num--)
{
*((char*)dest + num) = *((char*)src + num);
}
}
return ret;
}
int main()
{
int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
my_memmove(arr, arr + 1, 20);
return 0;
}
1.12 memcmp
int memcmp ( const void * ptr1, const void * ptr2, size_t num );
比较从ptr1和ptr2指针开始的num个字节
返回值如下:

/* memcmp example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char buffer1[] ="DWgaOtP12df0";
char buffer2[] ="DWGAOTP12DF0";
int n;
n=memcmp ( buffer1, buffer2, sizeof(buffer1));
if (n>0) printf ("'%s' isgreater than '%s'.\n",buffer1,buffer2);
else if (n<0) printf ("'%s'is less than '%s'.\n",buffer1,buffer2);
else printf ("'%s' is the sameas '%s'.\n",buffer1,buffer2);
return 0;
}