linux 软件编译过程

于 2024-01-14 08:30:00 发布
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前几篇中介绍了一些GUN辅助工具，中间涉及很多概念。这些概念跟软件的编译过程紧密相关。在此有必要对软件的编译过程进行梳理和总结。

以下是一个简化的Linux应用程序编译过程的框图：

cpp预处理-》gcc编译-》as汇编-》链接

  1. 编写源代码
  2. 预处理器（Preprocessor）处理源代码，包括去除注释，宏展开等
  3. 编译器（Compiler）将预处理后的源代码转换成汇编代码
  4. 汇编器（Assembler）将汇编代码转换成机器代码
  5. 链接器（Linker）将机器代码与库函数等连接生成可执行文件
  6. 运行可执行文件

需要注意的是，实际的编译过程可能会更加复杂，包括优化器的使用和多个源文件的编译等。此外，还有其他工具和步骤可能会涉及到，比如构建系统（Build System）和版本控制系统。这只是一个简化的框图，用于概述Linux应用程序编译的基本过程。

仍然应用前几篇的demo.c为例，简要阐述一下各个过程。

#include <stdio.h>

int* g_pointer;
int g = 0;

void fun()
{
    g_pointer = (int *)&g;
    *g_pointer = 1;
}

int main(void)
{
    fun();
    printf("%d",g);

    return 0;
}
  • 预处理

C预处理程序（cpp）,用于扩展所有宏并将头文件包含进来。在此示例中，头文件 stdio.h 将被包含在源代码中,使用"cpp demo.c > demo.i"生成预处理文件demo.i。以下是demo.i文件的内容。

# 1 "demo.c"
# 1 "<built-in>"
# 1 "<command-line>"
# 1 "demo.c"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 1 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/features.h" 1 3 4
# 324 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/predefs.h" 1 3 4
# 325 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 357 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 1 3 4
# 378 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 379 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 358 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 389 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 1 3 4



# 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 5 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4


# 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs-32.h" 1 3 4
# 8 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4
# 390 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 29 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4





# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 212 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/include/stddef.h" 3 4
typedef unsigned int size_t;
# 35 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4

# 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 1 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 29 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4


typedef unsigned char __u_char;
typedef unsigned short int __u_short;
typedef unsigned int __u_int;
typedef unsigned long int __u_long;


typedef signed char __int8_t;
typedef unsigned char __uint8_t;
typedef signed short int __int16_t;
typedef unsigned short int __uint16_t;
typedef signed int __int32_t;
typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;




__extension__ typedef signed long long int __int64_t;
__extension__ typedef unsigned long long int __uint64_t;







__extension__ typedef long long int __quad_t;
__extension__ typedef unsigned long long int __u_quad_t;
# 131 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/typesizes.h" 1 3 4
# 132 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/types.h" 2 3 4


__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __dev_t;
__extension__ typedef unsigned int __uid_t;
__extension__ typedef unsigned int __gid_t;
__extension__ typedef unsigned long int __ino_t;
__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __ino64_t;
__extension__ typedef unsigned int __mode_t;
__extension__ typedef unsigned int __nlink_t;
__extension__ typedef long int __off_t;
__extension__ typedef __quad_t __off64_t;
__extension__ typedef int __pid_t;
__extension__ typedef struct { int __val[2]; } __fsid_t;
__extension__ typedef long int __clock_t;
__extension__ typedef unsigned long int __rlim_t;
__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __rlim64_t;
__extension__ typedef unsigned int __id_t;
__extension__ typedef long int __time_t;
__extension__ typedef unsigned int __useconds_t;
__extension__ typedef long int __suseconds_t;

__extension__ typedef int __daddr_t;
__extension__ typedef long int __swblk_t;
__extension__ typedef int __key_t;


__extension__ typedef int __clockid_t;


__extension__ typedef void * __timer_t;


__extension__ typedef long int __blksize_t;




__extension__ typedef long int __blkcnt_t;
__extension__ typedef __quad_t __blkcnt64_t;


__extension__ typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt_t;
__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __fsblkcnt64_t;


__extension__ typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt_t;
__extension__ typedef __u_quad_t __fsfilcnt64_t;

__extension__ typedef int __ssize_t;



typedef __off64_t __loff_t;
typedef __quad_t *__qaddr_t;
typedef char *__caddr_t;


__extension__ typedef int __intptr_t;


__extension__ typedef unsigned int __socklen_t;
# 37 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 45 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
struct _IO_FILE;



typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE;





# 65 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
typedef struct _IO_FILE __FILE;
# 75 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/libio.h" 1 3 4
# 32 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 1 3 4
# 15 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 16 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4




