linux文件系统和mount（硬盘,win分区，光驱，U盘）

 

  fdisk–l查看dos/win/ext2分区(partiton,不是slice,slice是solaris分区)

[root@localhost etc]# /sbin/fdisk -l Disk /dev/hda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes    Device Boot     Start        End     Blocks   Id System /dev/hda1              1        991    7960176   b  W95 FAT32 /dev/hda2            992       1629    5124735   83 Linux /dev/hda3           1630       8070   51737332+   f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/hda4   *       8071       9730   13327776   bf Solaris    这个是主分区,MBR(启动记录扇区)的所在 /dev/hda5           1630       1695     530113+  82  Linux swap /Solaris /dev/hda6           1696       8070   51207156   b  W95 FAT32

linux下把DOS扩展分区和逻辑分区都按hda1,2,3,4,5,6排列。扩展分区必须在1-4内，逻辑分区必须>4

    fdisk 用法

[root@vm /]# fdisk Usage: fdisk [-l] [-b SSZ] [-u] device E.g.: fdisk /dev/hda  (for the first IDEdisk)   or: fdisk /dev/sdc  (for thethird SCSI disk)   or: fdisk /dev/eda  (for thefirst PS/2 ESDI drive)   or: fdisk /dev/rd/c0d0  or:fdisk /dev/ida/c0d0  (for RAID devices)  ...

mount无参数------显示当前mount上的设备

    df -h  常用于代替mount和/sbin/fdisk–l,来看当前mount情况，因为它不显示“虚mount设备”

# df -h Filesystem           Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/hda2            4.8G  2.9G 1.7G  65% / /dev/shm              93M    0  93M   0% /dev/shm

而mount显示的虚mount太多 [root@localhost etc]# mount /dev/hda2 on / type ext2 (rw) /dev/proc on /proc type proc(rw)   automount(pid1622) on /misc type autofs(rw,fd=4,pgrp=1622,minproto=2,maxproto=4) automount(pid1672) on /net type autofs(rw,fd=4,pgrp=1672,minproto=2,maxproto=4)  这几个都是虚mount /dev/hda1 on /mnt/c type vfat (rw)

   linux 下设备名

IDE设备	/dev/hda1    尾字母hda,hdb表示不同的硬盘    尾数字hda1,hda2,hda3表示不同的分区
SCSI Device	/dev/sd2
光驱	/dev/cdrom
磁带	/dev/rmt/0                              （常用于tar）
软驱	/dev/fd    或/dev/fd0

    注意，安装linux后，不要随便换硬盘的总线，或硬盘的master/slave,因为hda,hdb,都是自动生成的，换总线后或master/slave后，会造成/dev 设备文件和fstab内容不匹配

   为什么/var都建议单独一个分区？
   /var分区是存放logfile以及系统变动文件的文件系统（/var/tmp和/var/lib/mysql之类的都很大）
    所以不要把/var文件系统包括再root分区里，以免有恶意程序恶意扩大日志文件来dos根分区。


   为什么建议/home也单独一个分区？
一来也是为了保护/分区
二来单独分区可以单独处理，比如在其他系统下mount，tar等


    /etc/fstab-------开机自动mountwindows分区

vi /etc/fstab /dev/hda4   /mnt/wind   vfat   defaults,iocharset=utf8,umask=0000 0

文件系统    mountpoint  分区格式           mount参数                                  umask=000指定加载后的目录的权限问题,                                  都是0,向所有用户开放读写权限

                               
    mount [option] filesystem [mount-point]

-t vfat orext2    -t:Type  ext2   linux分区  vfat   dos/win分区   不设-t,缺省mount认为是vfat

-outf8   utf8是编码格式,否则中文会有问题

    cat/proc/filesystems      --------获得系统支持的文件系统类型

[root@localhost dev]# cat /proc/filesystems nodev   sysfs nodev   rootfs nodev   bdev nodev   proc nodev   sockfs nodev   binfmt_misc nodev   debugfs nodev  usbfs nodev   pipefs nodev   futexfs nodev   tmpfs nodev   eventpollfs nodev   devpts        ext2               Linux用的文件系统 nodev   ramfs nodev   hugetlbfs        iso9660           光盘片用的文件系统 nodev   mqueue nodev   selinuxfs nodev   rpc_pipefs nodev  autofs           autofs 光盘、软盘的自动加载        vfat              Win95/98/2000文件系统

Solaris 的/proc下没有filesystems,全是进程文件


    最简单的mount "dos/win分区"步骤

1． Fdisk -l [root@localhost macg]# /sbin/fdisk -l Disk /dev/hda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes    DeviceBoot     Start        End     Blocks   Id System /dev/hda1              1        991    7960176   b  W95 FAT32 /dev/hda2            992       1629    5124735   83 Linux /dev/hda3           1630       8070   51737332+   f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/hda4  *       8071       9730   13327776   bf Solaris Partition 4 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/hda5           1630       1695     530113+  82  Linux swap /Solaris /dev/hda6           1696       8070   51207156   b  W95 FAT32

2. mount [root@localhost macg]# mount -t vfat /dev/hda6 /mnt/d D盘为什么是6，因为是扩展分区上的逻辑分区，逻辑分区都大于4

