数控_外文资料翻译

外文资料翻译

                            

                            

1. Machining Center

Processing Center: a library with a knife and automatic tool changer for a highly automated multi-function CNC machine tools. In Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, and Guangdong generation has a lot of people call it the computer gongs.  Workpiece in the machining center by a single setup, the digital control system can control the machine by different processes, automatic selection and replacement of tools, automatically change the spindle speed, feed rate and tool workpiece relative trajectory and other auxiliary functions, followed by complete Several multi-process workpiece surface processing. And a variety of tool changing knives feature or choose to make substantial improvements in productivity.

Machining center according to processing procedures into two major categories of boring and milling and turning, according to the number of control axes can be divided into three-axis, four-axis and five-axis machining center.

Centralized processing center due process and automatic tool changing, reducing the workpiece clamping, measurement and adjustment of the time machine, so that the cutting machine to machine starting time of about 80% of the time (general machine tools is only 15 ~ 20%); the same time also reduces the workpiece between the turnover process, handling and storage time, shortening the production cycle, with significant economic effects. Processing center for the more complex shape parts, high precision, small volume products change frequently.

The first processing center in 1958 by the American Kearney - trecker first successfully developed. CNC horizontal boring and milling it based on the increase of automatic tool changer, enabling the workpiece in a single setup, ready for milling, drilling, boring, reaming and tapping a variety of processes such as centralized processing.

Since the 70s the twentieth century, the rapid development of processing center, there may be for machining center spindle box, it can be automatically replaced with a number of multi-axis spindle box with tools, can also be porous workpiece processing.

This centralized processing in the form of multi-process also extended to other types of CNC machine tools, such as turning centers, CNC lathe which is configured in multiple automatic tool changer, can control more than three coordinates, in addition to turning, the spindle stop switch can be or sub-degree rotation by the tool for milling, drilling, reaming and tapping operations, suitable for processing of complex rotating body parts.

 According to the main axis machining center is divided into vertical and horizontal layout of two types. Horizontal Machining Center generally has sub-degree turntable or NC rotary table, each side of the workpiece can be processed; also can be used for multiple coordinate a joint campaign to machining complex curved surface. Vertical machining center with rotary table is generally not only to make the top processing. In addition, with legislation, the two main axes of the composite horizontal machining center, and the spindle can be adjusted to horizontal or vertical axis of the vertical and horizontal machining center adjustable, they could face five of the workpiece processing.

Machining Center Automatic Tool Changer Tool from the tool store and ATC agencies. Tool types of many common types are disc brake and chain. Chain cutter tool inventory put larger capacity.

ATC Tool Spindle and exchanged between the tools, the common mechanical hand; also without robot directly by the spindle Tool exchange tool, called non-arm tool changer.

To further reduce non-cutting time, and some machining centers equipped with two automatic exchange of the workpiece pallet. A table containing the workpiece in the work process, and the other outside the loading and unloading the workpiece in the table. Machine to complete processing cycle automatically exchange pallets, so that loading and unloading the workpiece and cutting time to coincide. Machining center spindle and the table is usually the relative position classification, divided into horizontal, vertical and universal machining centers.
  (1) Horizontal Machining Center: is the spindle axis parallel with the table set up processing centers, mainly suitable for machining box-type parts.
  (2) Vertical Machining Center: is the spindle axis and table vertical machining centers set up mainly for the processing sheet metal, plates, molds, and small shell class of complex parts.

2. Current Status of CNC machine tools

Mid-20th century, with the development of electronic technology, automatic information processing, data processing and computer the emergence of a automation technology has brought new concepts of signal with a digital machine tool movement and processing process control, automation of machine tools Tuidong development.

Machining using digital technology, was first in the early 40s, close air support from the North, a small security contractor sent Erxun Si Aircraft Industry Company (ParsonsCorporation) implementation. They create a framework for aircraft and helicopters of the rotating wing, the use of digital computer processing path on the wings, data processing, and taking into account the tool diameter effect on the processing line so that processing accuracy of ± 0.0381mm (± 0.0015in), reached the highest level at that time.  In 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology in a vertical milling machine, equipped with a pilot control system, successfully achieved the simultaneous control of three-axis movement. This is commonly known as the CNC machine tools the world's first CNC machine tools. This machine tool is a test machine, to November 1954, in Pine Erxun Si on the basis of the patent, the first industrial use of CNC machine tools by the United States Bendix Corporation (Bendix-Cooperation) officially produced. After that, from 1960, a number of other industrial countries such as Germany and Japan continue to develop, manufacture and use of CNC machine tools.

