本文基于Android 13 SettingsProvider源码，分析Settings模块调用、Settings类和SettingsProvider模块。Settings通过SettingsProvider处理设置项状态保存，SettingsProvider以ContentProvider方式管理和访问设置数据，数据保存在xml文件中，还涉及数据迁移、升级等操作，方便应用和系统组件管理设备设置。
Android Settings 系列文章：
首语
为啥要聊到这个模块呢？因为Settings里存在大量的设置项，这些设置项的状态需要保存，它们就是通过SettingsProvider来处理的。以状态栏显示电量百分比菜单为例（Battery->Battery percentage）,分析下它的状态保存。
本文以Android 13 SettingsProvider源码进行分析。
Settings模块调用
这个菜单的核心实现在BatteryPercentagePreferenceController.java中，可以发现菜单的状态保存实现在Settings类中，状态读取通过getInt方法，状态保存通过putInt方法，
public class BatteryPercentagePreferenceController extends BasePreferenceController implements
PreferenceControllerMixin, Preference.OnPreferenceChangeListener {
@Override
public void updateState(Preference preference) {
//菜单状态保存读取
int setting = Settings.System.getInt(mContext.getContentResolver(),
SHOW_BATTERY_PERCENT, 0);
((SwitchPreference) preference).setChecked(setting == 1);
}
@Override
public boolean onPreferenceChange(Preference preference, Object newValue) {
boolean showPercentage = (Boolean) newValue;
//菜单状态保存
Settings.System.putInt(mContext.getContentResolver(), SHOW_BATTERY_PERCENT,
showPercentage ? 1 : 0);
FeatureFactory.getFactory(mContext).getMetricsFeatureProvider()
.action(mContext, SettingsEnums.OPEN_BATTERY_PERCENTAGE, showPercentage);
return true;
}
}
Settings类分析
在Settings中可以看到，getInt最终实现是通过ContentProvider的query方法去查询数据，putInt方法同理。mProviderHolder通过NameValueCache构造函数传入，uri为"content://settings/system"。mCallGetCommand为CALL_METHOD_GET_GLOBAL，调用ContentProvider的call方法。mContentProvider是authority为settings的ContentProvider。这里其实就知道为啥跟SettingsProvider相关联了。
因为在SettingsProvider中，定义了一个SettingsProvider，authority为settings。
继续分析下Settings类，可以发现它只能保存int，float，string等基本类型的数据，同时以键值对的形式保存，Settings中定义了大量的设置项KEY。其次除了System类外还有Global，Secure，Config，Bookmarks类分别构造了不同URI操作数据。因为Settings对数据进行了分类。
- System。包含各种系统设置。
- Global。包含各种对用户公开的系统设置，第三方应用程序可以读取，不可以写入。
- Secure。包含各种安全系统设置。第三方应用程序可以读取，不可以写入。
- Config。配置系统设置。只有Android可以读取，特定的配置服务可以写入。
- Bookmarks。用户定义的书签和快捷方式。 每个书签的目标是一个 Intent URL，允许它是网页或特定的应用程序活动。
修改数据需要权限：
- android.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS
- android.permission.WRITE_SECURE_SETTINGS
public final class Settings {
public static final class System extends NameValueTable {
public static final Uri CONTENT_URI = Uri.parse("content://" + AUTHORITY + "/system");
public static int getInt(ContentResolver cr, String name, int def) {
return getIntForUser(cr, name, def, cr.getUserId());
}
/** @hide */
@UnsupportedAppUsage
public static int getIntForUser(ContentResolver cr, String name, int def, int userHandle) {
String v = getStringForUser(cr, name, userHandle);
return parseIntSettingWithDefault(v, def);
}
public static String getStringForUser(ContentResolver resolver, String name,
int userHandle) {
return sNameValueCache.getStringForUser(resolver, name, userHandle);
}
}
public static final class Global extends NameValueTable {
public static final Uri CONTENT_URI = Uri.parse("content://" + AUTHORITY + "/global");
private static final NameValueCache sNameValueCache = new NameValueCache(
CONTENT_URI,
CALL_METHOD_GET_GLOBAL,
CALL_METHOD_PUT_GLOBAL,
CALL_METHOD_DELETE_GLOBAL,
sProviderHolder,
Global.class);
}
public static final class Secure extends NameValueTable {
public static final Uri CONTENT_URI = Uri.parse("content://" + AUTHORITY + "/secure");
}
public static final class Config extends NameValueTable {
public static final Uri CONTENT_URI = Uri.parse("content://" + AUTHORITY + "/config");
}
private static class NameValueCache {
<T extends NameValueTable> NameValueCache(Uri uri, String getCommand,
String setCommand, String deleteCommand, ContentProviderHolder providerHolder,
Class<T> callerClass) {
this(uri, getCommand, setCommand, deleteCommand, null, null, providerHolder,
callerClass);
}
public String getStringForUser(ContentResolver cr, String name, final int userHandle) {
IContentProvider cp = mProviderHolder.getProvider(cr);
...
