Docker基础操作指南-优快云博客

本文链接：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/can_meng_yun/article/details/123924040

Docker 常用命令

基本概念

镜像（images）：

Docker镜像就好比是一个模板，可以通过这个模板创建容器服务，tomcat镜像==》run ==》tomcat01容器（提供服务），通过这个镜像可以创建多个容器（最终服务运行或项目运行就是在容器中的）

容器（containers）：

Docker容器技术，独立运行一个或一组应用，通过镜像来创建的

启动、停止、删除，基本命令！

目前就可以把这个容器理解为就是一个简易的linux系统

仓库（repository）:

仓库就是存放镜像的地方！

仓库分为公有仓库和私有仓库！

Docker Hub（默认是国外的）

阿里云…都有容器服务（配置镜像加速）

帮助命令

docker version		# 显示docker的版本信息
docker info			# 显示docker的系统信息，包括镜像和容器的数量
docker --help		# 万能命令

帮助文档: https://docs.docker.com/reference/

镜像命令

docker images 查看本地的所有镜像

[root@localdomain /]# docker images		# 查看本地的所有镜像
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   5 months ago   13.3kB

# 解释
REPOSITORY	镜像的仓库源
TAG			镜像的标签
IMAGE ID	镜像的id
CREATED		镜像的创建时间
SIZE		镜像的大小

# 可选项
Options:
  -a, --all             # Show all images (default hides intermediate images)
      --digests         # Show digests
  -f, --filter filter   # Filter output based on conditions provided
      --format string   # Pretty-print images using a Go template
      --no-trunc        # Don't truncate output
  -q, --quiet           # Only show image IDs

docker search 镜像名搜索镜像

[root@localdomain /]# docker search mysql
NAME	DESCRIPTION										STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql   MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   12247     [OK]    

mariadb MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4707      [OK]    

mysql/  Optimized MySQL Server Docker    				908      		     [OK]
mysql-server		images. Create…			

percona  Percona Server is a fork of the MySQL relati…   572      [OK]       


# 可选项
Options:
  -f, --filter filter   # Filter output based on conditions provided
      --format string   # Pretty-print search using a Go template
      --limit int       # Max number of search results (default 25)
      --no-trunc        # Don't truncate output

在这里插入图片描述
docker pull 下载镜像

docker pull 镜像名[:tag]		# 不写tag默认最新版本

在这里插入图片描述
docker rmi -f 镜像id 删除镜像

docker rmi -f 镜像id							# 删除指定镜像
docker rmi -f 镜像id 镜像id 镜像id 镜像id		# 删除多个镜像
docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq)			 # 删除全部的镜像

容器命令

说明：有了镜像才可以创建容器，linux，下载一个centos镜像来测试学习

docker pull centos

新建容器并启动

docker run [可选参数] image

# 参数说明
--name="Name"	容器名字 tomcat01 tomcat02 用来区分容器
-d				后台方式运行
-it				使用交互方式运行，进入容器查看内容
-p				指定容器的端口	-p 8080:8080
	-p 主机端口:容器端口	# 常用
	-p 容器端口
	容器端口
-P				随机指定接口



# 测试，启动并进入容器
[root@localdomain /]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash 
[root@98e1651a3d25 /]# ls
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
[root@98e1651a3d25 /]# exit
exit
[root@localdomain /]# ls
bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

列出所有的运行的容器

docker ps			# 查看当前运行的容器
docker ps -a		# 查看历史运行的容器

退出容器

exit			# 容器停止并退出
Ctrl + p + q	# 容器不停止并退出

删除容器

docker rm 容器id					# 删除指定的容器，不能删除正在运行的容器，如果要强制删除 rm -f
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)	 # 删除所有的容器

启动和停止容器的操作

docker start 容器id			# 启动容器
docker restart 容器id			# 重启容器
docker stop 容器id			# 停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器id			# 强制停止当前容器

