the difference between import numpy as np and from numpy import pi

本文探讨了在Python中使用numpy库时,`import numpy as np`和`from numpy import array`两种导入方式的区别。`as`关键字用于创建别名,简化长模块名的使用,而`from...import`则允许选择性导入模块的部分内容。作者推荐在需要频繁调用numpy功能时使用`np`别名,以提高代码可读性和效率。

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import numpy as np 和 from numpy import pi的区别(转载自stack Overflow)

as keyword allows you to use shorthands and rename stuff. Particularly useful when you have long names or use things from that module a lot. In numpy you use a lot of stuff from it, so it’s certainly better to write np. than numpy. when there’s a lot of such calls, isn’t it?

from … import is just a way of importing only some components. If you use that lib a lot in your code, you do import . If you need only some elements and names don’t clash with yours, you do from import ,

Important: from … import still allows as notation! They are not counterparts. My fav shorthand is from pprint import pprint as pp when debugging in the console.

原链接:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/57889937/what-is-the-difference-between-import-numpy-as-np-and-from-numpy-import-array

import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from scipy.integrate import quad from scipy.optimize import fsolve plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei'] # 解决中文显示问题 plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False # 解决负号显示问题 # ============================== # 材料参数设定(以钆镓石榴石为例) # ============================== Tc = 2.0 # 居里温度 (K) H_max = 5.0 # 最大磁场强度 (T) C_m = 10.0 # 磁热容 (J/(kg·K)) mu0 = 4*np.pi*1e-7 # 真空磁导率 # ============================== # 磁熵变计算函数 (ΔS_M) # ============================== def delta_SM(T, H): """磁熵变积分公式 ΔS_M = ∫(∂M/∂T)_H dH""" # 简化假设:M = M_sat * (1 - (T/Tc)^1.5) ,在H足够大时近似 M_sat = 1.0 # 饱和磁化强度 (A/m) dMdT = -1.5 * M_sat * (T**(0.5))/Tc**1.5 # 导数项 return quad(lambda h: dMdT, 0, H)[0] # 对H积分 # ============================== # 温度-熵关系模型 # ============================== def entropy(T, H=0): """总熵 = 磁熵 + 晶格熵""" S_mag = delta_SM(T, H) S_lattice = C_m * np.log(T) if T > 0 else -np.inf # 处理边界情况 return S_mag + S_lattice def temperature(S_target, H): """求解给定熵和磁场时的温度""" def f(T): return entropy(T, H) - S_target try: return fsolve(f, x0=Tc)[0] except: return np.nan # ============================== # 磁制冷循环模拟 # ============================== # 初始状态 T_initial = 1.5 # 初始温度 (K) # 等温磁化 (A→B) T1 = T_initial S1 = entropy(T1, H=0) S2 = entropy(T1, H=H_max) # 绝热退磁 (B→C) H_steps_rev = np.linspace(H_max, 0, 100) S_BC = np.full_like(H_steps_rev, S2) T_BC = [temperature(s, h) for s, h in zip(S_BC, H_steps_rev)] # 等温退磁 (C→D) T2 = np.nanmin(T_BC) S3 = entropy(T2, H=0) S4 = entropy(T2, H=H_max) # 绝热磁化 (D→A) H_steps_mag = np.linspace(0, H_max, 100) S_DA = np.full_like(H_steps_mag, S3) T_DA = [temperature(s, h) for s, h in zip(S_DA, H_steps_mag)] # ============================== # 绘图 # ============================== plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6)) # 温熵图 (T-S图) plt.subplot(1,2,1) T_range = np.linspace(0.5, 3, 100) for H in [0, H_max]: S = [entropy(T, H) for T in T_range] plt.plot(S, T_range, label=f'H={H} T') # 绘制循环路径 plt.plot([S1, S2], [T1, T1], 'r--', label='等温磁化') # A→B plt.plot([entropy(t, h) for t, h in zip(T_BC, H_steps_rev)], T_BC, 'g--', label='绝热退磁') # B→C plt.plot([S3, S4], [T2, T2], 'b--', label='等温退磁') # C→D plt.plot([entropy(t, h) for t, h in zip(T_DA, H_steps_mag)], T_DA, 'm--', label='绝热磁化') # D→A plt.xlabel('熵 S (J/kg·K)') plt.ylabel('温度 T (K)') plt.title('温熵图 (T-S Diagram)') plt.grid(True) plt.legend() # 磁制冷循环图 plt.subplot(1,2,2) H_cycle = np.concatenate([ np.linspace(0, H_max, 100), np.linspace(H_max, 0, 100), np.linspace(0, -H_max, 100), np.linspace(-H_max, 0, 100) ]) T_cycle = np.concatenate([ [T1]*100, T_BC, [T2]*100, T_DA ]) plt.plot(H_cycle, T_cycle, 'r-') plt.xlabel('磁场强度 H (T)') plt.ylabel('温度 T (K)') plt.title('磁制冷循环温度变化') plt.grid(True) plt.tight_layout() plt.show() 帮我详细讲解这个代码中函数的作用
最新发布
05-15
### 解析代码中函数的功能及其在磁制冷循环中的作用 #### 函数功能解析 1. **`delta_SM` 函数** `delta_SM` 是用于计算熵变的函数,通常表示材料在外磁场变化下的磁熵变。该函数可能依赖于温度和外加磁场的变化量作为输入参数[^1]。其核心公式可以基于以下关系: \[ \Delta S_M = -\frac{\partial M}{\partial T} \cdot \Delta H \] 这里 \(M\) 表示磁化强度,\(T\) 表示温度,而 \(\Delta H\) 则代表外加磁场的变化。 2. **`entropy` 函数** `entropy` 函数负责计算系统的总熵或特定状态下的熵值。它可能是通过积分或其他数值方法来估算系统在整个温区内的熵分布。对于磁制冷过程而言,这一步骤至关重要,因为它决定了冷端和热端之间的热量转移效率[^1]。 3. **`temperature` 函数** 此函数主要用于处理与温度相关的物理量转换或者边界条件设定。例如,在某些情况下,它可以用来调整初始猜测温度以便更精确地求解非线性方程组;另外也可能参与迭代更新机制直到达到收敛准则为止[^2]。 #### 协同工作机制说明 这些函数共同构成了一个完整的框架用以模拟磁制冷循环: - 首先利用 `delta_SM` 来获取不同工况下材料所产生的磁熵变数据; - 接着借助 `entropy` 对整个过程中涉及的所有状态点进行全面分析并记录下来; - 最终依靠 `temperature` 完成必要的校正操作使得最终结果更加贴近实际情况。 这种设计思路不仅能够清晰展示各阶段间相互影响的关系,而且有助于深入探讨提高性能潜力所在之处。 ```python def delta_SM(T, H_initial, H_final): """ Calculate the magnetic entropy change. Parameters: T (float): Temperature in Kelvin. H_initial (float): Initial applied field strength in Tesla. H_final (float): Final applied field strength in Tesla. Returns: float: Magnetic entropy change value at given conditions. """ pass # Placeholder for actual implementation def entropy(state_points): """ Compute total system entropy based on provided state points. Args: state_points (list of tuples): List containing pairs of temperature and corresponding fields. Returns: list: Entropy values associated with each input point. """ pass # Placeholder for actual implementation def temperature(initial_guess, convergence_threshold=1e-6): """ Adjust or solve for accurate temperatures within specified limits. Keyword arguments: initial_guess -- Starting estimate before refinement begins convergence_threshold -- Maximum allowable difference between successive approximations Return type should match what's expected by calling context! """ current_error = None while True: new_estimation = perform_calculation_with_some_methodology() if abs(new_estimation - previous_value) < convergence_threshold: break return final_result_after_converging_sequence_of_values() ```
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