if (mCallGetCommand != null) {
b = cp.call(cr.getAttributionSource(),
mProviderHolder.mUri.getAuthority(), mCallGetCommand, name,
args);
String value = b.getString(Settings.NameValueTable.VALUE);
return value;
}
if (Settings.isInSystemServer() && Binder.getCallingUid() != Process.myUid()) {
final long token = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
try {
c = cp.query(cr.getAttributionSource(), mUri,
SELECT_VALUE_PROJECTION, queryArgs, null);
} finally {
Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(token);
}
} else {
c = cp.query(cr.getAttributionSource(), mUri,
SELECT_VALUE_PROJECTION, queryArgs, null);
}
...
}
private static final class ContentProviderHolder {
private final Object mLock = new Object();
private final Uri mUri;
private IContentProvider mContentProvider;
public ContentProviderHolder(Uri uri) {
mUri = uri;
}
public IContentProvider getProvider(ContentResolver contentResolver) {
synchronized (mLock) {
if (mContentProvider == null) {
mContentProvider = contentResolver
.acquireProvider(mUri.getAuthority());
}
return mContentProvider;
}
}
}
SettingsProvider模块分析
SettingsProvider模块源码为frameworks/base/packages/SettingsProvider/，模块名为SettingsProvider，包名为com.android.providers.settings，Manifest中定义了authority为settings的ContentProvider。
<provider android:name="SettingsProvider"
android:authorities="settings"
android:multiprocess="false"
android:exported="true"
android:singleUser="true"
android:initOrder="100"
android:visibleToInstantApps="true" />
查看下SettingsProvider的实现，首先在onCreate方法中有迁移处理，用户相关监听，添加了两个服务SettingsService，DeviceConfigService。
public class SettingsProvider extends ContentProvider {
@Override
public boolean onCreate() {
...
synchronized (mLock) {
//迁移处理
mSettingsRegistry.migrateAllLegacySettingsIfNeededLocked();
mSettingsRegistry.syncSsaidTableOnStartLocked();
}
mHandler.post(() -> {
//用户移除停止广播注册
registerBroadcastReceivers();
//用户限制变更监听
startWatchingUserRestrictionChanges();
});
ServiceManager.addService("settings", new SettingsService(this));
ServiceManager.addService("device_config", new DeviceConfigService(this));
}
}
SettingsService类重写onShellCommand方法来处理adb shell 命令。
final public class SettingsService extends Binder {
@Override
public void onShellCommand(FileDescriptor in, FileDescriptor out, FileDescriptor err,
String[] args, ShellCallback callback, ResultReceiver resultReceiver) {
(new MyShellCommand(mProvider, false)).exec(
this, in, out, err, args, callback, resultReceiver);
}
}
执行 adb shell settings，打印了以下command使用信息。可以使用这些命令快速进行数据操作。
Settings provider (settings) commands:
help
Print this help text.
get [--user <USER_ID> | current] NAMESPACE KEY
Retrieve the current value of KEY.
put [--user <USER_ID> | current] NAMESPACE KEY VALUE [TAG] [default]
Change the contents of KEY to VALUE.