[root@localhost macg]# ls /mnt/d avi                  game                military         temp CloneCD.v5.2.1.1.rar ghostmp3cdmaker.rar Nero_6.6.1.4.zip The.Hot.the.Cool.&amp_.the.Vicious.1976.dvdrip.cd2.avi DiabloII            image.ccd           nero.rar         treat1 Drivers              image.img           Recycled         UltraISO_8.2.0.1665.zip dvdoutput            image.sub           short            yao

    umount卸载的参数要针对文件系统(filesystem)，而不是mountpoint
umount  /dev/hda6       


    mount 软盘

#mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0/mnt/fd

注意在取出软盘之前要unmount/mnt   否则会导致信息丢失


   注意mount光驱,不能用-t vfat/ext2,要用-tiso9660

# mount -t ext2 /dev/cdrom /mnt/c mount: block device /dev/cdrom is write-protected, mountingread-only mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on/dev/cdrom,       missing codepage or other error       In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try       dmesg | tail  or so # mount -t vfat /dev/cdrom /mnt/c mount: block device /dev/cdrom is write-protected, mountingread-only mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on/dev/cdrom,       missing codepage or other error       In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try       dmesg | tail  or so

# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/c mount: block device /dev/cdrom is write-protected, mountingread-only # ls /mnt/c stuck

   redhat下，真正的光驱设备文件是设备文件，其他的都是链接

# ls -l crw-------  1 root root  10, 134Feb  7  2007 apm_bios crw-------  1 root root 14,   4 Feb 7  2007 audio lrwxrwxrwx  1rootroot       3 Feb  7  2007 cdrom-> hdb lrwxrwxrwx  1rootroot       3 Feb  7  2007 cdwriter-> hdb crw-rw----  1 rootroot  5,   1 Feb 7  2007 console lrwxrwxrwx  1rootroot       3 Feb  7  2007 dvd-> hdb lrwxrwxrwx  1rootroot       3 Feb  7  2007 dvdwriter-> hdb brw-r-----  1 rootdisk  3,   9 Feb 7  2007 hda9 brw-rw----  1root disk   3, 64 Feb  7  2007hdb

看dmesg [root@localhost dev]# dmesg hdb: ATAPI 48X DVD-ROM DVD-RCD-R/RW drive, 2048kB Cache

    写保护错误write-protected，但仍旧mount上（read-only)

[root@localhost xinetd.d]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom/mnt/c mount: block device /dev/cdrom is write-protected, mountingread-only

[root@localhost xinetd.d]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/dvdwriter/mnt/c mount: block device /dev/dvdwriter is write-protected, mountingread-only mount: /dev/dvdwriter alreadymounted or /mnt/c busy mount: according to mtab, /dev/hdb is already mounted on/mnt/c [root@localhost xinetd.d]# ls /mnt/c autorun  images               RELEASE-NOTES      RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora-rawhide eula.txt isolinux             RPM-GPG-KEY        RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora-test GPL      README-Accessibility RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora  TRANS.TBL

    linux 下没什么虚拟光驱的操作，直接mount iso文件即可

[root@localhost ymp]# mount -o loop RHEL4-U4-i386-AS-disc1.iso/mnt/d/disk1

[root@localhost ymp]# ls /mnt/d/disk1 autorun           RELEASE-NOTES-bn.html    RELEASE-NOTES-U1-it.html    RELEASE-NOTES-U2-ta.html    RELEASE-NOTES-U4-en.html EULA              RELEASE-NOTES-de.html    RELEASE-NOTES-U1-ja.html    RELEASE-NOTES-U2-zh_CN.html RELEASE-NOTES-U4-es.html GPL

    mount iso 文件，必须加 -o loop参数
[root@localhost mnt]# mount /mnt/d/ymp/RHEL4-U4-i386-AS-disc1.iso/mnt/cd
mount: /mnt/d/ymp/RHEL4-U4-i386-AS-disc1.iso is not a block device(maybe try `-oloop'?)


    mount 后的iso文件和光盘一样，也是只读的
[root@localhost cd]# chmod +w isolinux/isolinux.bin
chmod: changing permissions of `isolinux/isolinux.bin': Read-onlyfile system
mount U盘
 

    USB U盘和USB硬盘的对应设备文件和scsi设备重名                                
都是/dev/sda/dev/sdb /dev/sdc


   新redhat,插上U盘后，linux自动找到USB设备，可以通过fdisk -l查到

[root@mail home]# /sbin/fdisk -l Disk /dev/hda: 10.0 GB, 10005037568 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1216 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes    DeviceBoot     Start        End     Blocks   Id System /dev/hda1  *          1         13     104391   83 Linux /dev/hda2             14       1216    9663097+  8e  Linux LVM Disk /dev/dm-0: 9294 MB, 9294577664 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1130 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk /dev/dm-0 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/dm-1: 536 MB, 536870912 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 65 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk /dev/dm-1 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/sda: 128 MB, 128974336bytes 16 heads, 32 sectors/track, 491 cylinders Units = cylinders of 512 * 512 = 262144 bytes    DeviceBoot     Start        End     Blocks   Id System /dev/sda1  *          1        492     125928+   6 FAT16 Partition 1 has different physical/logical endings:     phys=(499, 15, 32) logical=(491, 15, 32)

虽然设备自动找到了，但mount还必须手工
把 fdisk -l 查到的U盘设备mount到目录中

[root@mail sbin]# mkdir /mnt/usb [root@mail sbin]# mount /dev/sda1/mnt/usb [root@mail sbin]# ls /mnt/usb 10.wma 16.wma   5293.mp3 7406.mp3   am2-bach.wma    beethoven4.wma do12.wma    kisin3.mp3 11.wma 17.wma   5706.mp3 7.wma      am4-bach.wma    beethoven5.wma do15.wma    mozart570.wma kisin25.mp3

solaris 如何使用usb设备

cd /dev/dsk ls -l 查看usb设备

mount -F pcfs/dev/dsk/设备名字  /mountpoint 跟linux不同，linux缺省类型是vfat，所以可以不设-tvfat 而solaris缺省类型是ufs,所以必须显示设置-Fpcfs