MySQL关键字-字段名使用Usage报错问题

1. 背景描述

前几天遇到这么一个问题，用navicat创建个数据表，其中有一个字段标识用量，用量嘛依照我的六级未遂的英语，Usage。嗯，这个单词贴切，够短，perfect！表真的创建成功了，但是插入数据时就是不对，语法错误！what a fuck！检查了半天终于发现Usage这个罪魁祸首，这货别是个关键字吧，查了一下，嘿，还真是，fuck again！

2. 官方文档说明

查了一下官方文档是这么说的：

Keywords are words that have significance in SQL. Certain keywords, such as SELECT, DELETE, or BIGINT, are reserved and require special treatment for use as identifiers such as table and column names. This may also be true for the names of built-in functions.

关键字是在SQL中有意义的单词。某些关键字（如SELECT、DELETE或BIGINT）是保留的，需要特殊处理才能用作表和列名等标识符。对于内置函数的名称也可能是这样。
Nonreserved keywords are permitted as identifiers without quoting.
不带引号的关键字可以作为标识符。

mysql> CREATE TABLE interval (begin INT, end INT);
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax ... near 'interval (begin INT, end INT)'

BEGIN and END are keywords but not reserved, so their use as identifiers does not require quoting. INTERVAL is a reserved keyword and must be quoted to be used as an identifier
BEGIN和END是关键字，但不是保留的，因此它们用作标识符不需要引用。INTERVAL是保留关键字，必须引用才能用作标识符

mysql> CREATE TABLE `interval` (begin INT, end INT);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

Exception: A word that follows a period in a qualified name must be an identifier, so it need not be quoted even if it is reserved
例外：限定名中句点后面的单词必须是标识符，因此即使保留了它，也不必引用

Names of built-in functions are permitted as identifiers but may require care to be used as such. For example, COUNT is acceptable as a column name. However, by default, no whitespace is permitted in function invocations between the function name and the following ( character. This requirement enables the parser to distinguish whether the name is used in a function call or in nonfunction context.
内置函数的名称允许作为标识符，但可能需要谨慎使用。例如，COUNT可以作为列名。但是，默认情况下，函数调用中函数名和以下字符之间不允许有空格。这个需求使解析器能够区分名称是在函数调用中使用还是在非函数上下文中使用。

3. MySQL5.7关键字保留字列表

下面罗列了MySQL5.7版本的关键字和保留字，做个笔记吧，毕竟年龄大了，记性不好，顺便说一句，带 ®标识的为关键字
A

ACCESSIBLE ®	ACCOUNT; added in 5.7.6 (nonreserved)	ACTION	ADD ®	AFTER
AGAINST	AGGREGATE	ALGORITHM	ALL ®	ALTER ®
ALWAYS; added in 5.7.6 (nonreserved)	ANALYSE	ANALYZE ®	AND ®	ANY
AS ®	ASC ®	ASCII	ASENSITIVE ®	AT
AUTOEXTEND_SIZE	AUTO_INCREMENT	AVG	AVG_ROW_LENGTH

B

ACKUP	BEFORE ®	BEGIN	BETWEEN ®	BIGINT ®
INARY ®	BINLOG	BIT	BLOB ®	BLOCK
BOOL	BOOLEAN	BOTH ®	BTREE	BY ®
BYTE

C

CACHE	CALL ®	CASCADE ®	CASCADED	CASE ®
CATALOG_NAME	CHAIN	CHANGE ®	CHANGED	CHANNEL; added in 5.7.6 (nonreserved)
CHAR ®	CHARACTER ®	CHARSET	CHECK ®	CHECKSUM
CIPHER	CLASS_ORIGIN	CLIENT	CLOSE	COALESCE
CODE	COLLATE ®	COLLATION	COLUMN ®	COLUMNS
COLUMN_FORMAT	COLUMN_NAME	COMMENT	COMMIT	COMMITTED
COMPACT	COMPLETION	COMPRESSED	COMPRESSION; added in 5.7.8 (nonreserved)	CONCURRENT
CONDITION ®	CONNECTION	CONSISTENT	CONSTRAINT ®	CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
CONSTRAINT_NAME	CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA	CONTAINS	CONTEXT	CONTINUE ®
CONVERT ®	CPU	CREATE ®	CROSS ®	CUBE
CURRENT	CURRENT_DATE ®	CURRENT_TIME ®	CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ®	CURRENT_USER ®
CURSOR ®	CURSOR_NAME