TAG to associate with the setting.
{default} to set as the default, case-insensitive only for global/secure namespace
delete [--user <USER_ID> | current] NAMESPACE KEY
Delete the entry for KEY.
reset [--user <USER_ID> | current] NAMESPACE {PACKAGE_NAME | RESET_MODE}
Reset the global/secure table for a package with mode.
RESET_MODE is one of {untrusted_defaults, untrusted_clear, trusted_defaults}, case-insensitive
list [--user <USER_ID> | current] NAMESPACE
Print all defined keys.
NAMESPACE is one of {system, secure, global}, case-insensitive
SettingsService进行了adb shell命令的扩展，让我们操作数据更加方便。DeviceConfigService同理，通过adb shell device_config查看command信息。
分析了SettingsProvider的onCreate方法后，再看下insert方法是如何插入数据的，它从uri取出table，对应不同uri为system/global/secure等。以插入global数据为例分析，System，Global等实现类似。operation来判断是增删改查那种操作，通过SettingsState类的insertSettingLocked方法来进行插入操作，而SettingsState是通过ensureSettingsStateLocked方法创建的，然后保存到mSettingsStates中。
public class SettingsProvider extends ContentProvider {
public static final String TABLE_SYSTEM = "system";
@Override
public Uri insert(Uri uri, ContentValues values) {
...
String table = getValidTableOrThrow(uri);
switch (table) {
case TABLE_GLOBAL: {
if (insertGlobalSetting(name, value, null, false,
UserHandle.getCallingUserId(), false, /* overrideableByRestore */ false)) {
return Uri.withAppendedPath(Settings.Global.CONTENT_URI, name);
}
} break;
}
}
private boolean insertGlobalSetting(String name, String value, String tag,
boolean makeDefault, int requestingUserId, boolean forceNotify,
boolean overrideableByRestore) {
return mutateGlobalSetting(name, value, tag, makeDefault, requestingUserId,
MUTATION_OPERATION_INSERT, forceNotify, 0, overrideableByRestore);
}
private boolean mutateGlobalSetting(String name, String value, String tag,
boolean makeDefault, int requestingUserId, int operation, boolean forceNotify,
int mode, boolean overrideableByRestore) {
switch (operation) {
//插入操作
case MUTATION_OPERATION_INSERT: {
return mSettingsRegistry.insertSettingLocked(SETTINGS_TYPE_GLOBAL,
UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM, name, value, tag, makeDefault,
callingPackage, forceNotify,
CRITICAL_GLOBAL_SETTINGS, overrideableByRestore);
}
}
}
final class SettingsRegistry {
private static final String SETTINGS_FILE_GLOBAL = "settings_global.xml";
public boolean insertSettingLocked(int type, int userId, String name, String value,
String tag, boolean makeDefault, String packageName, boolean forceNotify,
Set<String> criticalSettings, boolean overrideableByRestore) {
return insertSettingLocked(type, userId, name, value, tag, makeDefault, false,
packageName, forceNotify, criticalSettings, overrideableByRestore);
}
public boolean insertSettingLocked(int type, int userId, String name, String value,
String tag, boolean makeDefault, boolean forceNonSystemPackage, String packageName,
boolean forceNotify, Set<String> criticalSettings, boolean overrideableByRestore) {
...
SettingsState settingsState = peekSettingsStateLocked(key);
if (settingsState != null) {
success = settingsState.insertSettingLocked(name, value,
tag, makeDefault, forceNonSystemPackage, packageName, overrideableByRestore);
}
}
@Nullable
private SettingsState peekSettingsStateLocked(int key) {
...
if (!ensureSettingsForUserLocked(getUserIdFromKey(key))) {
return null;
}
return mSettingsStates.get(key);
}
public boolean ensureSettingsForUserLocked(int userId) {
...
if (userId == UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM) {
final int globalKey = makeKey(SETTINGS_TYPE_GLOBAL, UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM);
ensureSettingsStateLocked(globalKey);
}
}
private void ensureSettingsStateLocked(int key) {
...
