wiki Syslog

Syslog作为一种计算机数据记录的标准,允许消息生成软件与存储及分析系统分离。它广泛应用于计算机系统管理和安全审计,并支持多种设备和平台。文章介绍了Syslog的历史、展望、设施级别和严重性级别等内容。

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Syslog

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Syslog is a standard for computer data logging. It allows separation of the software that generates messages from the system that stores them and the software that reports and analyzes them.

Syslog can be used for computer system management and security auditing as well as generalized informational, analysis, and debugging messages. It is supported by a wide variety of devices (like printers and routers) and receivers across multiple platforms. Because of this, syslog can be used to integrate log data from many different types of systems into a central repository.

Messages refer to a facility (auth, authpriv, daemon, cron, ftp, lpr, kern, mail, news, syslog, user, uucp, local0, ... , local7 ) and are assigned a severity (Emergency, Alert, Critical, Error, Warning, Notice, Info or Debug) by the sender of the message.

Configuration allows directing messages to various local devices (console), files (/var/log/) or remote syslog daemons. Care must be taken when updating the configuration as omitting or misdirecting message facilities or severities can cause important messages to be ignored by syslog or overlooked by the administrator.

logger is a command line utility that can send messages to the syslog.

Some implementations permit the filtering and display of syslog messages.

Syslog is now standardized within the Syslog working group of the IETF.

Contents

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[edit] History

Syslog was developed in the 1980s by Eric Allman as part of the Sendmail project, and was initially used solely for Sendmail. It proved so valuable that other applications began using it as well. Syslog has since become the standard logging solution on Unix and Unix-like systems; there have also been a variety of syslog implementations on other operating systems and is commonly found in network devices such as routers.

Syslog functioned as a de facto standard, without any authoritative published specification, and many implementations existed, some of which were incompatible. The Internet Engineering Task Force documented the status quo in RFC 3164. Since then, additions to syslog have been worked on. RFC 3164 was made obsolete by RFC 5424[1]

At different points in time, various companies have attempted patent claims on syslog.[2][3] This has had little effect on the use and standardization of the protocol.

[edit] Outlook

Various groups are working on draft standards detailing the use of syslog for more than just network and security event logging, such as its proposed application within the health care environment.

Regulations, such as SOX, PCI DSS, HIPAA, and many others are requiring organizations to implement comprehensive security measures, which often include collecting and analyzing logs from many different sources. Syslog has proven to be an effective format to consolidate logs, as there are many open source and proprietary tools for reporting and analysis. Converters exist from Windows Event Log as well as other log formats to syslog.

An emerging area of managed security services is the collection and analysis of syslog records for organizations. Companies calling themselves Managed Security Service Providers attempt to apply analytics techniques (and sometimes artificial intelligence algorithms) to detect patterns and alert customers of problems.

[edit] Facility Levels

The list of Facilities available:[4]

Facility NumberFacility Description
0kernel messages
1user-level messages
2mail system
3system daemons
4security/authorization messages
5messages generated internally by syslogd
6line printer subsystem
7network news subsystem
8UUCP subsystem
9clock daemon
10security/authorization messages
11FTP daemon
12NTP subsystem
13log audit
14log alert
15clock daemon
16local use 0 (local0)
17local use 1 (local1)
18local use 2 (local2)
19local use 3 (local3)
20local use 4 (local4)
21local use 5 (local5)
22local use 6 (local6)
23local use 7 (local7)

[edit] Severity levels

Severity levels are defined by RFC 5424

CodeSeverityRFC 5424 DescriptionGeneral Description
0EmergencySystem is unusable.A "panic" condition usually affecting multiple apps/servers/sites. At this level it would usually notify all tech staff on call.
1AlertAction must be taken immediately.Should be corrected immediately, therefore notify staff who can fix the problem. An example would be the loss of a backup ISP connection.
2CriticalCritical conditions.Should be corrected immediately, but indicates failure in a primary system, an example is a loss of primary ISP connection.
3ErrorError conditions.Non-urgent failures, these should be relayed to developers or admins; each item must be resolved within a given time.
4WarningWarning conditions.Warning messages, not an error, but indication that an error will occur if action is not taken, e.g. file system 85% full - each item must be resolved within a given time.
5NoticeNormal but significant condition.Events that are unusual but not error conditions - might be summarized in an email to developers or admins to spot potential problems - no immediate action required.
6InformationalInformational messages.Normal operational messages - may be harvested for reporting, measuring throughput, etc - no action required.
7DebugDebug-level messages.Info useful to developers for debugging the application, not useful during operations.