CNC machine tools first appeared, and was using a CNC milling machine, CNC machine tools as difficult to solve common machine tools capable of, the need for contouring the curve or surface parts.

However, the numerical control system then uses a tube, bulky, high power consumption, so in addition to the military departments, the in other industries have not been widely used.

To 1960, after the position control of CNC machine tools have been developed rapidly. Because the point position control of the CNC system CNC contouring control system than the much simpler. Therefore, the CNC milling machine, punch press, jig borer significant development, according to statistics, in 1966 about the actual use of CNC machine tools in 6000, 85% of position control of machine tools.

The development of CNC machine tools, it is worth mentioning that the processing center. This is an automatic tool changer CNC machine tools, it is packed card while the work piece multi-process machining. This product was initially in March 1959, resistance by the United States Card •; Terek developed by the company. This tool in the tool library, with taps, drills, reamers, milling and other cutting tools, according to the instructions perforated with automatic selection tools, hand tools by machines installed in the spindle of the workpiece processing. It can shorten the turnaround time of machine tool parts and replacement tool time. CNC machining center has now become a very important tool in the species, not only vertical, horizontal and other parts for box processing Milling machining center, there used to turn the whole turning machining centers, grinding centers and so on.

80 years, there have been an international 4 machining center or turning center as the main body, matched with automatic workpiece handling and control of flexible manufacturing test equipment such unit less investment, less time alone can run unattended can also be integrated into the FMS or the more advanced the use of integrated manufacturing systems.

Currently, FMS from cutting to the cold plate, welding, assembly and other areas of expansion, from small batch processing to the development of high-volume processing.

To improve the level of mechanization and automation, 1845, the United States, Fitch invention turret lathe; in 1848, the United States appeared back wheel lathe; in 1873, the United States, Spencer made a single-axis automatic lathe, and soon he made three axis automatic lathe; and early 20th century, driven by a separate motor with a gear box of the lathe.

Wide lathe processing object, spindle speeds and feed rate adjustment range, to the internal and external workpiece surface, face and internal and external threads. This lathe mainly manual workers, low productivity for single and small batch production and repair shops.

Turret lathes and rotary lathe can be fitted with more than the tool turret or the back wheel holder, to a clamping of the workpiece followed by workers using different tools to complete a variety of processes for mass production.

Automatic lathe can be automatically completed by a certain small parts of the multi-process machining, can automatically feed up and down, repeating the same number of parts, suitable for large, mass production.

Multi Tool Lathe with Single, multi-axis, horizontal and vertical distinction. Uniaxial horizontal layout of the form similar to ordinary lathe, turret separately in two groups before and after the spindle or up and down, for processing plate, ring and shaft parts, to improve their productivity than ordinary lathe 3 to 5 times.

Copying lathe can follow the shape of a model or sample size, workpiece machining cycle automatically applied to shape the more complex parts of the small batch and mass production, productivity than ordinary lathe was 10 to 15 times. Multiple knife, multi-axis, reels, and other types of vertical

Vertical lathe spindle perpendicular to the horizontal plane of rotation in the horizontal workpiece clamping table, a knife moving beams or columns. Suitable for processing large, heavy, difficult to install in the ordinary lathe parts, generally divided into two major categories of single column and double columns.

Shovel turning lathe at the same time, knife to make radial reciprocating motion cycle, used forklifts cutter, hob tooth surface shape, etc.. Usually with relief grinding attachment, by a separate motor-driven small-wheel grinding the tooth surface.

Specialized for processing certain types of lathe is the specific surface of the workpiece lathe, lathes, such as crankshaft, camshaft lathe, wheel lathe, axle lathes, roll lathes and lathe and steel ingot. United lathe is mainly used for turning, but added some special parts and attachments, can be boring, milling, drilling, inserting, grinding and other processing, has "a machine can" features for truck, ship or move Repair Station

See mainly depends on the level of machine metal cutting machine tools, and other machine tool technology and complexity is not high, is very popular in recent years, electrical machines, only the changes in methodology, no complexity, and technology content.