if (mSettingsStates.get(key) == null) {
final int maxBytesPerPackage = getMaxBytesPerPackageForType(getTypeFromKey(key));
SettingsState settingsState = new SettingsState(getContext(), mLock,
getSettingsFile(key), key, maxBytesPerPackage, mHandlerThread.getLooper());
mSettingsStates.put(key, settingsState);
}
}
private File getSettingsFile(int key) {
if (isGlobalSettingsKey(key)) {
final int userId = getUserIdFromKey(key);
return new File(Environment.getUserSystemDirectory(userId),
SETTINGS_FILE_GLOBAL);
} else if (isSystemSettingsKey(key)) {
final int userId = getUserIdFromKey(key);
return new File(Environment.getUserSystemDirectory(userId),
SETTINGS_FILE_SYSTEM);
...
}
}
}
}
继续分析SettingsState类的insertSettingLocked方法，先将数据保存到mSettings，创建了一个Handler延时加锁进行写数据操作，核心写数据操作在doWriteState方法里。mStatePersistFile是从SettingsState传递过来的，由创建SettingsState的ensureSettingsStateLocked方法可知，通过getSettingsFile创建mStatePersistFile，文件路径为用户系统目录(/data/system/users/0/)，文件名为settings_global.xml，然后在xml中进行写数据。
final class SettingsState {
public boolean insertSettingLocked(String name, String value, String tag,
boolean makeDefault, boolean forceNonSystemPackage, String packageName,
boolean overrideableByRestore) {
...
mSettings.put(name, newState);
scheduleWriteIfNeededLocked();
}
private void scheduleWriteIfNeededLocked() {
...
writeStateAsyncLocked();
}
private void writeStateAsyncLocked() {
...
Message message = mHandler.obtainMessage(MyHandler.MSG_PERSIST_SETTINGS);
mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(message, writeDelayMillis);
}
private final class MyHandler extends Handler {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message message) {
switch (message.what) {
case MSG_PERSIST_SETTINGS: {
Runnable callback = (Runnable) message.obj;
doWriteState();
if (callback != null) {
callback.run();
}
}
private void doWriteState() {
synchronized (mLock) {
version = mVersion;
settings = new ArrayMap<>(mSettings);
namespaceBannedHashes = new ArrayMap<>(mNamespaceBannedHashes);
mDirty = false;
mWriteScheduled = false;
}
synchronized (mWriteLock){
AtomicFile destination = new AtomicFile(mStatePersistFile, mStatePersistTag);
FileOutputStream out = null;
try {
out = destination.startWrite();
TypedXmlSerializer serializer = Xml.resolveSerializer(out);
serializer.startDocument(null, true);
serializer.startTag(null, TAG_SETTINGS);
serializer.attributeInt(null, ATTR_VERSION, version);
final int settingCount = settings.size();
for (int i = 0; i < settingCount; i++) {
Setting setting = settings.valueAt(i);
if (setting.isTransient()) {
if (DEBUG_PERSISTENCE) {
Slog.i(LOG_TAG, "[SKIPPED PERSISTING]" + setting.getName());
}
continue;
}
if (writeSingleSetting(mVersion, serializer, setting.getId(), setting.getName(),
setting.getValue(), setting.getDefaultValue(), setting.getPackageName(),
setting.getTag(), setting.isDefaultFromSystem(),
setting.isValuePreservedInRestore())) {
}
}
}
serializer.endTag(null, TAG_SETTINGS);
serializer.startTag(null, TAG_NAMESPACE_HASHES);
for (int i = 0; i < namespaceBannedHashes.size(); i++) {
String namespace = namespaceBannedHashes.keyAt(i);
String bannedHash = namespaceBannedHashes.get(namespace);
if (writeSingleNamespaceHash(serializer, namespace, bannedHash)) {
}
}
}
serializer.endTag(null, TAG_NAMESPACE_HASHES);
serializer.endDocument();
destination.finishWrite(out);
}
}
到这里，才知道数据是保存在xml文件中的，而并非数据库里。Global类型数据保存在settings_global.xml中，System类型数据保存在settings_system.xml中，Secure类型数据保存在settings_secure.xml中，都在用户系统目录(/data/system/users/0/)下保存，截取部分内容如下：
<settings version="213">
<setting id="127" name="adb_wifi_enabled" value="0" package="android" defaultValue="0" defaultSysSet="true" />
<setting id="44" name="low_battery_sound_timeout" value="0" package="android" defaultValue="0" defaultSysSet="true" />
<setting id="95" name="wear_os_version_string" value="" package="android" defaultValue="" defaultSysSet="true" />
...