[root@bogon docker]# journalctl -xeu docker.service ░░ ░░ The unit docker.service has entered the 'failed' state with result 'exit-code'. 8月 12 08:59:30 bogon systemd[1]: Failed to start Docker Application Container Engine. ░░ Subject: docker.service 单元已失败 ░░ Defined-By: systemd ░░ Support: https://wiki.rockylinux.org/rocky/support ░░ ░░ docker.service 单元已失败。 ░░ ░░ 结果为“failed”。 8月 12 08:59:33 bogon systemd[1]: docker.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 3. ░░ Subject: Automatic restarting of a unit has been scheduled ░░ Defined-By: systemd ░░ Support: https://wiki.rockylinux.org/rocky/support ░░ ░░ Automatic restarting of the unit docker.service has been scheduled, as the result for ░░ the configured Restart= setting for the unit. 8月 12 08:59:33 bogon systemd[1]: Stopped Docker Application Container Engine. ░░ Subject: docker.service 单元已结束停止操作 ░░ Defined-By: systemd ░░ Support: https://wiki.rockylinux.org/rocky/support ░░ ░░ docker.service 单元已结束停止操作。 8月 12 08:59:33 bogon systemd[1]: docker.service: Start request repeated too quickly. 8月 12 08:59:33 bogon systemd[1]: docker.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'. ░░ Subject: Unit failed ░░ Defined-By: systemd ░░ Support: https://wiki.rockylinux.org/rocky/support ░░ ░░ The unit docker.service has entered the 'failed' state with result 'exit-code'. 8月 12 08:59:33 bogon systemd[1]: Failed to start Docker Application Container Engine. ░░ Subject: docker.service 单元已失败 ░░ Defined-By: systemd ░░ Support: https://wiki.rockylinux.org/rocky/support ░░ ░░ docker.service 单元已失败。
最新发布
08-13
<think>我们面对的问题是:Docker服务启动失败,systemd报告docker.service失败并显示'exit-code'状态。根据引用[2][3][4]中的错误信息,用户尝试启动docker服务时遇到错误,提示使用`systemctl status docker.service`和`journalctl -xe`查看详情。 解决思路: 1. 查看详细错误信息:使用`systemctl status docker.service`和`journalctl -xe`获取具体错误日志。 2. 根据错误日志分析原因:常见原因包括配置文件错误、端口冲突、存储驱动问题、权限问题等。 3. 针对具体原因采取相应解决措施。 由于引用中并没有给出具体的错误日志,我们需要根据常见的Docker启动失败原因提供排查步骤。 ### 步骤1:查看systemd状态 运行以下命令查看docker服务的状态: ```bash sudo systemctl status docker.service ``` 输出会显示服务状态、最近日志片段以及可能的原因。重点关注日志中“Failed”或“error”的关键信息。 ### 步骤2:查看系统日志 使用`journalctl`查看更详细的日志: ```bash sudo journalctl -u docker.service --since today ``` 或者 ```bash sudo journalctl -xe ``` ### 常见错误及解决方案 #### 1. 配置文件错误(/etc/docker/daemon.json) 如果存在配置文件`/etc/docker/daemon.json`,且格式不正确,会导致启动失败。可以尝试移走该配置文件再重启: ```bash sudo mv /etc/docker/daemon.json /etc/docker/daemon.json.bak sudo systemctl start docker ``` #### 2. 存储驱动问题 如果使用`aufs`或`devicemapper`等存储驱动,可能会因为内核不支持而失败。可以尝试修改存储驱动为`overlay2`(需要内核支持): 编辑或创建`/etc/docker/daemon.json`,添加: ```json { "storage-driver": "overlay2" } ``` 然后重启docker服务: ```bash sudo systemctl restart docker ``` #### 3. 端口冲突 如果docker配置了TCP端口(如2375)且该端口已被占用,会导致启动失败。