Gentoo的在VMware下的安装、更新和重构

最新推荐文章于 2021-05-15 18:48:10 发布

原创最新推荐文章于 2021-05-15 18:48:10 发布 · 1.2k 阅读

0 ·

CC 4.0 BY-SA版权

文章标签：

#vmware #deprecated #command #2010 #ftp服务器 #action

本文详细记录了在VMware环境下安装Gentoo Linux的步骤，包括从FTP服务器下载必要的ISO和镜像文件，验证文件完整性，配置虚拟机参数，设置静态IP，分区，挂载文件系统，解压缩并配置stage3和portage，更新编译器GCC，安装grub，以及备份和重构系统的过程。整个过程详尽且实用，适合Gentoo Linux初学者和系统管理员参考。

摘要生成于 C知道，由 DeepSeek-R1 满血版支持，前往体验 >

1、从最近的ftp服务器全部下载install-x86-minimal-20100216.iso、stage3-i686-20100216.tar.bz2和portage-latest.tar.bz2：

[newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/releases/x86/current-iso/install-x86-minimal-20100817.iso [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/releases/x86/current-iso/install-x86-minimal-20100817.iso.CONTENTS [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/releases/x86/current-iso/install-x86-minimal-20100817.iso.DIGESTS [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/releases/x86/current-iso/stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2 [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/releases/x86/current-iso/stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2.CONTENTS [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/releases/x86/current-iso/stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2.DIGESTS [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/snapshots/portage-latest.tar.bz2 [newman@dev gentoo]$ wget ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo/snapshots/portage-latest.tar.bz2.md5sum [newman@dev gentoo]$ md5sum -c install-x86-minimal-20100817.iso.DIGESTS [newman@dev gentoo]$ md5sum -c stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2.DIGESTS [newman@dev gentoo]$ md5sum -c portage-latest.tar.bz2.md5sum

2、启动VMware虚拟机工作站，选择linux/2.6.X系列，同时配置内存、硬盘大小，比如：

Memeroy 512MB Processors 2 Hard Disk(SCSI) 40GB CD/DVD(IDE) Auto Network Adapter Custom(VMnet6) Network Adapter 2 NAT ... ...

3、加载光盘镜像，并启动，启动选项直接选择：

boot : gentoo

选择默认的键盘布局，

4、进入系统后，设置静态IP、设置默认路由、修改root用户密码和启动sshd：

livecd ~ # ifconfig eth1 192.168.18.18/24 livecd ~ # route add default gw 192.168.18.2 livecd ~ # passwd livecd ~ # time /etc/init.d/sshd start

5、启动一个putty终端，然后首先做的是进行分区，分区使用fdisk命令，然后做文件系统，这些做完之后挂载文件系统，操作如下：

livecd ~ # fdisk -l /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sda doesn't contain a valid partition table livecd ~ # fdisk /dev/sda Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x6f0c9c9f. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 5221. There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problems with: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-5221, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-5221, default 5221): +100M Command (m for help): a Partition number (1-4): 1 Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 2 First cylinder (15-5221, default 15): Using default value 15 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (15-5221, default 5221): +1024M Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-4): 2 Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 Changed system type of partition 2 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris) Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 3 First cylinder (147-5221, default 147): Using default value 147 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (147-5221, default 5221): Using default value 5221 Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. livecd ~ # fdisk -l /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0x6f0c9c9f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 14 112423+ 83 Linux /dev/sda2 15 146 1060290 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 147 5221 40764937+ 83 Linux livecd ~ # mke2fs /dev/sda1 livecd ~ # mkswap /dev/sda2 livecd ~ # mke2fs -j /dev/sda3 livecd ~ # mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/gentoo livecd ~ # mkdir -p /mnt/gentoo/boot livecd ~ # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/gentoo/boot livecd ~ # swapon /dev/sda2

6、现在从下载的地方把tage3-i686-20100216.tar.bz2和portage-latest.tar.bz2拷贝到/mnt/gentoo中，并分别解压缩到/mnt/gentoo和/mnt/gentoo/usr目录下，并修改其中各文件配置：

