[LeetCode] Counting Bits 计数位

Given a non negative integer number num. For every numbers i in the range 0 ≤ i ≤ num calculate the number of 1’s in their binary representation and return them as an array.

Example:
For num = 5 you should return [0,1,1,2,1,2].

Follow up:

It is very easy to come up with a solution with run time O(n*sizeof(integer)). But can you do it in linear time O(n) /possibly in a single pass?
Space complexity should be O(n).
Can you do it like a boss? Do it without using any builtin function like __builtin_popcount in c++ or in any other language.
Hint:

You should make use of what you have produced already.
Divide the numbers in ranges like [2-3], [4-7], [8-15] and so on. And try to generate new range from previous.
Or does the odd/even status of the number help you in calculating the number of 1s?
这道题问的是给出一个数n， 求0到n 的所有数的二进制形式的1的个数。
首先想到的是被题目说很low 的每个数都除以2算余数的方法。
之后第二个反应是 使用函数：buildin 中的bitset（结果题目又说 do it without using any builtin function。。。）

解法一：

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> countBits(int num) {
        vector<int> res;
        for (int i = 0; i <= num; ++i) {
            res.push_back(bitset<32>(i).count());
        }
        return res;
    }
};

解法二：
好吧不用就不用
我们可以发现每个i值都是i&(i-1)对应的值加1，这样我们就可以写出代码：

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> countBits(int num) {
        vector<int> res(num + 1, 0);
        for (int i = 1; i <= num; ++i) {
            res[i] = res[i & (i - 1)] + 1;
        }
        return res;
    }
};

解法三： 这个是ac 之后看到的一种解法
利用的是二进制表示时1出现的次数等于i/2中1出现的次数加1（如果i用二进制表示时最右边一位为1，否则不加1

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> countBits(int num) {
        if (num <= 0)
            return vector<int>(1, 0);

        vector<int> ret(num+1, 0);
        int i = 0;
        int half = 0;

        for (i = 1; i <= num; ++i)
        {
            //the number of 1's in half equals the number of 1's in i except the right-most bit in i 
            half = i >> 1;
            if (i % 2 == 0)//the right-most bit in i is 0
                ret[i] = ret[half];
            else//the right-most bit in i is 1
                ret[i] = ret[half] + 1;
        }

        return ret;
    }
};