检查端口占用情况,或修改docker配置的端口。 #### 4. 磁盘空间不足 使用`df -h`检查磁盘空间,特别是`/var/lib/docker`所在分区。清理空间。 #### 5. 权限问题 确保`/var/run/docker.sock`的权限正确。可以尝试重新安装docker或调整权限。 #### 6. 内核模块缺失 Docker需要一些内核模块,如`overlay`、`br_netfilter`等。确保这些模块已加载: ```bash sudo modprobe overlay sudo modprobe br_netfilter ``` 并设置开机加载。 #### 7. 卸载重装 如果以上方法无效,可以尝试卸载docker并重新安装: ```bash sudo apt-get purge docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io sudo rm -rf /var/lib/docker sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io ``` ### 总结 由于具体错误信息未知,以上提供了一般性排查步骤。请根据实际日志信息选择对应解决方案。 §§相关问题§§ 1. 如何检查Docker服务是否正常运行? 2. 如何配置Docker使用特定的存储驱动? 3. Docker服务启动时遇到端口冲突如何解决? 4. 如何查看Docker的详细日志以诊断启动问题? 5. 卸载Docker并清理数据后重新安装的步骤是什么?</think>### 解决 Docker 服务启动失败问题(docker.service failed with exit-code) 当 `docker.service` 启动失败并显示 `exit-code` 错误时,通常是由于配置冲突或环境问题导致。以下是系统化的解决步骤: --- #### **步骤 1:查看详细错误日志** ```bash sudo systemctl status docker.service --no-pager -l sudo journalctl -u docker.service --since "5 minutes ago" ``` - **关键检查点**: 1. 查找 `code=exited, status=1/FAILURE` 后的具体错误描述(如配置文件错误、端口冲突等)[^2][^4] 2. 注意 `containerd.sock` 或 `daemon.json` 相关报错 --- #### **步骤 2:检查配置文件冲突** ```bash # 检查 Docker 配置文件 sudo cat /etc/docker/daemon.json ``` - **若存在配置错误**: ```bash sudo mv /etc/docker/daemon.json /etc/docker/daemon.json.bak # 备份配置文件 sudo systemctl restart docker ``` --- #### **步骤 3:解决存储驱动问题** 若日志出现 `storage-driver` 相关错误: ```bash # 检查当前存储驱动 sudo docker info | grep "Storage Driver" ``` - **修复方案**: 在 `/etc/docker/daemon.json` 中显式指定驱动(如 `overlay2`): ```json { "storage-driver": "overlay2" } ``` --- #### **步骤 4:检查端口与进程冲突** ```bash # 检查 2375/2376 端口占用 sudo netstat -tulpn | grep -E '2375|2376' ``` - **若端口被占用**: 1. 停止占用进程 2. 或修改 Docker 配置:`/etc/docker/daemon.json` 中添加 `"hosts": ["unix:///var/run/docker.sock"]`[^4] --- #### **步骤 5:重建 systemd 服务文件** ```bash # 重新生成服务配置 sudo systemctl daemon-reload sudo systemctl reset-failed docker.service sudo systemctl restart docker ``` --- #### **步骤 6:完整重装(终极方案)** ```bash # 彻底卸载 Docker sudo apt-get purge docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io sudo rm -rf /var/lib/docker /var/lib/containerd # 重新安装 sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io sudo systemctl enable --now docker ``` --- ### **常见错误原因总结** | **错误类型** | **解决方案** | |---------------------|------------------------------------------| | 配置文件语法错误 | 备份并重置 `/etc/docker/daemon.json` | | 存储驱动不兼容 | 显式指定 `"storage-driver": "overlay2"` | | 端口冲突 | 释放 2375/2376 端口或修改 Docker 配置 | | containerd 未启动 | `sudo systemctl restart containerd` | | 内核模块缺失 | `sudo modprobe overlay` 并更新内核 | > **提示**:90% 的启动失败问题可通过 `journalctl -u docker.service` 定位具体原因[^2][^3]。若问题持续,检查系统日志 `/var/log/syslog`。 ---
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