Leading and Trailing

求幂次方前后三位
本文介绍了一种求解特定幂次方数前后三位的方法,通过快速幂算法和数学技巧,实现了对大数运算的高效处理。对于后三位,采用快速幂算法进行计算;对于前三位,利用对数特性,通过求10的指数次方的小数部分来确定。

You are given two integers: n and k, your task is to find the most significant three digits, and least significant three digits of nk.

Input
Input starts with an integer T (≤ 1000), denoting the number of test cases.

Each case starts with a line containing two integers: n (2 ≤ n < 231) and k (1 ≤ k ≤ 107).

Output
For each case, print the case number and the three leading digits (most significant) and three trailing digits (least significant). You can assume that the input is given such that nk contains at least six digits.

Sample Input

5
123456 1
123456 2
2 31
2 32
29 8751919

Sample Output

Case 1: 123 456
Case 2: 152 936
Case 3: 214 648
Case 4: 429 296
Case 5: 665 669

题意:求一个数的前三位和后三位

解析:后三位直接用快速幂求出,复杂的是前三位。设x = log (n^k) = k * log10(n),
那么10^x = n^k.将x = a(整数) + b(小数),
整数部分10^a是小数点的位置,并不影响前三位数字。
故只需要求出10^b取前三位。
使用fmod(a, 1)表示求浮点型数 a 的小数部分。
原型:extern float fmod(float x, float y)
用法:#include <math.h>
功能:计算x/y的余数

代码:

