Git学习（十四）解决冲突

人生不如意之事十之八九，合并分支往往也不是一帆风顺的。
准备新的feature1分支，继续我们的新分支开发：

$ git checkout -b feature1
Switched to a new branch 'feature1'

修改readme.txt最后一行，改为：

Creating a new branch is quick AND simple.

在feature1分支上提交：

$ git add readme.txt 
$ git commit -m "AND simple"
[feature1 75a857c] AND simple
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

切换到master分支：

$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.

Git还会自动提示我们当前master分支比远程的master分支要超前1个提交。
在master分支上把readme.txt文件的最后一行改为：

Creating a new branch is quick & simple.

提交：

$ git add readme.txt 
$ git commit -m "& simple"
[master 400b400] & simple
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

现在，master分支和feature1分支各自都分别有新的提交，变成了这样：

这种情况下，Git无法执行“快速合并”，只能试图把各自的修改合并起来，但这种合并就可能会有冲突，我们试试看：

$ git merge feature1
Auto-merging readme.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in readme.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

果然冲突了！Git告诉我们，readme.txt文件存在冲突，必须手动解决冲突后再提交。git status也可以告诉我们冲突的文件：

$ git status
# On branch master
# Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits.
#
# Unmerged paths:
#   (use "git add/rm <file>..." as appropriate to mark resolution)
#
#       both modified:      readme.txt
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

我们可以直接查看readme.txt的内容：

Git is a distributed version control system.
Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
Git has a mutable index called stage.
Git tracks changes of files.
<<<<<<< HEAD
Creating a new branch is quick & simple.
=======
Creating a new branch is quick AND simple.
>>>>>>> feature1

Git用<<<<<<<，=======，>>>>>>>标记出不同分支的内容，我们修改如下后保存：

Creating a new branch is quick and simple.

再提交：

$ git add readme.txt 
$ git commit -m "conflict fixed"
[master 59bc1cb] conflict fixed

现在，master分支和feature1分支变成了下图所示：

用带参数的git log也可以看到分支的合并情况：

$ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
*   59bc1cb conflict fixed
|\
| * 75a857c AND simple
* | 400b400 & simple
|/
* fec145a branch test
...

最后，删除feature1分支：

$ git branch -d feature1
Deleted branch feature1 (was 75a857c).

工作完成。

小结

当Git无法自动合并分支时，就必须首先解决冲突。解决冲突后，再提交，合并完成。
用git log --graph命令可以看到分支合并图。