Metal processing is mainly to remove material, get the desired metal shape. Material removal, mainly by cars and milling, lathe development of CNC lathes, milling machining center development. High-precision multi-axis machine tools, allowing complex precision parts and shapes in last place, for example, a complex aircraft parts, by the very many former workers: lathe, milling, grinding work, painting line workers, heat treatment for several months working with dry, which also scrapped the latest CNC machine tool combined a few hours or even days to dry well, and the accuracy is higher than your design. Parts Precision another job means long life and reliability.

From general development to the NC, the original one top ten, in accuracy, it is impossible to say, adaptability, parts changed, and another program on the line. The human factor is also reduced to a minimum, before the factory, anyone who would cart turbine, worm, not 10 years 8 years not, if the one who has mastered that very cow. Now with the numerical control equipment, as long as you program, the parameters can be input into, and very simple, just graduated from technical school students city, and volume of product quality is guaranteed.

 Machine is a symbol of the level of the national manufacturing sector, its core is the digital control system. We are currently not say that the system, which is the slightly better build quality CNC machine tools, used in high-precision ball screw, bearings are imported, mainly to buy in Japan, we self-produced ball screws, bearing in accuracy, are problems in life. Currently the major machine tool plant, purchased 100% of NC system, the manufacturers generally buy a Japanese Fanuc, Mitsubishi's system, accounting for more than 80%, Germany's Siemens, the system also, but less. Why Siemens system used has decreased? Earlier, the German system is not suitable for our network, not the stability of our network, Siemens electronic servo system modules easy to burn. Japan is different, their system is not bad on the burn. Siemens system has improved a lot recently, price or slightly higher.

With the recent economic development have caused a number of major machine tool manufacturers in the world's attention in 2000, Japan's largest machine tool manufacturer, "Mazak" Yinchuan in China a joint venture set up a CNC machine tool plant, is said to create a very high standard, known as "intelligent network" of plants, and the rest of the world. Japan, another major this year, Okuma machine tool factory in Beijing set up a CNC machine tool can produce 1,000 units a holding company, a famous German company has also set up a Shanghai factory.

United States, Germany and Japan is the world's scientific research in the CNC machine tools, design, manufacture and use, most technologically advanced country with the most experience. Their social conditions, its own characteristics.

中文翻译

一．加工中心

加工中心：是带有刀库和自动换刀装置的一种高度自动化的多功能数控机床。在中国香港，台湾及广东一代也有很多人叫它电脑锣。

工件在加工中心上经一次装夹后，数字控制系统能控制机床按不同工序，自动选择和更换刀具，自动改变机床主轴转速、进给量和刀具相对工件的运动轨迹及其他辅助机能，依次完成工件几个面上多工序的加工。并且有多种换刀或选刀功能，从而使生产效率大大提高。

加工中心按其加工工序分为镗铣和车削两大类，按控制轴数可分为三轴、四轴和五轴加工中心。

加工中心由于工序的集中和自动换刀，减少了工件的装夹、测量和机床调整等时间，使机床的切削时间达到机床开动时间的80％左右(普通机床仅为15～20％)；同时也减少了工序之间的工件周转、搬运和存放时间，缩短了生产周期，具有明显的经济效果。加工中心适用于零件形状比较复杂、精度要求较高、产品更换频繁的中小批量生产。

第一台加工中心是1958年由美国卡尼-特雷克公司首先研制成功的。它在数控卧式镗铣床的基础上增加了自动换刀装置，从而实现了工件一次装夹后即可进行铣削、钻削、镗削、铰削和攻丝等多种工序的集中加工。

二十世纪70年代以来，加工中心得到迅速发展，出现了可换主轴箱加工中心，它备有多个可以自动更换的装有刀具的多轴主轴箱，能对工件同时进行多孔加工。

这种多工序集中加工的形式也扩展到了其他类型数控机床，例如车削中心，它是在数控车床上配置多个自动换刀装置，能控制三个以上的坐标，除车削外，主轴可以停转或分度，而由刀具旋转进行铣削、钻削、铰孔和攻丝等工序，适于加工复杂的旋转体零件。

