<stdexcept> 是 C++ 标准库中的一个头文件，它定义了一组标准异常类，用于处理程序运行时的错误情况。
异常是程序运行时发生的错误，它们可以被捕获并处理，以避免程序的非正常终止。<stdexcept> 头文件定义了一组从 std::exception 派生的异常类，这些类提供了一种标准的方式来报告和处理错误。
// Standard exception classes -*- C++ -*-
// Copyright (C) 2001-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
// any later version.
// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
// Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
// permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
// 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
// a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
// see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively. If not, see
// <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
/** @file include/stdexcept
* This is a Standard C++ Library header.
*/
//
// ISO C++ 19.1 Exception classes
//
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_STDEXCEPT
#define _GLIBCXX_STDEXCEPT 1
#pragma GCC system_header
#include <exception>
#include <string>
namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI
// Emulates an old COW string when the new std::string is in use.
struct __cow_string
{
union {
const char* _M_p;
char _M_bytes[sizeof(const char*)];
};
__cow_string();
__cow_string(const std::string&);
__cow_string(const char*, size_t);
__cow_string(const __cow_string&) _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
__cow_string& operator=(const __cow_string&) _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
~__cow_string();
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
__cow_string(__cow_string&&) noexcept;
__cow_string& operator=(__cow_string&&) noexcept;
#endif
};
typedef basic_string<char> __sso_string;
#else // _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI
typedef basic_string<char> __cow_string;
// Emulates a new SSO string when the old std::string is in use.
struct __sso_string
{
struct __str
{
const char* _M_p;
size_t _M_string_length;
char _M_local_buf[16];
};
union {
__str _M_s;
char _M_bytes[sizeof(__str)];
};
__sso_string() _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
__sso_string(const std::string&);
__sso_string(const char*, size_t);
__sso_string(const __sso_string&);
__sso_string& operator=(const __sso_string&);
~__sso_string();
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
__sso_string(__sso_string&&) noexcept;
__sso_string& operator=(__sso_string&&) noexcept;
#endif
};
#endif // _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI
#else // _GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI
typedef basic_string<char> __sso_string;
typedef basic_string<char> __cow_string;
#endif
/**
* @addtogroup exceptions
* @{
*/
/** Logic errors represent problems in the internal logic of a program;
* in theory, these are preventable, and even detectable before the
* program runs (e.g., violations of class invariants).
* @brief One of two subclasses of exception.
*/
class logic_error : public exception
{
__cow_string _M_msg;
public:
/** Takes a character string describing the error. */
explicit
logic_error(const string& __arg) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
explicit
logic_error(const char*) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
logic_error(logic_error&&) noexcept;
logic_error& operator=(logic_error&&) noexcept;
#endif
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI || _GLIBCXX_DEFINE_STDEXCEPT_COPY_OPS
logic_error(const logic_error&) _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
logic_error& operator=(const logic_error&) _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
#elif __cplusplus >= 201103L
logic_error(const logic_error&) = default;
logic_error& operator=(const logic_error&) = default;
#endif
virtual ~logic_error() _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE_DYN _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
/** Returns a C-style character string describing the general cause of
* the current error (the same string passed to the ctor). */
virtual const char*
what() const _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE_DYN _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
# ifdef _GLIBCXX_TM_TS_INTERNAL
friend void*
::_txnal_logic_error_get_msg(void* e);
# endif
};
/** Thrown by the library, or by you, to report domain errors (domain in
* the mathematical sense). */
class domain_error : public logic_error
{
public:
explicit domain_error(const string& __arg) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
explicit domain_error(const char*) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
domain_error(const domain_error&) = default;
domain_error& operator=(const domain_error&) = default;
domain_error(domain_error&&) = default;
domain_error& operator=(domain_error&&) = default;
#endif
virtual ~domain_error() _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
};
/** Thrown to report invalid arguments to functions. */
class invalid_argument : public logic_error
{
public:
explicit invalid_argument(const string& __arg) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
explicit invalid_argument(const char*) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
invalid_argument(const invalid_argument&) = default;
invalid_argument& operator=(const invalid_argument&) = default;
invalid_argument(invalid_argument&&) = default;
invalid_argument& operator=(invalid_argument&&) = default;
#endif
virtual ~invalid_argument() _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
};
/** Thrown when an object is constructed that would exceed its maximum
* permitted size (e.g., a basic_string instance). */
class length_error : public logic_error
{
public:
explicit length_error(const string& __arg) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
explicit length_error(const char*) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
length_error(const length_error&) = default;
length_error& operator=(const length_error&) = default;
length_error(length_error&&) = default;
length_error& operator=(length_error&&) = default;
#endif
virtual ~length_error() _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
};
/** This represents an argument whose value is not within the expected
* range (e.g., boundary checks in basic_string). */
class out_of_range : public logic_error
{
public:
explicit out_of_range(const string& __arg) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
explicit out_of_range(const char*) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
out_of_range(const out_of_range&) = default;
out_of_range& operator=(const out_of_range&) = default;
out_of_range(out_of_range&&) = default;
out_of_range& operator=(out_of_range&&) = default;
#endif
virtual ~out_of_range() _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
};
/** Runtime errors represent problems outside the scope of a program;
* they cannot be easily predicted and can generally only be caught as
* the program executes.