D

DATA	DATABASE ®	DATABASES ®	DATAFILE	DATE
DATETIME	DAY	DAY_HOUR ®	DAY_MICROSECOND ®	DAY_MINUTE ®
DAY_SECOND ®	DEALLOCATE	DEC ®	DECIMAL ®	DECLARE ®
DEFAULT ®	DEFAULT_AUTH	DEFINER	DELAYED ®	DELAY_KEY_WRITE
DELETE ®	DESC ®	DESCRIBE ®	DES_KEY_FILE	DETERMINISTIC ®
DIAGNOSTICS	DIRECTORY	DISABLE	DISCARD	DISK
DISTINCT ®	DISTINCTROW ®	DIV ®	DO	DOUBLE ®
DROP ®	DUAL ®	DUMPFILE	DUPLICATE	DYNAMIC

E

EACH ®	ELSE ®	ELSEIF ®	ENABLE	ENCLOSED ®
ENCRYPTION; added in 5.7.11 (nonreserved)	END	ENDS	ENGINE	ENGINES
ENUM	ERROR	ERRORS	ESCAPE	ESCAPED ®
EVENT	EVENTS	EVERY	EXCHANGE	EXECUTE
EXISTS ®	EXIT ®	EXPANSION	EXPIRE	EXPLAIN ®
EXPORT	EXTENDED	EXTENT_SIZE

F

FALSE ®	FAST	FAULTS	FETCH ®	FIELDS
FILE	FILE_BLOCK_SIZE; added in 5.7.6 (nonreserved)	FILTER; added in 5.7.3 (nonreserved)	FIRST	FIXED
FLOAT ®	FLOAT4 ®	FLOAT8 ®	FLUSH	FOLLOWS; added in 5.7.2 (nonreserved)
FOR ®	FORCE ®	FOREIGN ®	FORMAT	FOUND
FROM ®	FULL	FULLTEXT ®	FUNCTION

G

GENERAL	GENERATED ®; added in 5.7.6 (reserved)	GEOMETRY	GEOMETRYCOLLECTION	GET ®
GET_FORMAT	GLOBAL	GRANT ®	GRANTS	GROUP ®
GROUP_REPLICATION; added in 5.7.6 (nonreserved)

H

HANDLER	HASH	HAVING ®	HELP	HIGH_PRIORITY ®
HOST	HOSTS	HOUR	HOUR_MICROSECOND ®	HOUR_MINUTE ®
HOUR_SECOND ®

I

IDENTIFIED	IF ®	IGNORE ®	IGNORE_SERVER_IDS	IMPORT
IN ®	INDEX ®	INDEXES	INFILE ®	INITIAL_SIZE
INNER ®	INOUT ®	INSENSITIVE ®	INSERT ®	INSERT_METHOD
INSTALL	INSTANCE; added in 5.7.11 (nonreserved)	INT ®	INT1 ®	INT2 ®
INT3 ®	INT4 ®	INT8 ®	INTEGER ®	INTERVAL ®
INTO ®	INVOKER	IO	IO_AFTER_GTIDS ®	IO_BEFORE_GTIDS ®
IO_THREAD	IPC	IS ®	ISOLATION	ISSUER

J

JOIN ®	JSON; added in 5.7.8 (nonreserved)

K

KEY ®	KEYS ®	KEY_BLOCK_SIZE	KILL ®

L

LANGUAGE	LAST	LEADING ®	LEAVE ®	LEAVES
LEFT ®	LESS	LEVEL	LIKE ®	LIMIT ®
INEAR ®	LINES ®	LINESTRING	LIST	LOAD ®
LOCAL	LOCALTIME ®	LOCALTIMESTAMP ®	LOCK ®	LOCKS
LOGFILE	LOGS	LONG ®	LONGBLOB ®	LONGTEXT ®
LOOP ®	LOW_PRIORITY ®