</settings>
查看时可能乱码，这是因为Android13保存的xml文件使用的是一种二进制格式，通过以下命令修改：
adb shell setprop persist.sys.binary_xml false
xml配置文件的格式就变为ASCII 码格式文件，就不会乱码可以正常查看了。
对于其它的query，update，delete方法，也不需赘述了，都是对mSettings进行操作，根据mSettings变化重新写入xml。核心实现都在SettingsState类中，通过锁来确保多个修改以原子方式持久保存到内存和磁盘中。
再看下call方法，前面Settings类中getStringForUser方法就调用了call方法去获取数据。method是区分各种类型数据操作的,不同类型数据操作有不同的method定义，之后的数据操作流程就和增删改查方法中的一致。
public class SettingsProvider extends ContentProvider {
@Override
public Bundle call(String method, String name, Bundle args) {
case Settings.CALL_METHOD_GET_GLOBAL: {
Setting setting = getGlobalSetting(name);
return packageValueForCallResult(setting, isTrackingGeneration(args));
}
case Settings.CALL_METHOD_PUT_GLOBAL: {
String value = getSettingValue(args);
String tag = getSettingTag(args);
final boolean makeDefault = getSettingMakeDefault(args);
final boolean overrideableByRestore = getSettingOverrideableByRestore(args);
insertGlobalSetting(name, value, tag, makeDefault, requestingUserId, false,
overrideableByRestore);
break;
}
}
}
对SettingsProvider的基本方法分析以后，我们分析下数据迁移方法migrateLegacySettingsForUserIfNeededLocked，它在onCreate方法中调用。通过DatabaseHelper类获取数据库实例来操作数据库，在TABLE_GLOBAL表内查询name 、value列，然后通过SettingsState的insertSettingLocked方法将数据插入到xml，插入完成后删除数据库。
public class SettingsProvider extends ContentProvider {
private static final boolean DROP_DATABASE_ON_MIGRATION = true;
public static final String TABLE_GLOBAL = "global";
private void migrateLegacySettingsForUserIfNeededLocked(int userId) {
// Every user has secure settings and if no file we need to migrate.
final int secureKey = makeKey(SETTINGS_TYPE_SECURE, userId);
File secureFile = getSettingsFile(secureKey);
if (SettingsState.stateFileExists(secureFile)) {
return;
}
DatabaseHelper dbHelper = new DatabaseHelper(getContext(), userId);
SQLiteDatabase database = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
migrateLegacySettingsForUserLocked(dbHelper, database, userId);
}
private void migrateLegacySettingsForUserLocked(DatabaseHelper dbHelper,
SQLiteDatabase database, int userId) {
...
