Evaluating the Elementary Multilingual Capabilities of Large Language Models with MULTIQ

本文是LLM系列文章,针对《Evaluating the Elementary Multilingual Capabilities of Large Language Models with MULTIQ》的翻译。

摘要

大型语言模型(LLM)需要为每个人服务,包括全球大多数非英语使用者。然而,今天的大多数LLM,尤其是开放式LLM,通常只用于英语(例如Llama2、Mistral)或少数高资源语言(例如Mixtral、Qwen)。最近的研究表明,尽管LLM的预期用途有限,但人们还是用许多不同的语言提示LLM。因此,在本文中,我们研究了最先进的多语言能力打开超出预期用途的LLM。为此,我们引入了MULTIQ,这是一个新的银标准基准,用于基本的开放式问题回答,在137种语言的类型多样的集合中有27.4k道测试题。使用MULTIQ,我们评估语言保真度,即模型是否以提示的语言进行响应,以及问答的准确性。我们测试的所有LLM至少对某些超出预期用途的语言做出了忠实和/或准确的响应。大多数模型在忠实响应时会更准确。然而,模型之间的差异很大,而且存在着模型既不准确也不忠实的语言长尾。我们探索了标记化的差异,作为对我们发现的潜在解释,确定了值得进一步调查的可能相关性。

1 引言

2 MULTIQ数据集

3 实验和结果

4 多语言的驱动因素

5 相关工作

Language models have shown remarkable capabilities in predicting the effects of mutations on protein function without prior examples, a task known as zero-shot prediction. This ability is rooted in the way these models are trained and the vast amount of data they process. During training, language models learn to understand the context and relationships between different parts of a sequence. In the case of proteins, this means learning the relationships between amino acids and how changes in these sequences can affect the overall structure and function of the protein. By analyzing the co-occurrence patterns of amino acids across many protein sequences, language models can infer the importance of specific residues for maintaining the protein's function[^1]. When it comes to making predictions about mutations, language models can use the learned information to assess the likelihood that a particular mutation will disrupt the protein's function. This is done by evaluating the impact of the mutation on the local and global properties of the protein, such as its stability, folding, and interactions with other molecules. The model can then provide a score or probability indicating the effect of the mutation on the protein's function[^1]. One of the key advantages of using language models for zero-shot prediction is their ability to generalize from the data they have been trained on. Even without specific examples of certain mutations, the models can make educated guesses based on the general principles they have learned about protein sequences and structures. This makes them particularly useful for identifying potential disease-causing mutations or for guiding the design of new proteins with desired functions[^1]. For instance, a study demonstrated that a language model could predict the effects of mutations on the binding affinity of a protein to its ligand. The model was able to identify which mutations would lead to a decrease in binding affinity, even when those mutations had not been observed in the training data. This kind of prediction is crucial for understanding the molecular basis of genetic diseases and for developing targeted therapies[^1]. Here is a simplified example of how a language model might be used to predict the effects of mutations on protein function: ```python def predict_mutation_effect(model, wild_type_sequence, mutant_sequence): # Encode the sequences into a format suitable for the model encoded_wild_type = encode_sequence(wild_type_sequence) encoded_mutant = encode_sequence(mutant_sequence) # Get the model's predictions for both sequences wild_type_prediction = model.predict(encoded_wild_type) mutant_prediction = model.predict(encoded_mutant) # Calculate the difference in predictions to estimate the effect of the mutation effect = mutant_prediction - wild_type_prediction return effect ``` In this example, the `predict_mutation_effect` function takes a pre-trained model, a wild-type protein sequence, and a mutant sequence as inputs. It encodes the sequences into a format that the model can process, then uses the model to generate predictions for both sequences. The difference between these predictions is used to estimate the effect of the mutation on the protein's function. The application of language models in this domain is still an active area of research, and there are ongoing efforts to improve the accuracy and reliability of these predictions. Nevertheless, the current capabilities of language models represent a significant step forward in our ability to understand and manipulate protein function through computational means[^1].
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