安装ez_install和pip,使用requirements.txt安装

本文介绍如何在CentOS系统中使用pip安装Python包,并通过requirements.txt文件来管理项目的依赖。此外,还提供了如何解决不同包之间的版本冲突的方法。
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# centos下:
$ yum install python-setuptools python-setuptools-dev   # 安装ez_install

$ ez_install pip
  • pip可以使用命令:
$ pip install -r requirements.txt   # 完成对requirements.txt文件配置内容的安装

下面为官方文档的解释:

引导pip正确地安装满足需求的package. 由于现在pip 还不具备真正的依赖分析, 只是简单地为项目匹配第一需求. 举个例子:假如 pkg1 需要 pkg3>=1.0, pkg2 需要 pkg3>=1.0,<=2.0, 如果 pkg1 被先安装, 那么pip只会满足 pkg3>=1.0, 这样可能会导致所安装的 pkg3 版本和 pkg2 发生冲突. 如果要解决这个问题,需要把 pkg3>=1.0,<=2.0 (正确的指定) 写入 requirements 文件. 例如:

pkg1
pkg2
pkg3>=1.0,<=2.0

Requirements files are used to force pip to install an alternate version of a sub-dependency. For example, suppose ProjectA in your requirements file requires ProjectB, but the latest version (v1.3) has a bug, you can force pip to accept earlier versions like so:

