Beyond Scaling Laws: Understanding Transformer Performance with Associative Memory

本文是LLM系列文章,针对《Beyond Scaling Laws: Understanding Transformer Performance with Associative Memory》的翻译。

超越缩放定律:用联想记忆理解Transformer性能

摘要

增大Transformer模型的大小并不总是能够提高性能。这种现象不能用经验缩放定律来解释。此外,当模型记忆训练样本时,泛化能力得到提高。我们提出了一个理论框架,揭示了基于Transformer的语言模型的记忆过程和性能动态。我们使用Hopfield网络对具有关联存储器的Transformer的行为进行建模,使得每个Transformer块有效地进行近似最近邻居搜索。基于此,我们设计了一个类似于现代连续Hopfield网络中的能量函数,它为注意力机制提供了深刻的解释。使用优化最小化技术,我们构建了一个全局能量函数,该函数捕获了Transformer的分层架构。在特定的条件下,我们证明了最小可实现的交叉熵损失由一个近似等于1的常数从下面界定。我们通过在各种数据大小上使用GPT-2进行实验,以及在2M个token的数据集上训练朴素Transformer,来证实我们的理论结果。

1 引言

2 相关工作

3 模型

4 新的能量函数

5 交叉熵损失

6 实验结果

7 结论

我们用联想记忆对基于Transformer的网络进行建模,并研究了与模型和数据大小相关的交叉熵损失。通过在方程5中提出一个新的能量函数,该函数不依赖于现代连续Hopfield网络中常见的附加正则化项,我们证明了所提出的能量函数对应于在训练

AI对战五子棋——深度学习策略网络 在本篇博文中,我们完成了:✔ 构建一个 CNN 五子棋策略网络✔ 让神经网络输出落子概率✔ 使用 Policy Gradient 强化学习训练 AI✔ 让 AI 实现人与 AI、AI 自对弈博弈。 阅读详情

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深度学习工具包Deprecation notice.-----This toolbox is outdated and no longer maintained.There are much better tools available for deep learning than this toolbox, e.g. [Theano](http://deeplearning.net/software/theano/), [torch](http://torch.ch/) or [tensorflow](http://www.tensorflow.org/)I would suggest you use one of the tools mentioned above rather than use this toolbox.Best, Rasmus.DeepLearnToolbox================A Matlab toolbox for Deep Learning.Deep Learning is a new subfield of machine learning that focuses on learning deep hierarchical models of data.It is inspired by the human brain's apparent deep (layered, hierarchical) architecture.A good overview of the theory of Deep Learning theory is[Learning Deep Architectures for AI](http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~bengioy/papers/ftml_book.pdf)For a more informal introduction, see the following videos by Geoffrey Hinton and Andrew Ng.* [The Next Generation of Neural Networks](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyzOUbkUf3M) (Hinton, 2007)* [Recent Developments in Deep Learning](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdIURAu1-aU) (Hinton, 2010)* [Unsupervised Feature Learning and Deep Learning](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmNOAtZIgIk) (Ng, 2011)If you use this toolbox in your research please cite [Prediction as a candidate for learning deep hierarchical models of data](http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/pubdb/views/publication_details.php?id=6284)```@MASTERSTHESIS\{IMM2012-06284, author = "R. 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nn.output = 'softmax'; % use softmax outputopts.numepochs = 5; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 1000; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesopts.plot = 1; % enable plottingnn = nntrain(nn, tx, ty, opts, vx, vy); % nntrain takes validation set as last two arguments (optionally)[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');```[![Bitdeli Badge](https://d2weczhvl823v0.cloudfront.net/rasmusbergpalm/deeplearntoolbox/trend.png)](https://bitdeli.com/free "Bitdeli Badge")

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