OpenCV 图像调整指南

OpenCV 提供了多种图像调整功能，以下是常见的视觉图片调整方法：

一、基本调整

1. 调整亮度和对比度

import cv2
import numpy as np

def adjust_brightness_contrast(img, brightness=0, contrast=0):
    # 亮度和对比度调整
    # brightness: -100 到 100 (0 表示不变)
    # contrast: -100 到 100 (0 表示不变)
    brightness = brightness / 255.0
    contrast = contrast / 127.0
    
    if contrast > 0:
        delta = 127.0 * contrast
        a = 255.0 / (255.0 - delta * 2)
        b = a * (brightness - delta)
    else:
        delta = -128.0 * contrast
        a = (256.0 - delta * 2) / 255.0
        b = a * brightness + delta
    
    img = cv2.addWeighted(img, a, img, 0, b)
    return img

2. 调整大小

# 按比例缩放
def resize_image(img, scale_percent):
    width = int(img.shape[1] * scale_percent / 100)
    height = int(img.shape[0] * scale_percent / 100)
    dim = (width, height)
    return cv2.resize(img, dim, interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)

# 指定尺寸
resized = cv2.resize(img, (new_width, new_height), interpolation=cv2.INTER_LINEAR)

二、色彩调整

1. 转换为灰度图

gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

2. 调整色相和饱和度 (HSV空间)

hsv = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
h, s, v = cv2.split(hsv)

# 调整饱和度
s = cv2.add(s, saturation_value)
hsv = cv2.merge([h, s, v])
adjusted = cv2.cvtColor(hsv, cv2.COLOR_HSV2BGR)

3. 白平衡调整

# 简单白平衡
def white_balance(img):
    result = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2LAB)
    avg_a = np.average(result[:, :, 1])
    avg_b = np.average(result[:, :, 2])
    result[:, :, 1] = result[:, :, 1] - ((avg_a - 128) * (result[:, :, 0] / 255.0) * 1.1
    result[:, :, 2] = result[:, :, 2] - ((avg_b - 128) * (result[:, :, 0] / 255.0) * 1.1
    result = cv2.cvtColor(result, cv2.COLOR_LAB2BGR)
    return result

三、图像增强

1. 锐化

kernel = np.array([[-1,-1,-1], 
                   [-1,9,-1], 
                   [-1,-1,-1]])
sharpened = cv2.filter2D(img, -1, kernel)

2. 去噪

denoised = cv2.fastNlMeansDenoisingColored(img, None, 10, 10, 7, 21)

3. 直方图均衡化

# 灰度图
equ = cv2.equalizeHist(gray_img)

# 彩色图 (在Y通道上应用)
img_yuv = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2YUV)
img_yuv[:,:,0] = cv2.equalizeHist(img_yuv[:,:,0])
equ_color = cv2.cvtColor(img_yuv, cv2.COLOR_YUV2BGR)

四、几何变换

1. 旋转

(h, w) = img.shape[:2]
center = (w // 2, h // 2)
M = cv2.getRotationMatrix2D(center, angle, scale)  # angle为旋转角度
rotated = cv2.warpAffine(img, M, (w, h))

2. 透视变换

pts1 = np.float32([[x1,y1],[x2,y2],[x3,y3],[x4,y4]])
pts2 = np.float32([[0,0],[w,0],[0,h],[w,h]])
M = cv2.getPerspectiveTransform(pts1, pts2)
perspective = cv2.warpPerspective(img, M, (w,h))

五、保存调整后的图像

cv2.imwrite('adjusted_image.jpg', adjusted_img, [int(cv2.IMWRITE_JPEG_QUALITY), 90])

这些是OpenCV中常用的图像调整技术，您可以根据具体需求组合使用这些方法。