常用的其他命令

后台启动容器

# 命令 docker run -d 镜像名
[root@localdomain /]# docker run -d centos	

# 问题docker ps，发现 centos 停止了

# 常见的坑：docker 容器使用后台运行，就必须要有一个前台进程，docker 发现没有应用，就会自动停止
# nginx：容器启动后，发现自己没有提供服务，就会立刻停止，就没有程序了

查看日志

docker logs -t -f --tail 10 容器id	# 查看指定行数的日志
docker logs -tf --tail 10 容器id		# 查看指定行数的日志

# 参数
-t 		# 打印时间戳
-f		# 实时打印日志

查看容器中进程信息

docker top 容器id	

UID     PID    PPID   C   STIME    TTY      TIME       CMD
root    3848   3830   0   12:01    pts/0    00:00:00   /bin/bash

# 字段含义
UID		用户ID
PID		进程ID
PPID	父进程ID

查容器的元数据
docker inspect : 获取容器/镜像的元数据。

docker inspect 容器id/镜像

# 测试
[root@localdomain /]# docker inspect 58d43676ec9b
[
    {
        "Id": "58d43676ec9bc9effcf3c87814fd9b1c048b8d95bedd2d98a0781c5050e8de53",
        "Created": "2022-03-27T04:01:41.123668113Z",
        "Path": "/bin/bash",
        "Args": [],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 3848,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2022-03-27T04:01:42.04580227Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:5d0da3dc976460b72c77d94c8a1ad043720b0416bfc16c52c45d4847e53fadb6",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/58d43676ec9bc9effcf3c87814fd9b1c048b8d95bedd2d98a0781c5050e8de53/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/58d43676ec9bc9effcf3c87814fd9b1c048b8d95bedd2d98a0781c5050e8de53/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/58d43676ec9bc9effcf3c87814fd9b1c048b8d95bedd2d98a0781c5050e8de53/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/58d43676ec9bc9effcf3c87814fd9b1c048b8d95bedd2d98a0781c5050e8de53/58d43676ec9bc9effcf3c87814fd9b1c048b8d95bedd2d98a0781c5050e8de53-json.log",
        "Name": "/heuristic_poitras",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0322aedfa2dbac233e682504c34b83e0f2dce6586e6b7ab8e31d453b68ef7e8b-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/89b50352751b244a0c151c0ff16ce1a7d04211c263ba87be38258a21e346ca03/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0322aedfa2dbac233e682504c34b83e0f2dce6586e6b7ab8e31d453b68ef7e8b/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0322aedfa2dbac233e682504c34b83e0f2dce6586e6b7ab8e31d453b68ef7e8b/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0322aedfa2dbac233e682504c34b83e0f2dce6586e6b7ab8e31d453b68ef7e8b/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "58d43676ec9b",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": true,
            "AttachStdout": true,
            "AttachStderr": true,
            "Tty": true,
            "OpenStdin": true,
            "StdinOnce": true,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/bash"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20210915",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "e33bb9358b1046b460cc99513947001008eeb427de2500724bb9a18fa2d54c88",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/e33bb9358b10",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "a3d7ee7b8ec4371320ace64ecde895201f18a2662014512b931e53f75956d698",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "9d6d16da2a331da5186e2b4c3d05fcd9439b89af9e2e74a64323333528fafca0",
                    "EndpointID": "a3d7ee7b8ec4371320ace64ecde895201f18a2662014512b931e53f75956d698",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

进入当前正在运行的容器

# 我们通常的容器都是后台运行的，需要进入容器，修改一些配置

# 方式一
docker exec -it 容器id /bin/bash

# 方式二
docker attach 容器id

从容器内拷贝文件到主机

docker cp 容器id:容器内路径 目的主机的

# 测试
[root@localdomain /]# docker cp 58d43676ec9b:/home/hello.txt /home

# 拷贝是一个手动过程，未来我们使用 -v 卷的技术，可以实现

命令小结图片：
在这里插入图片描述