A - Leftmost Digit

本文介绍一种高效算法,用于求解正整数N的N次方的最左位数字。通过数学转换,利用对数特性将问题转化为求10的幂次小数部分的指数运算结果。

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Given a positive integer N, you should output the leftmost digit of N^N.

Input

The input contains several test cases. The first line of the input is a single integer T which is the number of test cases. T test cases follow.
Each test case contains a single positive integer N(1<=N<=1,000,000,000).

Output

For each test case, you should output the leftmost digit of N^N.

Sample Input

2
3
4

Sample Output

2
2
分析:任何一个正整数可以表达为每一位的基数乘以对应的权例如12345,
1的基数为1,权数是10的4次方;则123456=10的5次方乘以1.2345,
令1.2345=10的x次方,x必为小数,则12345=10的(4.x);
1,令M=N^N;2,分别对等式两边取对数得 log10(M)=N*log10(N),得M=10^(N*log10(N));
3,令N*log10(N)=a+b,a为整数,b为小数;
4,C函数:log10(),计算对数,pow(a,b)计算a^b
5,由于10的任何整数次幂首位一定为1,所以,M的首位只和N*log10(N)的小数部分有关, 即只用求10^b救可以了;
6,最后对10^b取整,输出取整的这个数就行了。
#include<cstdio>
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include<math.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	int n,T;double a,t;
	scanf("%d",&T);
	while(T--)
	{
		scanf("%d",&n);
		a=n*log10(n);
		t=a-floor(a);//floor()得到不大于a的整数,但将floor()改为(int)a则不行,改为long long和int64——则没问题
		printf("%d\n",(int)pow(10.0,t));
	}
		
	return 0;
}

 

程序如下: ```assembly .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100h .DATA msg1 DB 'The hex value is: $' msg2 DB 0 .CODE MAIN PROC ; Example of passing 16-bit binary number as a parameter using AX register MOV AX, 0B1100110000001111B ; 16-bit binary number to be converted to hex CALL BIN2HEX_USING_AX ; Call the subroutine to convert binary to hex ; Example of passing 16-bit binary number as a parameter using word variable MOV wordTEMP, 0B1111000011110000B ; 16-bit binary number to be converted to hex CALL BIN2HEX_USING_WORD ; Call the subroutine to convert binary to hex ; Example of passing 16-bit binary number as a parameter using stack PUSH 0B1010101010101010B ; 16-bit binary number to be converted to hex CALL BIN2HEX_USING_STACK ; Call the subroutine to convert binary to hex ; Exit program MOV AH, 4CH INT 21H MAIN ENDP ; Subroutine to convert 16-bit binary to hex using AX register BIN2HEX_USING_AX PROC ; Save registers PUSH AX PUSH BX PUSH CX PUSH DX ; Convert binary to hex digit by digit MOV CX, 4 ; Four hex digits in a 16-bit binary number MOV BX, 8000H ; Starting binary digit (leftmost) MOV msg2, '$' L1: MOV DX, 0 ; Clear DX for division DIV BX ; Divide binary by 2^4 (hexadecimal) CMP DL, 10 ; If remainder >= 10, add 7 to get hex digit (A-F) JL L2 ADD DL, 7 L2: ADD DL, 30H ; Convert to ASCII character MOV msg2[2+CX], DL ; Store hex digit in msg2 LOOP L1 ; Print hex value MOV AH, 09H LEA DX, msg1 INT 21H LEA DX, msg2 INT 21H ; Restore registers POP DX POP CX POP BX POP AX RET BIN2HEX_USING_AX ENDP ; Subroutine to convert 16-bit binary to hex using word variable BIN2HEX_USING_WORD PROC ; Save registers PUSH AX PUSH CX PUSH DX ; Convert binary to hex digit by digit MOV CX, 4 ; Four hex digits in a 16-bit binary number MOV BX, 8000H ; Starting binary digit (leftmost) MOV msg2, '$' L3: MOV DX, 0 ; Clear DX for division DIV BX ; Divide binary by 2^4 (hexadecimal) CMP DL, 10 ; If remainder >= 10, add 7 to get hex digit (A-F) JL L4 ADD DL, 7 L4: ADD DL, 30H ; Convert to ASCII character MOV msg2[2+CX], DL ; Store hex digit in msg2 LOOP L3 ; Print hex value MOV AH, 09H LEA DX, msg1 INT 21H LEA DX, msg2 INT 21H ; Restore registers POP DX POP CX POP AX RET BIN2HEX_USING_WORD ENDP ; Subroutine to convert 16-bit binary to hex using stack BIN2HEX_USING_STACK PROC ; Save registers PUSH AX PUSH CX PUSH DX ; Convert binary to hex digit by digit MOV CX, 4 ; Four hex digits in a 16-bit binary number MOV BX, 8000H ; Starting binary digit (leftmost) MOV msg2, '$' L5: POP DX ; Pop binary digit from stack DIV BX ; Divide binary by 2^4 (hexadecimal) CMP DL, 10 ; If remainder >= 10, add 7 to get hex digit (A-F) JL L6 ADD DL, 7 L6: ADD DL, 30H ; Convert to ASCII character MOV msg2[2+CX], DL ; Store hex digit in msg2 LOOP L5 ; Print hex value MOV AH, 09H LEA DX, msg1 INT 21H LEA DX, msg2 INT 21H ; Restore registers POP DX POP CX POP AX RET 2 ; Clean up stack (remove binary value) BIN2HEX_USING_STACK ENDP END MAIN ``` 该程序定义了三个子程序来将一个16位二进制数转换为十六进制数,并使用三种不同的参数传递方法:AX寄存器、word变量和堆栈。主程序在三种不同的情况下调用这些子程序,以验证它们的正确性。
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