1.1 ORGANIZATION(机构) AND ARCHITECTURE(架构)

本文探讨了计算机架构和组织的关键概念,涉及面向程序员的可见特性和直接影响程序执行的细节,如指令集架构、运算单元的连接、硬件细节等。以乘法指令为例,展示了架构和机构决策在性能、成本和兼容性上的影响,以及IBMSystem/370架构的发展变迁。

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE:

        attributes of a system visible to a programmer

意指系统中那些面向于程序员的特性;

        attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program

换句话说,意指那些在程序的逻辑执行上有直接影响的特性。

ISA defines:

        通常,计算机架构等同于指令集架构( instruction set architecture, ISA );

  •  instruction format 指令格式
  •  instruction opcode 指令操作码
  • register 寄存器
  • instruction and data memory 指令内存和数据内存
  • 已执行指令对寄存器和内存的影响
  • 关于控制指令运行的算法

 Architectural Attributes(架构特性)include: 

  • The instruction set   指令集
  • The number of bits used to represent various data types(e.g. numbers, characters)     用于表示各种数据类型(例如数和字符)的二进制数的长度
  • I/O mechanisms  I/O机制
  • techniques for addressing memory  内存寻址的技术


COMPUTER ORGANIZATION:

Operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications

意指一些操作单元以及它们之间形成架构要求的互联关系。

Organizational Attributes(机构特性)include:

  • Hardware details transparent to the programmer: control signals  向程序员保密的硬件资料
  • Interfaces between the computer and peripherals  计算机和外部设备之间的接口
  • Memory technology used  所使用的内存技术


Examples

Computer architecture issue  

1.whether a computer will have a multiply instruction?

计算机是否会有乘法指令?

Computer organization issue

2.whether that instruction will be implemented by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism that makes repeated use of the add unit of the system

乘法指令将通过哪种方案实现?是通过特殊的乘法单元?还是通过使用多个加法单元的机制?

这种机构决策,可能要基于:

  • anticipated frequency  使用乘法指令的期望频率值
  • relative speed  实现乘法指令方案之间的相对速度
  • cost and physical size  特殊乘法单元的成本和物理尺寸


Further:

        时至今日,架构和机构之间的界定依然很重要。

        许多计算机制造商都会提供一系列计算机模型,它们都采用“同种架构,不同机构”的设计理念。这使得,同系列的不同模型具有不同的价格和性能。

all with the same architecture but with differences in organization.

        此外,独特的架构可能会跨越多年,并覆盖着一些别致的计算机模型;对于这种类型的计算机,它的机构会随着技术的变化而演变。

        “同种架构,不同机构”的理念,在IBM System/370架构上得以体现。

        IBM在1970年首次推出 IBM System/370 架构;该架构被一些模型采用。此时,保守的客户可以购买“廉价(cheaper, slower)”的模型。若需求增加,客户则可轻松提升到“昂贵(more expensive, faster)”的模型;因为升级模型不会影响之前的使用数据。随后的数年,IBM又推出了许多改进的全新模型,以代替陈旧的模型。这些新模型依然保留了过去的架构。

        值得注意的是:System/370架构,经过一些改进后,依然作为现今的IBM巨型机产品线的架构。微型计算机(microcomputer)的出现,拉近了架构和机构之间的关系。

        技术的变革,不仅影响了机构,还催生出了强大且复杂的架构。

        总体来说,这种微型机器降低了迭代兼容性(generation-to-generation compatibility)的需求。这使得,机构设计决策与架构设计决策之间具有密切的相互制约关系。

        微型计算机的例子有:Reduced instruction set computer (RISC)

学习笔记整理源自:

<Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface>

 David Patterson & John Hennessy

从别人那儿下的,没有书签,自己加上的 Through four editions of this book, our goal has been to describe the basic principles underlying what will be tomorrow's technological developments. Our excitement about the opportunities in computer architecture has not abated, and we echo what we said about the field in the first edition: "It is not a dreary science of paper machines that will never work. No! It's a discipline of keen intellectual interest, requiring the balance of marketplace forces to cost-performance-power, leading to glorious failures and some notable successes." Our primary objective in writing our first book was to change the way people learn and think about computer architecture. We feel this goal is still valid and important. The field is changing daily and must be studied with real examples and measurements on real computers, rather than simply as a collection of definitions and designs that will never need to be realized. We offer an enthusiastic welcome to anyone who came along with us in the past, as well as to those who are joining us now. Either way, we can promise the same quantitative approach to, and analysis of, real systems. As with earlier versions, we have strived to produce a new edition that will continue to be as relevant for professional engineers and architects as it is for those involved in advanced computer architecture and design courses. As much as its predecessors, this edition aims to demystify computer architecture through an emphasis on cost-performance-power trade-offs and good engineering design. We believe that the field has continued to mature and move toward the rigorous quantitative foundation of long-established scientific and engineering disciplines.
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