Understanding Privacy Risks of Embeddings Induced by Large Language Models

LLM嵌入隐私风险

本文是LLM系列文章,针对《Understanding Privacy Risks of Embeddings Induced by Large
Language Models》的翻译。

理解大型语言模型引发的嵌入隐私风险

摘要

大型语言模型(LLM)显示出通用人工智能的早期迹象,但与幻觉作斗争。缓解这些幻觉的一个有前途的解决方案是将外部知识存储为嵌入,帮助LLM进行检索增强生成。然而,这种解决方案有损害隐私的风险,因为最近的研究实验表明,可以通过预先训练的语言模型从文本嵌入中部分重建原始文本。LLM相对于传统的预训练模型的显著优势可能会加剧这些担忧。为此,我们研究了当使用LLM时,从这些嵌入中重构原始知识和预测实体属性的有效性。实证研究结果表明,与预训练模型相比,LLM显著提高了两个评估任务的准确性,无论文本是分布中还是不分布。这突显了LLM危害用户隐私的可能性增加,突显了其广泛使用的负面后果。我们进一步讨论了缓解这种风险的初步策略。

1 引言

2 主要结果

3 讨论和局限性

4 方法

### The Curious Case of Neural Text Generation or Processing Neural text generation and processing have become pivotal in the advancement of artificial intelligence, particularly in the domain of natural language processing (NLP). The introduction of the Transformer architecture, as detailed in the seminal paper "Attention is All You Need" by Vaswani et al., marked a significant shift in the design of neural network models for sequence-to-sequence tasks. This architecture relies entirely on self-attention mechanisms to draw global dependencies between input and output sequences, thereby eliminating the need for traditional recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) [^1]. One of the peculiar cases in the field involves the application of these models in enterprise settings, such as the scenario where Alex, a professional in the tech industry, was involved in fine-tuning a large language model (LLM) for a financial client. The objective was to analyze contracts and detect compliance risks, which required the integration of multi-component processing (MCP) to handle text, tables, and metadata. The challenge here was twofold: managing high computational costs and addressing data privacy concerns. To tackle these issues, Alex's team employed Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) for efficient fine-tuning and implemented differential privacy techniques to safeguard sensitive information. An example of how differential privacy was applied is shown in the following Python code snippet: ```python import torch def add_dp_noise(data, epsilon=1.0): noise = torch.normal(0, 1/epsilon, size=data.shape) return data + noise ``` This approach not only achieved General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliance but also reduced training costs by 40% [^2]. In the realm of neural text generation, evaluating the quality of generated text is another intriguing aspect. Evaluation criteria can include coherence, character development, language quality, emotional impact, and originality. The MIT Media Lab has developed an AI narrative evaluation framework with 12 metrics, which is gradually being adopted by the industry [^3]. Moreover, there are specific techniques used in neural text generation to handle the probability distribution over the vocabulary. For instance, a modified probability distribution $ P'(x) $ can be defined as follows: $$ P'(x) = \begin{cases} \frac{P(x)}{\alpha} & \text{if } x \in \text{已生成token} \\ P(x) & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} $$ Here, $ P(x) $ represents the original probability distribution, $ \alpha $ is a scaling factor, and the condition checks if the token $ x $ has already been generated. This technique adjusts the probability of already generated tokens to influence the diversity and quality of the output text [^4]. ###
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包

打赏作者

UnknownBody

你的鼓励将是我创作的最大动力

¥1 ¥2 ¥4 ¥6 ¥10 ¥20
扫码支付:¥1
获取中
扫码支付

您的余额不足,请更换扫码支付或充值

打赏作者

实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值