在程序中,我们可以使用两个不同的函数调用来建立管道:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
int mkfifo(const char *filename, mode_t mode);
int mknode(const char *filename, mode_t mode | S_IFIFO, (dev_t) 0 );
下面先来创建一个管道:
- #include
<stdio.h> - #include
<stdlib.h> - #include
<sys/types.h> - #include
<sys/stat.h> - int
main() - {
int res = mkfifo("/tmp/my_fifo", 0777); if (res == 0) { printf("FIFO created/n"); } exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); - }
编译这个程序:
gcc –o fifo1.c fifo
运行这个程序:
$ ./fifo1
用ls命令查看所创建的管道
$ ls -lF /tmp/my_fifo
prwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 05-08 20:10 /tmp/my_fifo|
注意:ls命令的输出结果中的第一个字符为p,表示这是一个管道。最后的|符号是由ls命令的-F选项添加的,它也表示是这是一个管道。
虽然,我们所设置的文件创建模式为“0777”,但它被用户掩码(umask)设置(022)给改变了,这与普通文件创建是一样的,所以文件的最终模式为755。
打开FIFO一个主要的限制是,程序不能是O_RDWR模式打开FIFO文件进行读写操作,这样做的后果未明确定义。这个限制是有道理的,因为我们使用FIFO只是为了单身传递数据,所以没有必要使用O_RDWR模式。如果一个管道以读/写方式打开FIFO,进程就会从这个管道读回它自己的输出。如果确实需要在程序之间双向传递数据,最好使用一对FIFO,一个方向使用一个。
当一个Linux进程被阻塞时,它并不消耗CPU资源,这种进程的同步方式对CPU而言是非常有效率的。
有关Linux下命名管道FIFO的读写规则可以参见之前所写的一篇文章:Linux命名管道FIFO的读写规则。
一、实验:使用FIFO实现进程间通信
两个独立的程序:
1.
2.
生产者程序fifo2.c:
- #include
<stdio.h> - #include
<stdlib.h> - #include
<string.h> - #include
<fcntl.h> - #include
<limits.h> - #include
<sys/types.h> - #include
<sys/stat.h> - #define
FIFO_NAME "/tmp/Linux/my_fifo" - #define
BUFFER_SIZE PIPE_BUF - #define
TEN_MEG (1024 * 1024 * 10) - int
main() - {
int pipe_fd; int res; int open_mode = O_WRONLY; int bytes = 0; char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE + 1]; if (access(FIFO_NAME, F_OK) == -1) { res = mkfifo(FIFO_NAME, 0777); if (res != 0) { fprintf(stderr, "Could not create fifo %s/n", FIFO_NAME); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } printf("Process %d opening FIFO O_WRONLY/n", getpid()); pipe_fd = open(FIFO_NAME, open_mode); printf("Process %d result %d/n", getpid(), pipe_fd); if (pipe_fd != -1) { while (bytes < TEN_MEG) { res = write(pipe_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE); if (res == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "Write error on pipe/n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } bytes += res; } close(pipe_fd); } else { exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("Process %d finish/n", getpid()); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); - }
消费者程序fifo3.c:
- #include
<stdio.h> - #include
<stdlib.h> - #include
<string.h> - #include
<fcntl.h> - #include
<limits.h> - #include
<sys/types.h> - #include
<sys/stat.h> - #define
FIFO_NAME "/tmp/Linux/my_fifo" - #define
BUFFER_SIZE PIPE_BUF - int
main() - {
int pipe_fd; int res; int open_mode = O_RDONLY; char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE + 1]; int bytes = 0; memset(buffer, '/0', sizeof(buffer)); printf("Process %d opeining FIFO O_RDONLY/n", getpid()); pipe_fd = open(FIFO_NAME, open_mode); printf("Process %d result %d/n", getpid(), pipe_fd); if (pipe_fd != -1) { do{ res = read(pipe_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE); bytes += res; }while(res > 0); close(pipe_fd); } else { exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("Process %d finished, %d bytes read/n", getpid(), bytes); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); - }
编译这两个程序:
gcc –o fifo2 fifo2.c
gcc –o fifo3 fifo3.c
运行这两个程序:
[root@localhost chaper12]# ./fifo2 &
[2] 23121
Process 23121 opening FIFO O_WRONLY
[root@localhost chaper12]# time ./fifo3à读数据
Process 24155 opeining FIFO O_RDONLY
Process 23121 result 3
Process 24155 result 3
Process 23121 finish
Process 24155 finished, 10485760 bytes read