M

MASTER	MASTER_AUTO_POSITION	MASTER_BIND ®	MASTER_CONNECT_RETRY	MASTER_DELAY
MASTER_HEARTBEAT_PERIOD	MASTER_HOST	MASTER_LOG_FILE	MASTER_LOG_POS	MASTER_PASSWORD
MASTER_PORT	MASTER_RETRY_COUNT	MASTER_SERVER_ID	MASTER_SSL	MASTER_SSL_CA
MASTER_SSL_CAPATH	MASTER_SSL_CERT	MASTER_SSL_CIPHER	MASTER_SSL_CRL	MASTER_SSL_CRLPATH
MASTER_SSL_KEY	MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT ®	MASTER_TLS_VERSION; added in 5.7.10 (nonreserved)	MASTER_USER	MATCH ®
MAXVALUE ®	MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR	MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR	MAX_ROWS	MAX_SIZE
MAX_STATEMENT_TIME; added in 5.7.4 (nonreserved); removed in 5.7.8	MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR	MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS	MEDIUM	MEDIUMBLOB ®
MEDIUMINT ®	MEDIUMTEXT ®	MEMORY	MERGE	MESSAGE_TEXT
MICROSECOND	MIDDLEINT ®	MIGRATE	MINUTE	MINUTE_MICROSECOND ®
MINUTE_SECOND ®	MIN_ROWS	MOD ®	MODE	MODIFIES ®
MODIFY	MONTH	MULTILINESTRING	MULTIPOINT	MULTIPOLYGON
MUTEX	MYSQL_ERRNO

N

NAME	NAMES	NATIONAL	NATURAL ®	NCHAR
NDB	NDBCLUSTER	NEVER; added in 5.7.4 (nonreserved)	NEW	NEXT
NO	NODEGROUP	NONBLOCKING; removed in 5.7.6	NONE	NOT ®
NO_WAIT	NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ®	NULL ®	NUMBER	NUMERIC ®
NVARCHAR

O

OFFSET	OLD_PASSWORD; removed in 5.7.5	ON ®	ONE	ONLY
OPEN	OPTIMIZE ®	OPTIMIZER_COSTS ®; added in 5.7.5 (reserved)	OPTION ®	OPTIONALLY ®
OPTIONS	OR ®	ORDER ®	OUT ®	OUTER ®
OUTFILE ®	OWNER

P

PACK_KEYS	PAGE	PARSER	PARSE_GCOL_EXPR; added in 5.7.6 (reserved); became nonreserved in 5.7.8	PARTIAL
PARTITION ®	PARTITIONING	PARTITIONS	PASSWORD	PHASE
PLUGIN	PLUGINS	PLUGIN_DIR	POINT	POLYGON
PORT	PRECEDES; added in 5.7.2 (nonreserved)	PRECISION ®	PREPARE	PRESERVE
PREV	PRIMARY ®	PRIVILEGES	PROCEDURE ®	PROCESSLIST
PROFILE	PROFILES	PROXY	PURGE ®

Q

QUARTER	QUERY	QUICK

R

RANGE ®	READ ®	READS ®	READ_ONLY	READ_WRITE ®
REAL ®	REBUILD	RECOVER	REDOFILE	REDO_BUFFER_SIZE
REDUNDANT	REFERENCES ®	REGEXP ®	RELAY	RELAYLOG
RELAY_LOG_FILE	ELAY_LOG_POS	RELAY_THREAD	RELEASE ®
RELOAD	REMOVE	RENAME ®	REORGANIZE	REPAIR
REPEAT ®	REPEATABLE	REPLACE ®	REPLICATE_DO_DB; added in 5.7.3 (nonreserved)	REPLICATE_DO_TABLE; added in 5.7.3 (nonreserved)
REPLICATE_IGNORE_DB; added in 5.7.3 (nonreserved)	REPLICATE_IGNORE_TABLE; added in 5.7.3 (nonreserved)	REPLICATE_REWRITE_DB; added in 5.7.3 (nonreserved)	REPLICATE_WILD_DO_TABLE; added in 5.7.3 (nonreserved)	REPLICATE_WILD_IGNORE_TABLE; added in 5.7.3 (nonreserved)
REPLICATION	REQUIRE ®	RESET	RESIGNAL ®	RESTORE
RESTRICT ®	RESUME	RETURN ®	RETURNED_SQLSTATE	RETURNS
REVERSE	REVOKE ®	RIGHT ®	RLIKE ®	ROLLBACK
ROLLUP	ROTATE; added in 5.7.11 (nonreserved)	ROUTINE	ROW	ROWS
ROW_COUNT	ROW_FORMAT	RTREE

