二十一、从句_非限定性定语从句

区分非限定与限定性定语从句

引导词

关系代词who/whom/whose/which/as

关系代词who

我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，是一位优秀的厨师。
Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.

我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。
My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.

关系代词whom

用于指人，在句中作动词或介词的宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句首。例如：
彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。
Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.

史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。
Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.

关系代词Whose

who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。例如：
这个男孩，他的爸爸是一位工程师，学习很努力
The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.

在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。
Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.

这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。
The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.

关系代词Which

非限制性定从中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词/形容词/短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。
(1)which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。
(2) which指代主句中的形容词。
(3) which指代主句中的某个从句。
(4) which指代整个主句。

关系代词as

As引导非限定性定从代替整个主句，对其进行说明。
常用于as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。
as在非限定性定从中作主语、宾语，且引导从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首、句末、中间。均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……， 就像……”之意。

名词/代词+of+which / whom / who

现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二之多已经耕种。
It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.

光是世界上最快的东西，它的速度是每秒30万千米。
Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300000 kilometer per second.

大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。
There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.

关系副词when/where

1、关系副词when（在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。）
他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。
He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.

2、关系副词where（在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语）
他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。
They went to London，where they lived for six months.

注意事项

1、限制性定从中，which与that可互换；但非限制性定从中只能用which。
她听到了可怕的声音，使她感到恐惧。
She heard a terrible noise, which frightened her.
She heard a terrible noise which/that frightened her

2、先行词为reason时，限制性定语可以用why/for which来引导；非限制性定从只能用for which来引导。
我早已把理由告诉了他们，于是我没有出席会议
I had told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting.
I had told them the reason why I didn’t attend the meeting.

3、引导限制性定从的关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可被省略；但引导非限制性定从的关系代词即使作宾语也不能省略。
他急于去医院看望他的继母，他像对待亲生母亲一样孝敬她
He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother.

4、引导限制性定语从句时并作从句宾语的关系代词whom可以用who来代替；但在非限制性定语从句中，whom就不能用who替换。
你认识汤姆吗? 我们谈到过他
Do you know Tom, whom we talked about?

播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已遭歹徒杀害
The American journalist who/whom/that/省略 the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters. Which of the following is wrong?

5、当非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时，其关系代词可以用as 和which，但位于举句首不能用which，只能用as。此时非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或之中。
正如我所预料的那样，他不相信我的话
As I expected, he didn’t believe me.

玛丽上学迟到了，这是常有的事
Mary was late for school, As often happened.

6、由“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词指代整个主句时，不能用as，只能用which，因为有介词关系。
他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对此很生气
He bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his father was angry.