[newman@dev gentoo]$ scp stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2 root@192.168.18.18:/mnt/gentoo [newman@dev gentoo]$ scp portage-latest.tar.bz2 root@192.168.18.18:/mnt/gentoo

下面是解压缩

livecd ~ # cd /mnt/gentoo/ livecd gentoo # tar xjpf stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2 livecd gentoo # rm -f stage3-i686-20100817.tar.bz2 livecd gentoo # tar xjf portage-latest.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/gentoo/usr livecd gentoo # rm -f portage-live.tar.bz2

修改/mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf、/mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/net、/mnt/gentoo/etc/resolv.conf(这个文件能够被/mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/net配置生成）、/mnt/gentoo/etc/hosts等，其中有的是命令输入，有的是直接修改，接着挂载procfs文件系统和驱动设备系统，切换到新的环境中：

livecd gentoo # mirrorselect -i -o >> /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf livecd gentoo # mirrorselect -i -r -o >> /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf ... ... GENTOO_MIRRORS="ftp://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/gentoo " SYNC="rsync://rsync.asia.gentoo.org/gentoo-portage" USE="-gtk -gnome -qt3 -qt4 -kde dvd alsa cdr gd" ... ... livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/net ... ... dns_domain_lo=( "zfsoft.net" ) config_eth0=( "192.168.60.18/24" ) config_eth1=( "192.168.18.18/24" ) routes_eth1=( "default via 192.168.18.2" ) dns_servers_eth1=( "192.168.18.2" ) config_eth2=( "null" ) config_eth3=( "null" ) ... ... livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/hostname ... ... HOSTNAME="dev" livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/hosts ... ... 127.0.0.1 dev.zfsoft.net dev localhost ::1 dev.zfsoft.net dev localhost ... ... livecd gentoo # cp -L /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/gentoo/etc/ livecd gentoo # cp -f /mnt/gentoo/usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /mnt/gentoo/etc/localtime livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/clock ... ... CLOCK="local" ... ... TIMEZONE="Asia/Shanghai" ... ... livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/env.d/02locale LANG="en_US.UTF-8" LC_COLLATE="C" livecd gentoo # cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/locale.gen ... ... en_US ISO-8859-1 en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 ... ... zh_CN.GB18030 GB18030 zh_CN.GBK GBK zh_CN.UTF-8 UTF-8 zh_CN GB2312 ... ... livecd gentoo # mount -t proc none /mnt/gentoo/proc livecd gentoo # mount -o bind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev livecd gentoo # chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash livecd / # env-update && source /etc/profile livecd / # locale-gen livecd / # locale

7、现在系统已经搭建完备，现在开始升级编译器gcc了，这中间如果选错了包，可能要更新很久很久，编译器更新好了，现在可以放心做任何事情，包括最重要的编译内核，这里采用的genkernel，其中有下面的选项关闭：

# CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED is not set # CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED_V2 is not set # CONFIG_IDE is not set

除此之外，可以根据自己的需求进行配置，编译完成之后，开始手工设置grub的配置和根分区启动，这些做完之后整个系统就算搭建好了，剩下的是再次更新系统，并除去无用包：