ProjectA
ProjectB<1.3

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ERROR: Exception: Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 105, in _run_wrapper status = _inner_run() File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 96, in _inner_run return self.run(options, args) ~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\req_command.py", line 68, in wrapper return func(self, options, args) File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 387, in run requirement_set = resolver.resolve( reqs, check_supported_wheels=not options.target_dir ) File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\resolver.py", line 96, in resolve result = self._result = resolver.resolve( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ collected.requirements, max_rounds=limit_how_complex_resolution_can_be ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers\resolution.py", line 515, in resolve state = resolution.resolve(requirements, max_rounds=max_rounds) File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers\resolution.py", line 388, in resolve self._add_to_criteria(self.state.criteria, r, parent=None) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers\resolution.py", line 141, in _add_to_criteria if not criterion.candidates: ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\structs.py", line 194, in __bool__ return bool(self._sequence) File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\found_candidates.py", line 163, in __bool__ self._bool = any(self) ~~~^^^^^^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\found_candidates.py", line 147, in <genexpr> return (c for c in iterator if id(c) not in self._incompatible_ids) ^^^^^^^^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\found_candidates.py", line 37, in _iter_built candidate = func() File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\factory.py", line 187, in _make_candidate_from_link base: Optional[BaseCandidate] = self._make_base_candidate_from_link( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ link, template, name, version ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\factory.py", line 233, in _make_base_candidate_from_link self._link_candidate_cache[link] = LinkCandidate( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ link, ^^^^^ ...<3 lines>... version=version, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 306, in __init__ super().__init__( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ link=link, ^^^^^^^^^^ ...<4 lines>... version=version, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 159, in __init__ self.dist = self._prepare() ~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 236, in _prepare dist = self._prepare_distribution() File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 317, in _prepare_distribution return preparer.prepare_linked_requirement(self._ireq, parallel_builds=True) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 532, in prepare_linked_requirement return self._prepare_linked_requirement(req, parallel_builds) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 647, in _prepare_linked_requirement dist = _get_prepared_distribution( req, ...<3 lines>... self.check_build_deps, ) File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 71, in _get_prepared_distribution abstract_dist.prepare_distribution_metadata( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ finder, build_isolation, check_build_deps ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\distributions\sdist.py", line 56, in prepare_distribution_metadata self._install_build_reqs(finder) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\distributions\sdist.py", line 126, in _install_build_reqs build_reqs = self._get_build_requires_wheel() File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\distributions\sdist.py", line 103, in _get_build_requires_wheel return backend.get_requires_for_build_wheel() ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\utils\misc.py", line 702, in get_requires_for_build_wheel return super().get_requires_for_build_wheel(config_settings=cs) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_impl.py", line 196, in get_requires_for_build_wheel return self._call_hook( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ "get_requires_for_build_wheel", {"config_settings": config_settings} ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\python\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_impl.py", line 402, in _call_hook raise BackendUnavailable( ...<4 lines>... ) pip._vendor.pyproject_hooks._impl.BackendUnavailable: Cannot import 'setuptools.build_meta'
07-29
vscode中python环境下pip install openbb 爆出这个错误ERROR: Exception: Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 107, in _run_wrapper status = _inner_run() File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 98, in _inner_run return self.run(options, args) ~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\req_command.py", line 71, in wrapper return func(self, options, args) File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 393, in run requirement_set = resolver.resolve( reqs, check_supported_wheels=not options.target_dir ) File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\resolver.py", line 98, in resolve result = self._result = resolver.resolve( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ collected.requirements, max_rounds=limit_how_complex_resolution_can_be ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers\resolution.py", line 596, in resolve state = resolution.resolve(requirements, max_rounds=max_rounds) File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers\resolution.py", line 508, in resolve failure_criterion = self._attempt_to_pin_criterion(name) File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers\resolution.py", line 220, in _attempt_to_pin_criterion criteria = self._get_updated_criteria(candidate) File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers\resolution.py", line 211, in _get_updated_criteria self._add_to_criteria(criteria, requirement, parent=candidate) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers\resolution.py", line 150, in _add_to_criteria if not criterion.candidates: ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\structs.py", line 194, in __bool__ return bool(self._sequence) File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\found_candidates.py", line 165, in __bool__ self._bool = any(self) ~~~^^^^^^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\found_candidates.py", line 149, in <genexpr> return (c for c in iterator if id(c) not in self._incompatible_ids) ^^^^^^^^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\found_candidates.py", line 39, in _iter_built candidate = func() File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\factory.py", line 180, in _make_candidate_from_link base: BaseCandidate | None = self._make_base_candidate_from_link( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ link, template, name, version ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\factory.py", line 226, in _make_base_candidate_from_link self._link_candidate_cache[link] = LinkCandidate( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ link, ^^^^^ ...<3 lines>... version=version, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 309, in __init__ super().__init__( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ link=link, ^^^^^^^^^^ ...<4 lines>... version=version, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 162, in __init__ self.dist = self._prepare() ~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 239, in _prepare dist = self._prepare_distribution() File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 320, in _prepare_distribution return preparer.prepare_linked_requirement(self._ireq, parallel_builds=True) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 537, in prepare_linked_requirement return self._prepare_linked_requirement(req, parallel_builds) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 652, in _prepare_linked_requirement dist = _get_prepared_distribution( req, ...<3 lines>... self.check_build_deps, ) File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 77, in _get_prepared_distribution abstract_dist.prepare_distribution_metadata( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ build_env_installer, build_isolation, check_build_deps ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\distributions\sdist.py", line 59, in prepare_distribution_metadata self._install_build_reqs(build_env_installer) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\distributions\sdist.py", line 133, in _install_build_reqs build_reqs = self._get_build_requires_wheel() File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\distributions\sdist.py", line 108, in _get_build_requires_wheel return backend.get_requires_for_build_wheel() ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\utils\misc.py", line 694, in get_requires_for_build_wheel return super().get_requires_for_build_wheel(config_settings=cs) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_impl.py", line 196, in get_requires_for_build_wheel return self._call_hook( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ "get_requires_for_build_wheel", {"config_settings": config_settings} ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\workspace\myenv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_impl.py", line 402, in _call_hook raise BackendUnavailable( ...<4 lines>... ) pip._vendor.pyproject_hooks._impl.BackendUnavailable: Cannot import 'setuptools.build_meta'怎么解决?
08-22
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