# 1 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 1 3 4
# 83 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 3 4
typedef struct
{
  int __count;
  union
  {

    unsigned int __wch;



    char __wchb[4];
  } __value;
} __mbstate_t;
# 21 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4

typedef struct
{
  __off_t __pos;
  __mbstate_t __state;
} _G_fpos_t;
typedef struct
{
  __off64_t __pos;
  __mbstate_t __state;
} _G_fpos64_t;
# 53 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 3 4
typedef int _G_int16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));
typedef int _G_int32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));
typedef unsigned int _G_uint16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));
typedef unsigned int _G_uint32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));
# 33 "/usr/include/libio.h" 2 3 4
# 53 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/include/stdarg.h" 1 3 4
# 40 "/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/include/stdarg.h" 3 4
typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list;
# 54 "/usr/include/libio.h" 2 3 4
# 172 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
struct _IO_jump_t; struct _IO_FILE;
# 182 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
typedef void _IO_lock_t;





struct _IO_marker {
  struct _IO_marker *_next;
  struct _IO_FILE *_sbuf;



  int _pos;
# 205 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
};


enum __codecvt_result
{
  __codecvt_ok,
  __codecvt_partial,
  __codecvt_error,
  __codecvt_noconv
};
# 273 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
struct _IO_FILE {
  int _flags;




  char* _IO_read_ptr;
  char* _IO_read_end;
  char* _IO_read_base;
  char* _IO_write_base;
  char* _IO_write_ptr;
  char* _IO_write_end;
  char* _IO_buf_base;
  char* _IO_buf_end;

  char *_IO_save_base;
  char *_IO_backup_base;
  char *_IO_save_end;

  struct _IO_marker *_markers;

  struct _IO_FILE *_chain;

  int _fileno;



  int _flags2;

  __off_t _old_offset;



  unsigned short _cur_column;
  signed char _vtable_offset;
  char _shortbuf[1];



  _IO_lock_t *_lock;
# 321 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
  __off64_t _offset;
# 330 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
  void *__pad1;
  void *__pad2;
  void *__pad3;
  void *__pad4;
  size_t __pad5;

  int _mode;

  char _unused2[15 * sizeof (int) - 4 * sizeof (void *) - sizeof (size_t)];

};


typedef struct _IO_FILE _IO_FILE;


struct _IO_FILE_plus;

extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stdin_;
extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stdout_;
extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stderr_;
# 366 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
typedef __ssize_t __io_read_fn (void *__cookie, char *__buf, size_t __nbytes);







typedef __ssize_t __io_write_fn (void *__cookie, __const char *__buf,
     size_t __n);







typedef int __io_seek_fn (void *__cookie, __off64_t *__pos, int __w);


typedef int __io_close_fn (void *__cookie);
# 418 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
extern int __underflow (_IO_FILE *);
extern int __uflow (_IO_FILE *);
extern int __overflow (_IO_FILE *, int);
# 462 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
extern int _IO_getc (_IO_FILE *__fp);
extern int _IO_putc (int __c, _IO_FILE *__fp);
extern int _IO_feof (_IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
extern int _IO_ferror (_IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int _IO_peekc_locked (_IO_FILE *__fp);





extern void _IO_flockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
extern void _IO_funlockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
extern int _IO_ftrylockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
# 492 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
extern int _IO_vfscanf (_IO_FILE * __restrict, const char * __restrict,
   __gnuc_va_list, int *__restrict);
extern int _IO_vfprintf (_IO_FILE *__restrict, const char *__restrict,
    __gnuc_va_list);
extern __ssize_t _IO_padn (_IO_FILE *, int, __ssize_t);
extern size_t _IO_sgetn (_IO_FILE *, void *, size_t);

extern __off64_t _IO_seekoff (_IO_FILE *, __off64_t, int, int);
extern __off64_t _IO_seekpos (_IO_FILE *, __off64_t, int);

extern void _IO_free_backup_area (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
# 76 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4




typedef __gnuc_va_list va_list;
# 91 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
typedef __off_t off_t;
# 103 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
typedef __ssize_t ssize_t;







typedef _G_fpos_t fpos_t;




# 165 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/stdio_lim.h" 1 3 4
# 166 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4



extern struct _IO_FILE *stdin;
extern struct _IO_FILE *stdout;
extern struct _IO_FILE *stderr;







extern int remove (__const char *__filename) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int rename (__const char *__old, __const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));




extern int renameat (int __oldfd, __const char *__old, int __newfd,
       __const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));








extern FILE *tmpfile (void) ;
# 210 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern char *tmpnam (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;





extern char *tmpnam_r (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;
# 228 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern char *tempnam (__const char *__dir, __const char *__pfx)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__)) ;








extern int fclose (FILE *__stream);




extern int fflush (FILE *__stream);