 #include"stdio.h"
#include"math.h"
int main()
{
	int t,tt=1;
	scanf("%d",&t);
	while(t--)
	{
		long long n,k;
		int a,b=1;
		scanf("%lld %lld",&n,&k);
		a=(int)pow(10.0,2.0+fmod(k*log10(n*1.0),1.0));//前三位
		while(k)//后三位
		{
			if(k%2==1)
			b=b*n%1000;
			k/=2;
			n=n*n%1000;
		}
		printf("Case %d: %d %03d\n",tt++,a,b);
	}
	return 0;
}
[71]"D:/Work/CCS/ccs_20/ccs/tools/compiler/ti-cgt-armllvm_4.0.3.LTS/bin/tiarmclang.exe" -mcpu=cortex-m4 -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=fpv4-sp-d16 -mlittle-endian -mthumb -gdwarf-3 -march=armv7e-m -Wl,-m"simple_tx_rfprop.map" -Wl,-i"D:/Work/SatIoT/CC1352/SDK/simplelink_cc13xx_cc26xx_sdk_8_30_01_01/source" -Wl,-i"D:/Work/SatIoT/CC1352/SDK/simplelink_cc13xx_cc26xx_sdk_8_30_01_01/kernel/tirtos7/packages" -Wl,-i"D:/Work/Project/jiang/bload-master/simple_tx_rfprop/Debug/syscfg" -Wl,-i"D:/Work/CCS/ccs_20/ccs/tools/compiler/ti-cgt-armllvm_4.0.3.LTS/lib" -Wl,--diag_wrap=off -Wl,--display_error_number -Wl,--warn_sections -Wl,--xml_link_info="simple_tx_rfprop_linkInfo.xml" -Wl,--rom_model -o "simple_tx_rfprop.out" "./main_tirtos.o" "./rfPacketTx.o" "./syscfg/ti_devices_config.o" "./syscfg/ti_radio_config.o" "./syscfg/ti_drivers_config.o" "./syscfg/ti_sysbios_config.o" "./oad/bim_interface.o" "./oad/flash_interface.o" "./oad/oad_image_header.o" "./oad/upgrade_manager.o" "../cc13x2_cc26x2_tirtos7_active.cmd" -Wl,-lti_utils_build_linker.cmd.genlibs -Wl,-llibc.a [72]gmake[1]: *** No rule to make target 'input-file.error', needed by 'output-file.error'. [73]Finished building target: "simple_tx_rfprop.out" [74]D:/Work/CCS/ccs_20/ccs/tools/compiler/ti-cgt-armllvm_4.0.3.LTS/bin/tiarmobjcopy -O ihex simple_tx_rfprop.out simple_tx_rfprop.hexD:/Work/SatIoT/CC1352/SDK/simplelink_cc13xx_cc26xx_sdk_8_30_01_01/tools/common/oad/oad_image_tool --verbose ccs D:/Work/Project/jiang/bload-master/simple_tx_rfprop/Debug 7 -hex1 D:/Work/Project/jiang/bload-master/simple_tx_rfprop/Debug/simple_tx_rfprop.hex -k D:/Work/SatIoT/CC1352/SDK/simplelink_cc13xx_cc26xx_sdk_8_30_01_01/tools/common/oad/private.pem -o D:/Work/Project/jiang/bload-master/simple_tx_rfprop/Debug/simple_tx_rfprop_oad [75]OVERVIEW: llvm-objcopy tool [76]USAGE: llvm-objcopy [options] input [output] [77]OPTIONS: [78] --add-gnu-debuglink=debug-file [79] Add a .gnu_debuglink for <debug-file> [80] --add-note-segment=file Make a note segment with the contents of <file>. [81] --add-section=section=file [82] Make a section named <section> with the contents of <file> [83] --add-symbol=name=[section:]value[,flags] [84] Add new symbol <name> to .symtab. Accepted flags: global, local, weak, default, hidden, protected, file, section, object, function, indirect-function. Accepted but ignored for compatibility: debug, constructor, warning, indirect, synthetic, unique-object, before [85] --adjust-start <value> Alias for --change-start [86] --allow-broken-links Allow the tool to remove sections even if it would leave invalid section references. The appropriate sh_link fields will be set to zero. [87] --binary-architecture=<value> [88] Ignored for compatibility [89] -B <value> Alias for --binary-architecture [90] --change-start=incr Add <incr> to the start address. Can be specified multiple times, all values will be applied cumulatively [91] --compress-debug-sections=format [92] Compress DWARF debug sections using specified format. Supported formats: zlib, zstd. Select zlib if <format> is omitted [93] --core-exe=coreid:filename [94] Specify an ELF executable for a Core ID as input. [95] --decompress-debug-sections [96] Decompress DWARF debug sections [97] --disable-deterministic-archives [98] Disable deterministic mode when operating on archives (use real values for UIDs, GIDs, and timestamps). [99] --discard-all Remove all local symbols except file and section symbols. Also remove all debug sections [100] --discard-locals Remove compiler-generated local symbols, (e.g. symbols starting with .L) [101] --dump-mmELFConfig Dump the contents of the internal mmELFConfig structure. [102] --dump-section=section=file [103] Dump contents of section named <section> into file <file> [104] -D Alias for --enable-deterministic-archives [105] --enable-deterministic-archives [106] Enable deterministic mode when operating on archives (use zero for UIDs, GIDs, and timestamps). [107] --extract-dwo Remove all sections that are not DWARF .dwo sections from file [108] --extract-main-partition [109] Extract main partition from the input file [110] --extract-partition=name [111] Extract named partition from input file [112] -F <value> Alias for --target [113] --gap-fill=value Fill the gaps between sections with <value> instead of zero. <value> must be an unsigned 8-bit integer. This option is only supported for ELF input and binary output [114] --globalize-symbol=symbol [115] Mark <symbol> as global [116] --globalize-symbols=filename [117] Reads a list of symbols from <filename> and marks them global [118] -G <value> Alias for --keep-global-symbol [119] -g Alias for --strip-debug [120] --input-target=<value> Format of the input file [121] -I <value> Alias for --input-target [122] -j <value> Alias for --only-section [123] --keep-file-symbols Do not remove file symbols [124] --keep-global-symbol=symbol [125] Convert all symbols except <symbol> to local. May be repeated to convert all except