livecd / # emerge --sync --quiet livecd / # emerge -uav gcc livecd / # gcc-config -l livecd / # gcc-config i686-pc-linux-gnu-4.4.3 livecd / # env-update && source /etc/profile livecd / # emerge --oneshot -av libtool livecd / # emerge -eav system livecd / # emerge -eav world livecd / # emerge -aC =sys-devel/gcc-4.3.4 livecd / # emerge genkernel livecd / # genkernel --menuconfig all livecd / # emerge grub livecd / # cat /boot/grub/grub.conf ... ... splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz title Gentoo Linux 2.6.34-r1 root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/kernel-genkernel-x86-2.6.34-gentoo-r1 root=/dev/ram0 real_root=/dev/sda3 initrd /boot/initramfs-genkernel-x86-2.6.34-gentoo-r1 ... ... livecd / # cat /etc/fstab ... ... /dev/sda1 /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 1 2 /dev/sda3 / ext3 noatime 0 1 /dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,ro 0 0 ... ... livecd / # grub Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time. GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 5120K upper memory) [ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible completions of a device/filename. ] grub> root (hd0,0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83 grub> setup (hd0) Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... yes Checking if "/boot/grub/stage2" exists... yes Checking if "/boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes Running "embed /boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"... 18 sectors are embedded. succeeded Running "install /boot/grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+18 p (hd0,0)/boot/grub/stage2 /boot/grub/menu.lst"... succeeded Done. grub> quit livecd / # emerge gentoolkit livecd / # emerge --update --deep --newuse world livecd / # dispath-conf livecd / # emerge --depclean livecd / # revdep-rebuild

8、现在可以安装自己必须的要用的包，剩下就是开始备份系统了：首先进入启动分区/mnt/gentoo/boot，把整个启动目录下的文件打好压缩包和备份，卸载/mnt/gentoo/boot启动分区，接着进入 /mnt/gentoo/usr/，先把portage目录整个的打好压缩包和备份，然后删除portage目录，回到上一级目录，清除/mnt /gentoo目录下垃圾文件（比如var目录中.ctl文件，这个若不清除，无法打压缩包），获取整个跟目录下的文件列表，接着把整个目录下的内容打好压缩包和备份，获取压缩包的文件列表；

livecd / # emerge vim livecd / # emerge samba livecd / # emerge freeradius livecd / # emerge squid livecd / # emerge links livecd / # emerge iproute2 livecd / # emerge iptables livecd / # emerge netcat livecd / # emerge cryptcat livecd / # emerge tcpdump livecd / # emerge ethtool livecd / # emerge php livecd / # emerge apache livecd / # emerge lighttpd livecd / # emerge niginx livecd / # emerge myodbc livecd / # dispatch-conf livecd / # exit livecd ~ # cd livecd ~ # umount /mnt/gentoo/dev /mnt/gentoo/proc livecd ~ # cd /mnt/gentoo/boot livecd boot # tar cjf boot-live.tar.bz2 `ls .` livecd boot # scp boot-live.tar.bz2 newman@192.168.18.8:/home/newman/workspace livecd boot # rm -f boot-live.tar.bz2 livecd boot # mv -f boot-live.tar.bz2 /mnt/gentoo/home/newman/ livecd boot # cd .. livecd gentoo # umount /mnt/gentoo/boot livecd gentoo # cd usr livecd usr # tar cjf portage-live.tar.bz2 portage livecd usr # scp portage-live.tar.bz2 newman@192.168.18.8:/home/newman/workspace livecd usr # rm -f portage-live.tar.bz2 livecd usr # rm -fr portage livecd usr # cd .. livecd gentoo # rm -f /mnt/gentoo/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-* livecd gentoo # find var/ -name '*.log' -exec rm {} /; livecd gentoo # find var/ -name '*.ctl' -exec rm {} /; livecd gentoo # find . | sed -e 's//.////g' > stage3-live-sys.list livecd gentoo # scp stage3-live-sys.list newman@192.168.18.8:/home/newman/workspace livecd gentoo # rm -f stage3-live-sys.list livecd gentoo # tar cfj stage3-live.tar.bz2 `ls .` livecd gentoo # tar tjf stage3-live.tar.bz2 > stage3-live.tar.bz2.list livecd gentoo # scp stage3-live.tar.bz2.list newman@192.168.18.8:/home/newman/workspace livecd gentoo # rm -f stage3-live.tar.bz2.list livecd gentoo # scp stage3-live.tar.bz2 newman@192.168.18.8:/home/newman/workspace livecd gentoo # rm -f stage3-live.tar.bz2 livecd gentoo # cd livecd ~ # umount /mnt/gentoo livecd ~ # poweroff