加工中心按主轴的布置方式分为立式和卧式两类。卧式加工中心一般具有分度转台或数控转台，可加工工件的各个侧面；也可作多个坐标的联合运动，以便加工复杂的空间曲面。立式加工中心一般不带转台，仅作顶面加工。此外，还有带立、卧两个主轴的复合式加工中心，和主轴能调整成卧轴或立轴的立卧可调式加工中心，它们能对工件进行五个面的加工。

加工中心的自动换刀装置由存放刀具的刀库和换刀机构组成。刀库种类很多，常见的有盘式和链式两类。链式刀库存放刀具的容量较大。

换刀机构在机床主轴与刀库之间交换刀具，常见的为机械手；也有不带机械手而由主轴直接与刀库交换刀具的，称无臂式换刀装置。

为了进一步缩短非切削时间，有的加工中心配有两个自动交换工件的托板。一个装着工件在工作台上加工，另一个则在工作台外装卸工件。机床完成加工循环后自动交换托板，使装卸工件与切削加工的时间相重合。加工中心通常以主轴与工作台相对位置分类，分为卧式、立式和万能加工中心。

(1)卧式加工中心：是指主轴轴线与工作台平行设置的加工中心，主要适用于加工箱体类零件。

(2)立式加工中心：是指主轴轴线与工作台垂直设置的加工中心，主要适用于加工板类、盘类、模具及小型壳体类复杂零件。

  

二．数控机床发展现状分析

20世纪中期，随着电子技术的发展，自动信息处理、数据处理以及电子计算机的出现，给自动化技术带来了新的概念，用数字化信号对机床运动及其加工过程进行控制，推动了机床自动化的发展。

采用数字技术进行机械加工，最早是在40年代初，由美国北密支安的一个小型飞机工业承包商派尔逊斯公司（ParsonsCorporation）实现的。他们在制造飞机的框架及直升飞机的转动机翼时，利用全数字电子计算机对机翼加工路径进行数据处理，并考虑到刀具直径对加工路线的影响，使得加工精度达到±0.0381mm（±0.0015in），达到了当时的最高水平。

1952年，麻省理工学院在一台立式铣床上，装上了一套试验性的数控系统，成功地实现了同时控制三轴的运动。这台数控机床被大家称为世界上第一台数控机床。这台机床是一台试验性机床，到了1954年11月，在派尔逊斯专利的基础上，第一台工业用的数控机床由美国本迪克斯公司（Bendix-Cooperation）正式生产出来。在此以后，从1960年开始，其他一些工业国家，如德国、日本都陆续开发、生产及使用了数控机床。

数控机床中最初出现并获得使用的是数控铣床，因为数控机床能够解决普通机床难于胜任的、需要进行轮廓加工的曲线或曲面零件。

然而，由于当时的数控系统采用的是电子管，体积庞大，功耗高，因此除了在军事部门使用外，在其他行业没有得到推广使用。

到了1960年以后，点位控制的数控机床得到了迅速的发展。因为点位控制的数控系统比起轮廓控制的数控系统要简单得多。因此，数控铣床、冲床、坐标镗床大量发展，据统计资料表明，到1966年实际使用的约6000台数控机床中，85%是点位控制的机床。

数控机床的发展中，值得一提的是加工中心。这是一种具有自动换刀装置的数控机床，它能实现工件一次装卡而进行多工序的加工。这种产品最初是在1959年3月，由美国卡耐•;特雷克公司开发出来的。这种机床在刀库中装有丝锥、钻头、铰刀、铣刀等刀具，根据穿孔带的指令自动选择刀具，并通过机械手将刀具装在主轴上，对工件进行加工。它可缩短机床上零件的装卸时间和更换刀具的时间。加工中心现在已经成为数控机床中一种非常重要的品种，不仅有立式、卧式等用于箱体零件加工的镗铣类加工中心，还有用于回转整体零件加工的车削中心、磨削中心等。

80年代，国际上出现了1～4台加工中心或车削中心为主体，再配上工件自动装卸和监控检验装置的柔性制造这种单元投资少，见效快，既可单独长时间少人看管运行，也可集成到FMS或更高级的集成制造系统中使用。目前，FMS也从切削加工向板材冷作、焊接、装配等领域扩展，从中小批量加工向大批量加工发展。

为了提高机械化自动化程度，1845年，美国的菲奇发明转塔车床；1848年，美国又出现回轮车床；1873年，美国的斯潘塞制成一台单轴自动车床，不久他又制成三轴自动车床；20世纪初出现了由单独电机驱动的带有齿轮变速箱的车床。

