Linux环境下增加磁盘

在Linux环境下增加磁盘（包括物理机器上增加磁盘，或者在云环境增加磁盘），都需要将磁盘格式化，并挂载到指定目录下。
以阿里云环境下，增加一块高效云盘为例。

使用fdisk增加分区

增加一块1T的高效云盘以后，使用fdisk查看，会发现新增了一块磁盘/dev/vdb

root@iZt4n2xe04owrybltp05j6Z:~# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 40 GiB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb2ac676a

Device     Boot Start      End  Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/vda1  *     2048 83886046 83883999  40G 83 Linux


Disk /dev/vdb: 1 TiB, 1099511627776 bytes, 2147483648 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

root@iZt4n2xe04owrybltp05j6Z:~# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.31.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xaf33802a.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-2147483647, default 2048):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-2147483647, default 2147483647):

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1024 GiB.

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

查看新分区的情况，可以看到已经有了一个分区信息/dev/vdb1

root@iZt4n2xe04owrybltp05j6Z:~# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 40 GiB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb2ac676a

Device     Boot Start      End  Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/vda1  *     2048 83886046 83883999  40G 83 Linux


Disk /dev/vdb: 1 TiB, 1099511627776 bytes, 2147483648 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xaf33802a

Device     Boot Start        End    Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/vdb1        2048 2147483647 2147481600 1024G 83 Linux

格式化磁盘

有了新的分区，需要在对分区格式化

mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb1

挂载到指定目录

mkdir /data
mount /dev/vdb1 /data

这样，就可以使用新的磁盘空间了。

对于磁盘空间大于2TB的情况，阿里云环境下，需要额外处理，可以参考：
https://help.aliyun.com/document_detail/34377.html?spm=a2c4g.11186623.2.26.29d37d56A660p1#concept-i15-qpc-ydb

重启后自动挂载

按照上述的方式挂载磁盘，重启机器以后，会发现原本挂载的目录已经没法用了，需要重新挂载，每次都这样玩，太麻烦。
编辑/etc/fstab，添加下面的这行。这里，/dev/vdb1是新增磁盘，/data是挂载位置。

/dev/vdb1 /data ext4 defaults 0 0