下面是检测备份是否完成和合理，同时重构下整个系统，避免VMware磁盘文件越来越大；

9、启动构造新的VMware下gentoo，使用光盘启动进入系统，设置静态IP、设置默认路由、修改root用户密码、启动sshd、启动终端，再终端进行分区，这个类似上面不再重复，分区创建好之后，开始挂载根分区和启动分区，从备份处取得启动压缩包boot-live.tar.bz2、文件系统包stage3-live.tar.bz2和portage包portage-live.tar.bz2，分别在根分区/mnt/gentoo、启动分区/mnt/gent/boot和/mnt/gentoo/usr分别解压缩，从光盘启动系统中拷贝/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-*文件到/mnt/gentoo/etc/udev/rules.d/中，同时修改自己对应网络、主机名以及本地化信息，修改完之后，卸载各分区重新启动就进入了新的系统：

a）构造操作环境，同步骤4；

b）从终端进入系统后进行分区，创建文件系统并挂载，同步骤5中分区操作：

c）从备份处获取各对应包：

[newman@dev workspace]$ scp boot-live.tar.bz2 root@192.168.18.18:/mnt/gentoo/boot [newman@dev workspace]$ scp stage3-live.tar.bz2 root@192.168.18.18:/mnt/gentoo [newman@dev workspace]$ scp portage-live.tar.bz2 root@192.168.18.18:/mnt/gentoo

d）解压各文件包并修改配置文件，配置同步骤6：

livecd ~ # cd /mnt/gentoo/boot livecd boot # tar xjf boot-live.tar.bz2 livecd boot # rm -f boot-live.tar.bz2 livecd boot # cd .. livecd gentoo # tar xjpf stage3-live.tar.bz2 livecd gentoo # rm -f stage3-live.tar.bz2 livecd gentoo # tar xjf portage-live.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/gentoo/usr livecd gentoo # rm -f portage-live.tar.bz2 livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf livecd gentoo # rm -f /mnt/gentoo/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-* livecd gentoo # cp -L /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-* /mnt/gentoo/etc/udev/rules.d livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/net livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/resolv.conf livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/hosts livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/conf.d/hostname livecd gentoo # cp -f /mnt/gentoo/usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /mnt/gentoo/etc/localtime livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/clock livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/env.d/02locale livecd gentoo # nano -w /mnt/gentoo/etc/locale.gen

e）接下来，需要切换到新的系统，并千万别忘记修改grub启动标记：

livecd gentoo # mount -t proc none /mnt/gentoo/proc livecd gentoo # mount -o bind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev livecd gentoo # chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash livecd / # env-update && source /etc/profile >>> Regenerating /etc/ld.so.cache... livecd / # grub Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time. GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 5120K upper memory) [ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible completions of a device/filename. ] grub> root (hd0,0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83 grub> setup (hd0) Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... yes Checking if "/boot/grub/stage2" exists... yes Checking if "/boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes Running "embed /boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"... 18 sectors are embedded. succeeded Running "install /boot/grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+18 p (hd0,0)/boot/grub/stage2 /boot/grub/menu.lst"... succeeded Done. grub> quit

f）最后，更新下文件系统，卸载各分区和系统，重新启动：

livecd / # emerge --sync --quiet livecd / # dispatch-conf livecd / # emerge --update --deep --newuse world livecd / # emerge --depclean livecd / # revdep-rebuild livecd / # exit livecd gentoo # cd livecd ~ # umount /mnt/gentoo/dev /mnt/gentoo/proc /mnt/gentoo/boot /mnt/gentoo livecd ~ # reboot

至此这个系统重构和备份已经完成。

参考：

1）http://www.gentoo.org/doc/zh_cn/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?style=printable&full=1#book_part1

2）http://www.gentoo.org/doc/zh_cn/guide-localization.xml

3）http://www.gentoo.org/doc/zh_cn/gcc-upgrading.xml

4）http://www.gentoo.org/doc/zh_cn/list.xml?desc=1