普通车床的加工对象广，主轴转速和进给量的调整范围大，能加工工件的内外表面、端面和内外螺纹。这种车床主要由工人手工操作，生产效率低，适用于单件、小批生产和修配车间。

转塔车床和回转车床具有能装多把刀具的转塔刀架或回轮刀架，能在工件的一次装夹中由工人依次使用不同刀具完成多种工序，适用于成批生产。自动车床能按一定程序自动完成中小型工件的多工序加工，能自动上下料，重复加工一批同样的工件，适用于大批、大量生产。

多刀半自动车床有单轴、多轴、卧式和立式之分。单轴卧式的布局形式与普通车床相似，但两组刀架分别装在主轴的前后或上下，用于加工盘、环和轴类工件，其生产率比普通车床提高3～5倍。

仿形车床能仿照样板或样件的形状尺寸，自动完成工件的加工循环，适用于形状较复杂的工件的小批和成批生产，生产率比普通车床高10～15倍。有多刀架、多轴、卡盘式、立式等类型

立式车床的主轴垂直于水平面，工件装夹在水平的回转工作台上，刀架在横粱或立柱上移动。适用于加工较大、较重、难于在普通车床上安装的工件，一般分为单柱和双柱两大类。

铲齿车床在车削的同时，刀架周期地作径向往复运动，用于铲车铣刀、滚刀等的成形齿面。通常带有铲磨附件，由单独电动机驱动的小砂轮铲磨齿面。

专门车床是用于加工某类工件的特定表面的车床，如曲轴车床、凸轮轴车床、车轮车床、车轴车床、轧辊车床和钢锭车床等。联合车床主要用于车削加工，但附加一些特殊部件和附件后，还可进行镗、铣、钻、插、磨等加工，具有“一机多能”的特点，适用于工程车、船舶或移动修理站

看机床的水平主要看金属切削机床，其他机床技术和复杂性不高，就是近几年很流行的电加工机床，也只是方法的改变，没什么复杂性和科技含量。

金属加工主要是去除材料，得到想得到的金属形状。去除材料，主要靠车和铣，车床发展为数控车床，铣床发展为加工中心。高精度多轴机床，可以让复杂零件在精度和形状上一次到位，例如，飞机上的一个复杂零件，以前由很多种工人：车工、铣工、磨床工、画线工、热处理工用好几个月干，其中还有报废的，最新的复合数控机床几天甚至几个小时就全干好了，而且精度比你设计的还高。零件精度高就意味着寿命长，可靠性好。

由普通发展到数控，一个人顶原来的十个，在精度上，更是没法说，适应性上，零件变了，换个程序就行。把人的因素也降为最低，以前在工厂，谁要时会车涡轮、蜗杆，没个10年8年的不行，要是谁掌握了，那牛得很。现在用数控设备，只要你会编程，把参数输进去就可以了，很简单，刚毕业的技校学生都会，而且批量的产品质量也有保证。

机床是一个国家制造业水平高低的象征，其核心就是数控系统。我们目前不要说系统，就是国内造的质量稍微好一点的数控机床，所用的高精度滚珠丝杠，轴承都是进口的，主要是买日本的，我们自产的滚珠丝杠、轴承在精度、寿命方面都有问题。目前国内的各大机床厂，数控系统100％外购，各厂家一般都买日本发那科、三菱的系统，占80％以上，也有德国西门子的系统，但比较少。德国西门子系统为什么用的少呢？早期，德国系统不太能适合我们的电网，我们的电网稳定性不够，西门子系统的电子伺服模块容易烧坏。日本就不同了，他们的系统就烧不坏。近来西门子系统改进了不少，价格方面还是略高。

近来随着中国的经济发展，也引起了世界一些主要机床厂商的注意，2000年，日本最大的机床制造商“马扎克”在中国银川设立了一家数控机床合资厂，据说制造水平相当高，号称“智能化、网络化”工厂，和世界同步。今年日本另外一家大机床厂大隈公司在北京设立了一家能年产1000台数控机床的控股公司，德国的一家很有名的企业也在上海设立了工厂。

美、德、日三国是当今世上在数控机床科研、设计、制造和使用上，技术最先进、经验最多的国家。因其社会条件不同，各有特点。