a set of symbols to local [126] --keep-global-symbols=filename [127] Reads a list of symbols from <filename> and runs as if --keep-global-symbol=<symbol> is set for each one. <filename> contains one symbol per line and may contain comments beginning with '#'. Leading and trailing whitespace is stripped from each line. May be repeated to read symbols from many files [128] --keep-section=section Keep <section> [129] --keep-symbol=symbol Do not remove symbol <symbol> [130] --keep-symbols=filename Reads a list of symbols from <filename> and runs as if --keep-symbol=<symbol> is set for each one. <filename> contains one symbol per line and may contain comments beginning with '#'. Leading and trailing whitespace is stripped from each line. May be repeated to read symbols from many files [131] --keep-undefined Do not remove undefined symbols [132] -K <value> Alias for --keep-symbol [133] --localize-hidden Mark all symbols that have hidden or internal visibility as local [134] --localize-symbol=symbol [135] Mark <symbol> as local [136] --localize-symbols=filename [137] Reads a list of symbols from <filename> and marks them local [138] -L <value> Alias for --localize-symbol [139] --new-symbol-visibility=<value> [140] Visibility of symbols generated for binary input or added with --add-symbol unless otherwise specified. The default value is 'default' [141] -N <value> Alias for --strip-symbol [142] --only-keep-debug Produce a debug file as the output that only preserves contents of sections useful for debugging purposes [143] --only-section=section Remove all but <section> [144] --output-target=<value> Format of the output file [145] -O <value> Alias for --output-target [146] --pad-to=address Pad the output up to the load address <address>, using a value of zero or the value specified by the --gap-fill option. 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May be repeated to read symbols from many files [155] --regex Permit regular expressions in name comparison [156] --remove-section=section [157] Remove <section> [158] --rename-section=old=new[,flag1,...] [159] Renames a section from old to new, optionally with specified flags. Flags supported for GNU compatibility: alloc, load, noload, readonly, exclude, debug, code, data, rom, share, contents, merge, strings, large [160] -R <value> Alias for --remove-section [161] --set-section-alignment=section=align [162] Set alignment for a given section [163] --set-section-flags=section=flag1[,flag2,...] [164] Set section flags for a given section. Flags supported for GNU compatibility: alloc, load, noload, readonly, exclude, debug, code, data, rom, share, contents, merge, strings, large [165] --set-section-type=section=type [166] Set the type of section <section> to the integer <type> [167] --set-start=addr Set the start address to <addr>. Overrides any previous --change-start or --adjust-start values [168] --shared-obj=filename Specify a static shared object file as input for building an mmELF file. [169] --split-dwo=dwo-file Equivalent to extract-dwo on the input file to <dwo-file>, then strip-dwo on the input file [170] --strip-all-gnu Compatible with GNU's --strip-all [171] --strip-all Remove non-allocated sections outside segments. .gnu.warning* and .ARM.attribute sections are not removed [172] --strip-debug Remove all debug sections [173] --strip-dwo Remove all DWARF .dwo sections from file [174] --strip-non-alloc Remove all non-allocated sections outside segments [175] --strip-sections Remove all section headers and all sections not in segments [176] --strip-symbol=symbol Strip <symbol> [177] --strip-symbols=filename [178] Reads a list of symbols from <filename> and removes them [179] --strip-unneeded-symbol=symbol [180] Remove symbol <symbol> if it is not needed by relocations [181] --strip-unneeded-symbols=filename [182] Reads a list of symbols from <filename> and removes them if they are not needed by relocations [183] --strip-unneeded Remove all symbols not needed by relocations [184] --subsystem=name[:version] [185] Set PE subsystem and version [186] -S Alias for --strip-all [187] --target=<value> Format of the input and output file [188] --update-section=name=file [189] Replace the contents of section <name> with contents from a file <file> [190] -U Alias for --disable-deterministic-archives [191] --version Print the version and exit. [192] -V Alias for --version [193] --weaken-symbol=symbol Mark <symbol> as weak [194] --weaken-symbols=filename [195] Reads a list of symbols from <filename> and marks them weak [196] --weaken Mark all global symbols as weak [197] --wildcard Allow wildcard syntax for symbol-related flags. Incompatible with --regex. Allows using '*' to match any number of characters, '?' to match any single character, '' to escape special characters, and '[]' to define character classes. Wildcards beginning with '!' will prevent a match, for example "-N '*' -N '!x'" will strip all symbols except for "x". [198] -W <value> Alias for --weaken-symbol [199] -w Alias for --wildcard [200] -X Alias for --discard-locals [201] -x Alias for --discard-all [202]Pass @FILE as argument to read options from FILE. [203]gmake[1]: Target 'secondary-outputs' not remade because of errors. [204]gmake: *** [makefile:155: all] Error 2 报错
07-18
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