# 253 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fflush_unlocked (FILE *__stream);
# 267 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4






extern FILE *fopen (__const char *__restrict __filename,
      __const char *__restrict __modes) ;




extern FILE *freopen (__const char *__restrict __filename,
        __const char *__restrict __modes,
        FILE *__restrict __stream) ;
# 296 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 307 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *fdopen (int __fd, __const char *__modes) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;
# 320 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *fmemopen (void *__s, size_t __len, __const char *__modes)
  __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;




extern FILE *open_memstream (char **__bufloc, size_t *__sizeloc) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;






extern void setbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));



extern int setvbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,
      int __modes, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));





extern void setbuffer (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,
         size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));


extern void setlinebuf (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));








extern int fprintf (FILE *__restrict __stream,
      __const char *__restrict __format, ...);




extern int printf (__const char *__restrict __format, ...);

extern int sprintf (char *__restrict __s,
      __const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));





extern int vfprintf (FILE *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format,
       __gnuc_va_list __arg);




extern int vprintf (__const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg);

extern int vsprintf (char *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format,
       __gnuc_va_list __arg) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));





extern int snprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,
       __const char *__restrict __format, ...)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)));

extern int vsnprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,
        __const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)));

# 418 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int vdprintf (int __fd, __const char *__restrict __fmt,
       __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)));
extern int dprintf (int __fd, __const char *__restrict __fmt, ...)
     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)));








extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream,
     __const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;




extern int scanf (__const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;

extern int sscanf (__const char *__restrict __s,
     __const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
# 449 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream, __const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_fscanf")

                               ;
extern int scanf (__const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_scanf")
                              ;
extern int sscanf (__const char *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format, ...) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_sscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))

                      ;
# 469 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4








extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format,
      __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) ;





extern int vscanf (__const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ;


extern int vsscanf (__const char *__restrict __s,
      __const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)
     __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));
# 500 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int vfscanf (FILE *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vfscanf")



     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0))) ;
extern int vscanf (__const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vscanf")

     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0))) ;
extern int vsscanf (__const char *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg) __asm__ ("" "__isoc99_vsscanf") __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__))



     __attribute__ ((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));
# 528 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4









extern int fgetc (FILE *__stream);
extern int getc (FILE *__stream);





extern int getchar (void);

# 556 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int getc_unlocked (FILE *__stream);
extern int getchar_unlocked (void);
# 567 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *__stream);











extern int fputc (int __c, FILE *__stream);
extern int putc (int __c, FILE *__stream);





extern int putchar (int __c);

# 600 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fputc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream);







extern int putc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream);
extern int putchar_unlocked (int __c);






extern int getw (FILE *__stream);


extern int putw (int __w, FILE *__stream);








extern char *fgets (char *__restrict __s, int __n, FILE *__restrict __stream)
     ;






extern char *gets (char *__s) ;

# 662 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern __ssize_t __getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr,
          size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter,
          FILE *__restrict __stream) ;
extern __ssize_t getdelim (char **__restrict __lineptr,
        size_t *__restrict __n, int __delimiter,
        FILE *__restrict __stream) ;







extern __ssize_t getline (char **__restrict __lineptr,
       size_t *__restrict __n,
       FILE *__restrict __stream) ;








extern int fputs (__const char *__restrict __s, FILE *__restrict __stream);





extern int puts (__const char *__s);






extern int ungetc (int __c, FILE *__stream);






extern size_t fread (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
       size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;




extern size_t fwrite (__const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
        size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __s);

# 734 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern size_t fread_unlocked (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
         size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;
extern size_t fwrite_unlocked (__const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
          size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream);








extern int fseek (FILE *__stream, long int __off, int __whence);




extern long int ftell (FILE *__stream) ;




extern void rewind (FILE *__stream);

# 770 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fseeko (FILE *__stream, __off_t __off, int __whence);




extern __off_t ftello (FILE *__stream) ;
# 789 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4






extern int fgetpos (FILE *__restrict __stream, fpos_t *__restrict __pos);




extern int fsetpos (FILE *__stream, __const fpos_t *__pos);
# 812 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 821 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4


extern void clearerr (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));

extern int feof (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;

extern int ferror (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;




extern void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
extern int feof_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;
extern int ferror_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;








extern void perror (__const char *__s);






