Identifying Linux Bug Fixing Patches阅读笔记

本文介绍了一种基于代码仓库的机器学习方法,通过半监督和有监督学习,显著提高了Linux内核漏洞修复补丁的识别准确性和召回率,对比传统关键字方法有明显优势。

Identifying Linux Bug Fixing Patches阅读笔记

2012 IEEE

论文概述

当前许多修复补丁可能由于系统维护人员的差异,导致许多linux内核补丁未打上,本文提出基于代码仓库提交的记录信息和变化,利用机器学习的技术自动识别补丁。本文提出的方法相较于在内核信息中识别关键字的方法,准确度与其相似的情况下,召回率提高53.19%

技术思路

1.数据获取:从linux代码仓库中提取提交的更新代码信息。
2.特征提取:减少数据集为一些潜在的不同维度,根据文本描述区分哪些是修复漏洞补丁,那些是代码优化补丁。
3.模型学习:通过分析特征与补丁对应关系,构建模型试着将漏洞修复补丁与其他补丁区分开。
4.漏洞修复补丁识别:应用模型从未标记的数据中获取漏洞修复补丁。

识别模型构建过程

LPU:采用半监督机器学习分类方式,喂正面的数据和未标记的数据。
SVM:有监督机器学习,喂正面和反面的数据。
整个模型首先使用LPU算法将经过正面数据训练的模型用其排位未标记的数据指针,将人为定义的底部k参数和排位后的数据一起作为SVM算法的输入,形成最终构建模型。
如下图
在这里插入图片描述

实验概述

黑色数据集由已知稳定版补丁和漏洞修复工具创建的补丁构成,灰色数据集则是指定内核版本区间内的补丁。

通过LPU算法分类正数据集和未标记数据集并利用费舍尔值排名,再利用svm监督学习算法区分出未标记数据中的非漏洞补丁,最后通过准确率和召回率衡量识别的准确度。

黑色数据集如下
在这里插入图片描述
灰色数据集如下
在这里插入图片描述
本文方法与关键字方法正确率和召回率对比如下
在这里插入图片描述

### Linux NVMe-oF Configuration and Usage #### Overview of NVMe-oF in Linux Environment In a Linux environment, configuring and using NVMe over Fabrics (NVMe-oF) involves setting up the necessary software components to establish connections between hosts and storage targets. Compared with ordinary NVMe commands, NVMe-oF extends standard command sets by adding fabric-specific operations such as `discover`, `connect`, property management (`Get/Set`), and security-related functions like authentication send/receive[^1]. #### Installation of Required Packages To configure NVMe-oF on a Linux system, specific packages need installation. Commonly required are: - `nvme-cli`: A toolset providing utilities for managing NVMe devices. - Kernel modules supporting NVMe fabrics. For Debian-based distributions: ```bash sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install nvme-cli ``` For Red Hat/CentOS systems: ```bash sudo yum install nvme-cli ``` Ensure that kernel version supports NVMe-oF features; newer kernels generally offer better support. #### Discovering Available Targets Once prerequisites are met, discovering available NVMe-oF targets is essential before establishing any connection. This process uses the discover command provided through `nvme-cli`. Example discovery operation: ```bash sudo nvme discover -t tcp -a <target-ip> -s <port> ``` Replace `<target-ip>` and `<port>` with actual values corresponding to the remote server hosting NVMe resources. Upon successful execution, this will list discovered subsystems along with their attributes including NQN identifiers which uniquely identify each endpoint within an NVMe network. #### Establishing Connections After identifying desired endpoints via discovery, connecting requires specifying parameters obtained during the previous step plus additional details about local configuration. Connecting example: ```bash sudo nvme connect -t tcp -n "<subsystem-NQN>" -a <target-ip> -s <port> ``` Here again replace placeholders appropriately based upon prior discoveries or documentation from your infrastructure provider. This establishes communication channels allowing data exchange according to extended protocols defined under NVMe-oF standards. #### Verifying Connection Status & Accessing Storage Resources Post establishment of links, verifying status ensures proper functioning while accessing newly connected volumes typically appears similar to traditional block device nodes located at `/dev/nvmeXnY` paths where X represents controller index whereas Y denotes namespace ID[^2]. Inspect current sessions: ```bash sudo nvme list ``` Access new volume directly if needed but usually managed through higher-level filesystem tools depending on intended use cases. --related questions-- 1. What steps should one follow when troubleshooting failed attempts to connect to an NVMe-oF target? 2. How does multipathing work in conjunction with NVMe-oF configurations for improved reliability? 3. Can you explain how encryption mechanisms integrate into NVMe-oF communications for enhanced security measures? 4. In what scenarios might someone prefer utilizing RDMA instead of TCP/IP transport protocol options offered by NVMe-oF implementations?
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