一、ArrayList
ArrayList是非常常用的集合类之一,其对数组进行封装,并进行动态的增加和缩减长度。因为底层是数组,所以写的效率要低点,因为涉及到新内存的开辟和数组元素的拷贝,但是查询效率非常高。非线程安全
二、源码分析
2.1 继承结构和层次
可以看到Arraylist继承抽象类AbstractList,而AbstractList继承自AbstractCollection
其中:
RandomAccess:标记接口,表明ArrayList支持快随随机访问。实现此接口则使用for循环来遍历,性能更高
List:父接口
Cloneable:可以使用克隆
Serializable:实现了序列化接口,表明可以被序列化
2.2 ArrayList属性
//版本号
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;
/**
* 默认初始化容量
*/
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
/**
* 自定义容量为0,则使用此来初始化ArrayList
*/
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
* 如果没有自定义容量,则会使用此来初始化ArrayList
*/
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
* 元素数组,不允许序列化,无private修饰
*/
transient Object[] elementData;
/**
* 集合大小(包含元素数量)
*/
private int size;
/**
* 最大容量
*/
private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
2.3 构造方法
构造方法有三种:
2.3.1 无参构造方法
默认大小为10,将空的Object[]数组给elementData初始化
public ArrayList() {
this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
2.3.2 带参构造方法1
根据传入参数初始化数组大小,判断传入参数正确性,小于0抛出参数错误
为0则用EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA的空数组初始化elementData
/**
* Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the list
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
* is negative
*/
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
if (initialCapacity > 0) {
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
} else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
}
}
2.3.3 带参构造方法2
传入一个集合类(Collection的子类),转化为list
/**
* Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
* collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
* iterator.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
elementData = c.toArray();
if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
// c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
} else {
// replace with empty array.
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
}
2.4 集合操作
2.4.1 添加
- boolean add(E e)
在末尾位置添加元素。首先校检数组空间是否足够,如果不够则进行扩容。扩容之后在数组位置放入新元素
以空list添加第一个元素为例分析源码
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
//elementData[size] = e, size++
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
首先看ensureCapacityInternal(size+1)方法,其中又嵌套了两个方法
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
ensureExplicitCapacity(calculateCapacity(elementData, minCapacity));
}
//1.首先调用此方法来计算容量:如果elementData为空,返回默认10和minCapacity即size+1=1(此时size为0)的最大值,即返回10,否则返回size+1。此时底层数组容量仍然为0
private static int calculateCapacity(Object[] elementData, int minCapacity) {
if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
}
return minCapacity;
}
//2.确保容量可用,modCount用来计算修改次数
private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
// overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
//如果minCapacity即10>elementData.length,即底层数组长度小于minCapacity(10),则调用grow进行扩容
grow(minCapacity);
}
//3.扩容(minCapacity=10)
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
//获取旧数组长度,此时为0
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
//新数组长度=旧长度+旧长度/2=1.5倍旧长度,此时为0
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
//0 - 10 = -10 < 0,符合条件,则设置newCapacity = 10
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
//如果newCapacity大于最大容量限制,调用hugeCapacity方法
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
//长度确认,进行copy操作,初始化elementData大小为10
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
//最大返回Integer的最大值
private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
Integer.MAX_VALUE :
MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
- void add(int index, E element)
指定位置添加,无返回值
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
* list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
* any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
*
* @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
* @param element element to be inserted
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void add(int index, E element) {
//检测位置索引是否正确,错误抛出异常
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
//确认空间,是否需要扩容
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
//将index位置后的元素后移
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
size - index);
//新元素添加至elementData的index位置
elementData[index] = element;
//长度增加
size++;
}
/**
* A version of rangeCheck used by add and addAll.
*/
private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
if (index > size || index < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
- boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)
添加全部集合,不多说了
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
- boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c
指定位置添加全部集合,不多说了
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
int numMoved = size - index;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
numMoved);
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
简单总结下add操作:
- 一般使用
List<> list = new ArrayList<>();
创建Arraylist时,此时底层的数组Object[] elementData为空,长度为0。
添加第一个元素时,才对elementData进行了扩容,将elementData的大小变为10,再对list添加元素 - 当使用带参初始化有长度的elementData数组时,再添加的第一个元素则不会引起扩容机制,直接添加进入数组,可参照上述源码分析
- 每次扩容大小为旧数组长度的1.5倍
- 按位置插入需检查位置索引并将数组移动,其他部分的机制同直接添加
2.4.2 删除
- E remove(int index)
public E remove(int index) {
//校检index
rangeCheck(index);
modCount++;
//获取该索引位置元素
E oldValue = elementData(index);
//计算要移动的位数
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
//移动元素
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
//将移动后多出的元素位置复制为null
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
//返回删除的元素
return oldValue;
}
- boolean remove(Object o)
先介绍下fastRemove,有点类似与上面的删除,可以删除index位置元素
/*
* Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not
* return the value removed.
*/
private void fastRemove(int index) {
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
}
fastRemove在remove(Object o)中会用到
public boolean remove(Object o) {
//如果o==null,则遍历查找为null的元素,找到后删除
if (o == null) {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (elementData[index] == null) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
} else {
//不为null,则遍历查找元素o,找到后删除
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
可以看出Arraylist可以添加null值
- boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c)
移除所有
public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
//检查c不为null
Objects.requireNonNull(c);
//批量删除
return batchRemove(c, false);
}
batchRemove方法
private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
final Object[] elementData = this.elementData;
int r = 0, w = 0;
boolean modified = false;
try {
for (; r < size; r++)
//检查集合c是否包含elementData中的元素
if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement)
//不包含,保留
elementData[w++] = elementData[r];
} finally {
// Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection,
// even if c.contains() throws.
if (r != size) {
System.arraycopy(elementData, r,
elementData, w,
size - r);
w += size - r;
}
if (w != size) {
// clear to let GC do its work
for (int i = w; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
modCount += size - w;
size = w;
modified = true;
}
}
return modified;
}
其他的就不说了
remove简单总结下:
- 删除对应位置元素,后面位置元素前移,最后多出的一个元素置为null,clear to let GC do its work
2.4.3 修改
传入的index校检,修改index位置数据,返回旧数据,比较简单
public E set(int index, E element) {
rangeCheck(index);
E oldValue = elementData(index);
elementData[index] = element;
return oldValue;
}
2.4.4 查询
查询方法比较简单,源码都很容易,不多做解析
public E get(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
return elementData(index);
}
三、总结
- ArrayList底层是一个长度可变的数组
- 遍历和随机查询速度很快,但是插入删除比较慢,需要移动较多的数据
- 遍历时使用for循环速度较快,遍历时删除需注意删除操作,否则会报错(如越界或ConcurrentModificationException)
- 可以存放null值