S

SAVEPOINT	SCHEDULE	SCHEMA ®	SCHEMAS ®	SCHEMA_NAME
SECOND	SECOND_MICROSECOND ®	SECURITY	SELECT ®	SENSITIVE ®
SEPARATOR ®	SERIAL	SERIALIZABLE	SERVER	SESSION
SET ®	SHARE	SHOW ®	SHUTDOWN	SIGNAL ®
SIGNED	SIMPLE	SLAVE	SLOW	SMALLINT ®
SNAPSHOT	SOCKET	SOME	SONAME	SOUNDS
SOURCE	SPATIAL ®	SPECIFIC ®	SQL ®	SQLEXCEPTION ®
SQLSTATE ®	SQLWARNING ®	SQL_AFTER_GTIDS	SQL_AFTER_MTS_GAPS	SQL_BEFORE_GTIDS
SQL_BIG_RESULT ®	SQL_BUFFER_RESULT	SQL_CACHE	SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS ®	SQL_NO_CACHE
SQL_SMALL_RESULT ®	SQL_THREAD	SQL_TSI_DAY	SQL_TSI_HOUR	SQL_TSI_MINUTE
SQL_TSI_MONTH	SQL_TSI_QUARTER	SQL_TSI_SECOND	SQL_TSI_WEEK	SQL_TSI_YEAR
SSL ®	STACKED	START	STARTING ®	STARTS
STATS_AUTO_RECALC	STATS_PERSISTENT	STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES	STATUS	STOP
STORAGE	STORED ®; added in 5.7.6 (reserved)	STRAIGHT_JOIN ®	STRING	SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
SUBJECT	SUBPARTITION	SUBPARTITIONS	SUPER	SUSPEND
SWAPS	SWITCHES

T

TABLE ®	TABLES	TABLESPACE	TABLE_CHECKSUM	TABLE_NAME
TEMPORARY	TEMPTABLE	TERMINATED ®	TEXT	THAN
THEN ®	TIME	TIMESTAMP	TIMESTAMPADD	TIMESTAMPDIFF
TINYBLOB ®	TINYINT ®	TINYTEXT ®	TO ®	TRAILING ®
TRANSACTION	TRIGGER ®	TRIGGERS	TRUE ®	TRUNCATE
TYPE	TYPES

U

UNCOMMITTED	UNDEFINED	UNDO ®	UNDOFILE	UNDO_BUFFER_SIZE
UNICODE	UNINSTALL	UNION ®	UNIQUE ®	UNKNOWN
UNLOCK ®	UNSIGNED ®	UNTIL	UPDATE ®	UPGRADE
USAGE ®	USE ®	USER	USER_RESOURCES	USE_FRM
USING ®	UTC_DATE ®	UTC_TIME ®	UTC_TIMESTAMP ®

V

VALIDATION; added in 5.7.5 (nonreserved)	VALUE	VALUES ®	VARBINARY ®	VARCHAR ®
VARCHARACTER ®	VARIABLES	VARYING ®	VIEW	VIRTUAL ®; added in 5.7.6 (reserved)

W

WAIT	WARNINGS	WEEK	WEIGHT_STRING	WHEN ®
WHERE ®	WHILE ®	WITH ®	WITHOUT; added in 5.7.5 (nonreserved)	WORK
WRAPPER	WRITE ®

X

X509	XA	XID; added in 5.7.5 (nonreserved)	XML	XOR ®

Y

YEAR	YEAR_MONTH ®

Z

ZEROFILL ®

4. 总结

MySQL关键字很多，大部分关键字可以直接用作表名或者字段名，但是保留字必须用引号包含才可以使用。但是还是能不用尽量不用吧，毕竟麻烦，打断sql多一个少一个引号根本注意不到好吗？！！你可以做但没必要~