# 1 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/sys_errlist.h" 1 3 4
# 27 "/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/sys_errlist.h" 3 4
extern int sys_nerr;
extern __const char *__const sys_errlist[];
# 851 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4




extern int fileno (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;




extern int fileno_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;
# 870 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *popen (__const char *__command, __const char *__modes) ;





extern int pclose (FILE *__stream);





extern char *ctermid (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
# 910 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern void flockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));



extern int ftrylockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) ;


extern void funlockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
# 940 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 2 "demo.c" 2

int* g_pointer;
int g = 0;

void fun()
{
    g_pointer = (int *)&g;
    *g_pointer = 1;
}

int main(void)
{

    fun();
    printf("%d",g);

    return 0;

}
  • 编译

gcc -S 加上一步骤中生成的预编译文件将预处理源代码转换为汇编语言指令demo.s,该文件包含该 C 程序的汇编语言指令。

gcc -S demo.i
	.file	"demo.c"
	.comm	g_pointer,4,4
	.globl	g
	.bss
	.align 4
	.type	g, @object
	.size	g, 4
g:
	.zero	4
	.text
	.globl	fun
	.type	fun, @function
fun:
.LFB0:
	.cfi_startproc
	pushl	%ebp
	.cfi_def_cfa_offset 8
	.cfi_offset 5, -8
	movl	%esp, %ebp
	.cfi_def_cfa_register 5
	movl	$g, g_pointer
	movl	g_pointer, %eax
	movl	$1, (%eax)
	popl	%ebp
	.cfi_def_cfa 4, 4
	.cfi_restore 5
	ret
	.cfi_endproc
.LFE0:
	.size	fun, .-fun
	.section	.rodata
.LC0:
	.string	"%d"
	.text
	.globl	main
	.type	main, @function
main:
.LFB1:
	.cfi_startproc
	pushl	%ebp
	.cfi_def_cfa_offset 8
	.cfi_offset 5, -8
	movl	%esp, %ebp
	.cfi_def_cfa_register 5
	andl	$-16, %esp
	subl	$16, %esp
	call	fun
	movl	g, %edx
	movl	$.LC0, %eax
	movl	%edx, 4(%esp)
	movl	%eax, (%esp)
	call	printf
	movl	$0, %eax
	leave
	.cfi_restore 5
	.cfi_def_cfa 4, 4
	ret
	.cfi_endproc
.LFE1:
	.size	main, .-main
	.ident	"GCC: (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.3-1ubuntu5) 4.6.3"
	.section	.note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
  • 汇编

用as将demo.s转化成机器语言代码，并生成扩展名为 .o 的目标文件。

as demo.s -o demo.o

demo.o文件是elf格式文件，已不能编辑器打开了。

file demo.o
demo.o: ELF 32-bit LSB relocatable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), not stripped
  • 链接

将目标文件链接以创建可执行文件，可以使用 ld 命令直接调用链接器；但是，此命令有些复杂。也可以使用带有 -v 标志的 gcc 编译器。

xingzhemengyou@ubuntu:~/Desktop/demo$ gcc -v demo.o -o demo
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/lto-wrapper
Target: i686-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.3-1ubuntu5' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-4.6/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --program-suffix=-4.6 --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --with-system-zlib --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --with-gxx-include-dir=/usr/include/c++/4.6 --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --with-sysroot=/ --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-plugin --enable-objc-gc --enable-targets=all --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-tune=generic --enable-checking=release --build=i686-linux-gnu --host=i686-linux-gnu --target=i686-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 4.6.3 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.3-1ubuntu5) 
COMPILER_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/
LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../i386-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../../lib/:/lib/i386-linux-gnu/:/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../:/lib/:/usr/lib/
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-o' 'demo' '-mtune=generic' '-march=i686'
 /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/collect2 --sysroot=/ --build-id --no-add-needed --as-needed --eh-frame-hdr -m elf_i386 --hash-style=gnu -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 -z relro -o demo /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crti.o /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/crtbegin.o -L/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6 -L/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../i386-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../../lib -L/lib/i386-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/../../.. demo.o -lgcc --as-needed -lgcc_s --no-as-needed -lc -lgcc --as-needed -lgcc_s --no-as-needed /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.6/../../../i386-linux-gnu/crtn.o
xingzhemengyou@ubuntu:~/Desktop/demo$ 
xingzhemengyou@ubuntu:~/Desktop/demo$ file demo
demo: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.24, BuildID[sha1]=0x8719c6a1de4424c5e007fb0d726498824cbd8d92, not stripped
xingzhemengyou@ubuntu:~/Desktop/demo$

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