[2]-
real
user 0m0.000s
sys
以上两个程序均是使用阻塞模式FIFO。Linux会安排好这两个进程之间的调试,使它们在可以运行的时候运行,在不能运行的时候阻塞。因此,写进程将在管道满时阻塞,读进程将在管道空时阻塞。
虚拟机上,time命令显示,读进程只运行了0.2秒的时间,却读取了10M字节的数据。这说明管道在程序之间传递数据是非常有效的。
二、实验:使用FIFO的客户/服务器应用程序
- #include
<stdio.h> - #include
<stdlib.h> - #include
<string.h> - #include
<fcntl.h> - #include
<limits.h> - #include
<sys/types.h> - #include
<sys/stat.h> - #define
SERVER_FIFO_NAME "/tmp/Linux/chaper12/server_fifo" - #define
CLIENT_FIFO_NAME "/tmp/Linux/chaper12/client_%d_fifo" - #define
BUFFER_SIZE PIPE_BUF - #define
MESSAGE_SIZE 20 - #define
NAME_SIZE 256 - typedef
struct message - {
pid_t client_pid; char data[MESSAGE_SIZE + 1]; - }message;
- #include
"client.h" - int
main() - {
int server_fifo_fd; int client_fifo_fd; int res; char client_fifo_name[NAME_SIZE]; message msg; char *p; if (mkfifo(SERVER_FIFO_NAME, 0777) == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "Sorry, create server fifo failure!/n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } server_fifo_fd = open(SERVER_FIFO_NAME, O_RDONLY); if (server_fifo_fd == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "Sorry, server fifo open failure!/n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } sleep(5); while (res = read(server_fifo_fd, &msg, sizeof(msg)) > 0) { p = msg.data; while (*p) { *p = toupper(*p); ++p; } sprintf(client_fifo_name, CLIENT_FIFO_NAME, msg.client_pid); client_fifo_fd = open(client_fifo_name, O_WRONLY); if (client_fifo_fd == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "Sorry, client fifo open failure!/n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } write(client_fifo_fd, &msg, sizeof(msg)); close(client_fifo_fd); } close(server_fifo_fd); unlink(SERVER_FIFO_NAME); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); - }
- #include
"client.h" - int
main() - {
int server_fifo_fd; int client_fifo_fd; int res; char client_fifo_name[NAME_SIZE]; message msg; msg.client_pid = getpid(); sprintf(client_fifo_name, CLIENT_FIFO_NAME, msg.client_pid); if (mkfifo(client_fifo_name, 0777) == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "Sorry, create client fifo failure!/n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } server_fifo_fd = open(SERVER_FIFO_NAME, O_WRONLY); if (server_fifo_fd == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "Sorry, open server fifo failure!/n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } sprintf(msg.data, "Hello from %d", msg.client_pid); printf("%d sent %s ", msg.client_pid, msg.data); write(server_fifo_fd, &msg, sizeof(msg)); client_fifo_fd = open(client_fifo_name, O_RDONLY); if (client_fifo_fd == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "Sorry, client fifo open failure!/n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } res = read(client_fifo_fd, &msg, sizeof(msg)); if (res > 0) { printf("received:%s/n", msg.data); } close(client_fifo_fd); close(server_fifo_fd); unlink(client_fifo_name); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); - }
编译程序:
gcc –o server server.c
gcc –o client client.c
测试这个程序,我们需要一个服务器进程和多个客户进程。为了让多个客户进程在同一时间启动,我们使用了shell命令:
[root@localhost chaper12]# ./server &
[26] 5171
[root@localhost chaper12]# for i in 1 2 3 4 5; do ./client & done
[27] 5172
[28] 5173
[29] 5174
[30] 5175
[31] 5176
[root@localhost chaper12]# 5172 sent Hello from 5172 received:HELLO FROM 5172
5173 sent Hello from 5173 received:HELLO FROM 5173
5174 sent Hello from 5174 received:HELLO FROM 5174
5175 sent Hello from 5175 received:HELLO FROM 5175
5176 sent Hello from 5176 received:HELLO FROM 5176