if (userId == UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM) {
final int globalKey = makeKey(SETTINGS_TYPE_GLOBAL, userId);
ensureSettingsStateLocked(globalKey);
SettingsState globalSettings = mSettingsStates.get(globalKey);
migrateLegacySettingsLocked(globalSettings, database, TABLE_GLOBAL);
// If this was just created
if (mSettingsCreationBuildId != null) {
globalSettings.insertSettingLocked(Settings.Global.DATABASE_CREATION_BUILDID,
mSettingsCreationBuildId, null, true,
SettingsState.SYSTEM_PACKAGE_NAME);
}
globalSettings.persistSyncLocked();
}
// 已经迁移，删除数据库
if (DROP_DATABASE_ON_MIGRATION) {
dbHelper.dropDatabase();
} else {
dbHelper.backupDatabase();
}
private void migrateLegacySettingsLocked(SettingsState settingsState, SQLiteDatabase database, String table) {
SQLiteQueryBuilder queryBuilder = new SQLiteQueryBuilder();
queryBuilder.setTables(table);
Cursor cursor = queryBuilder.query(database, LEGACY_SQL_COLUMNS,null, null, null, null, null);
try {
if (!cursor.moveToFirst()) {
return;
}
final int nameColumnIdx = cursor.getColumnIndex(Settings.NameValueTable.NAME);
final int valueColumnIdx = cursor.getColumnIndex(Settings.NameValueTable.VALUE);
settingsState.setVersionLocked(database.getVersion());
while (!cursor.isAfterLast()) {
String name = cursor.getString(nameColumnIdx);
String value = cursor.getString(valueColumnIdx);
//插入数据到xml
settingsState.insertSettingLocked(name, value, null, true,
SettingsState.SYSTEM_PACKAGE_NAME);
cursor.moveToNext();
}
} finally {
cursor.close();
}
}
}
}
那看下DatabaseHelper实现，数据库名为settings.db，onCreate方法中创建了多张表，还是以Global为例，其它同理。在global表插入数据，KEY一般都是在Settings中定义，VALUE则一般都是本地资源。给这些KEY对应的设置项添加了初始值。可以在res/values/defaults.xml文件中看到定义了大量菜单的初始值。
class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "settings.db";
@Override
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
//创建表
db.execSQL("CREATE TABLE system (" +
"_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT," +
"name TEXT UNIQUE ON CONFLICT REPLACE," +
"value TEXT" +
");");
db.execSQL("CREATE INDEX systemIndex1 ON system (name);");
createSecureTable(db);
...
//加载数据
// Load initial volume levels into DB
loadVolumeLevels(db);
// Load inital settings values
loadSettings(db);
}
private void loadSettings(SQLiteDatabase db) {
loadSystemSettings(db);
loadSecureSettings(db);
// The global table only exists for the 'owner/system' user
if (mUserHandle == UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM) {
loadGlobalSettings(db);
}
}
private void loadGlobalSettings(SQLiteDatabase db) {
SQLiteStatement stmt = null;
final Resources res = mContext.getResources();
try {
//插入sql
stmt = db.compileStatement("INSERT OR IGNORE INTO global(name,value)"
+ " VALUES(?,?);");
loadBooleanSetting(stmt, Settings.Global.AIRPLANE_MODE_ON,
R.bool.def_airplane_mode_on);
loadStringSetting(stmt, Settings.Global.AIRPLANE_MODE_TOGGLEABLE_RADIOS,
R.string.airplane_mode_toggleable_radios);
loadIntegerSetting(stmt, Settings.Global.WIFI_SLEEP_POLICY,
R.integer.def_wifi_sleep_policy);
...
}
private void loadBooleanSetting(SQLiteStatement stmt, String key, int resid) {
loadSetting(stmt, key,
mContext.getResources().getBoolean(resid) ? "1" : "0");
}
private void loadSetting(SQLiteStatement stmt, String key, Object value) {
stmt.bindString(1, key);
stmt.bindString(2, value.toString());
//执行sql
stmt.execute();
}
}
其它源码就是关于升级和备份相关的，升级大致逻辑是由于DatabaseHelper类已经废弃，118版本之前的升级在SettingsProvider侧，118之后的升级移到SettingsProvider下，有UpgradeController类的upgradeIfNeededLocked方法。因此后续的升级步骤不要在DatabaseHelper下添加。
整理下SettingsProvider的流程，Settings.db初始化往表里添加大量数据，然后从Settings.db将数据迁移到到不同类型(Global/System/Secure)数据的xml中，最后删除数据库。
总结
SettingsProvider 模块使用 ContentProvider 的方式来管理和访问设置数据。它提供了一组标准的 URI用于访问不同类型的设置信息。通过使用这些 URI，应用程序可以读取、写入和监听设置的变化。
通过与 SettingsProvider 模块交互，Settings等应用程序和系统组件可以轻松地管理设备的各种设置，为用户提供更好的个性化和控制体验。
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