* @brief One of two subclasses of exception.
*/
class runtime_error : public exception
{
__cow_string _M_msg;
public:
/** Takes a character string describing the error. */
explicit
runtime_error(const string& __arg) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
explicit
runtime_error(const char*) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
runtime_error(runtime_error&&) noexcept;
runtime_error& operator=(runtime_error&&) noexcept;
#endif
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI || _GLIBCXX_DEFINE_STDEXCEPT_COPY_OPS
runtime_error(const runtime_error&) _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
runtime_error& operator=(const runtime_error&) _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
#elif __cplusplus >= 201103L
runtime_error(const runtime_error&) = default;
runtime_error& operator=(const runtime_error&) = default;
#endif
virtual ~runtime_error() _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE_DYN _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
/** Returns a C-style character string describing the general cause of
* the current error (the same string passed to the ctor). */
virtual const char*
what() const _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE_DYN _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
# ifdef _GLIBCXX_TM_TS_INTERNAL
friend void*
::_txnal_runtime_error_get_msg(void* e);
# endif
};
/** Thrown to indicate range errors in internal computations. */
class range_error : public runtime_error
{
public:
explicit range_error(const string& __arg) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
explicit range_error(const char*) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
range_error(const range_error&) = default;
range_error& operator=(const range_error&) = default;
range_error(range_error&&) = default;
range_error& operator=(range_error&&) = default;
#endif
virtual ~range_error() _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
};
/** Thrown to indicate arithmetic overflow. */
class overflow_error : public runtime_error
{
public:
explicit overflow_error(const string& __arg) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
explicit overflow_error(const char*) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
overflow_error(const overflow_error&) = default;
overflow_error& operator=(const overflow_error&) = default;
overflow_error(overflow_error&&) = default;
overflow_error& operator=(overflow_error&&) = default;
#endif
virtual ~overflow_error() _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
};
/** Thrown to indicate arithmetic underflow. */
class underflow_error : public runtime_error
{
public:
explicit underflow_error(const string& __arg) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
explicit underflow_error(const char*) _GLIBCXX_TXN_SAFE;
underflow_error(const underflow_error&) = default;
underflow_error& operator=(const underflow_error&) = default;
underflow_error(underflow_error&&) = default;
underflow_error& operator=(underflow_error&&) = default;
#endif
virtual ~underflow_error() _GLIBCXX_NOTHROW;
};
// @} group exceptions
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace
#endif /* _GLIBCXX_STDEXCEPT */语法
要使用 <stdexcept> 中的异常类，首先需要包含这个头文件：
#include <stdexcept>
然后，你可以使用这些异常类来抛出和捕获异常。例如：
throw std::runtime_error("An error occurred");
异常类
<stdexcept> 头文件定义了以下异常类：
std::exception：所有标准异常类的基类。std::bad_exception：当异常处理过程中发生错误时抛出。std::bad_alloc：当内存分配失败时抛出。std::bad_cast：当类型转换失败时抛出。std::bad_typeid：当typeid操作失败时抛出。std::logic_error：当逻辑错误发生时抛出，例如无效的输入参数。std::domain_error：当函数调用的参数不在有效范围内时抛出。std::invalid_argument：当函数调用的参数无效时抛出。std::length_error：当容器操作因为长度限制而失败时抛出。std::out_of_range：当访问容器的非法索引时抛出。std::overflow_error：当算术运算导致溢出时抛出。std::range_error：当函数返回值不在期望的范围内时抛出。std::underflow_error：当算术运算导致下溢时抛出。
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