调用阿里云API服务时,查看阿里云demo,发现使用的Header都是org.apache.http.Header。
以前是使用 commons-httpclient 中的 org.apache.commons.httpclient.Header,但是commons-httpclient是一个遗留版本,官方已经不推荐使用。
正确的方法是使用httpclient项目的httpcore-x.xxx.jar包中的Header。
httpcore.jar包存在于本地maven仓库的 'org.apache.httpcomponents'中。
HttpClient程序包是一个实现了 HTTP协议的客户端编程工具包,要想熟练的掌握它,必须熟悉 HTTP协议。
对于HTTP协议来说,无非就是用户请求数据,服务器端响应用户请求,并将内容结果返回给用户。
一个最简单的调用如下:
import java.io.IOException;
import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpUriRequest;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 核心应用类
HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
// HTTP请求
HttpUriRequest request =
new HttpGet("http://localhost/index.html");
// 打印请求信息
System.out.println(request.getRequestLine());
try {
// 发送请求,返回响应
HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(request);
// 打印响应信息
System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
} catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
// 协议错误
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
// 网络异常
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
GET http://localhost/index.html HTTP/1.1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
HTTP1.1由以下几种请求组成:GET,HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, TRACE ,OPTIONS,
因此对应到HttpClient程序包中分别用HttpGet,HttpHead, HttpPost, HttpPut, HttpDelete, HttpTrace, HttpOptions 这几个类来创建请求。
所有的这些类均实现了HttpUriRequest接口,故可以作为execute的执行参数使用。
HttpUriRequest request = new HttpPost(
"http://localhost/index.html");
HttpUriRequest request = new HttpGet(
"http://localhost/index.html?param1=value1¶m2=value2");
URI uri = URIUtils.createURI("http", "localhost", -1, "/index.html",
"param1=value1¶m2=value2", null);
HttpUriRequest request = new HttpGet(uri);
System.out.println(request.getURI());
http://localhost/index.html?param1=value1¶m2=value2
String param = "param1=" + URLEncoder.encode("中国", "UTF-8") + "¶m2=value2";
URI uri = URIUtils.createURI("http", "localhost", 8080,
"/sshsky/index.html", param, null);
System.out.println(uri);
http://localhost/index.html?param1=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD¶m2=value2
List params = new ArrayList();
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "中国"));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));
String param = URLEncodedUtils.format(params, "UTF-8");
URI uri = URIUtils.createURI("http", "localhost", 8080,
"/sshsky/index.html", param, null);
System.out.println(uri);
http://localhost/index.html?param1=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD¶m2=value2
<form action="http://localhost/index.html" method="POST">
<input type="text" name="param1" value="中国"/>
<input type="text" name="param2" value="value2"/>
<inupt type="submit" value="submit"/>
</form>
List formParams = new ArrayList();
formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "中国"));
formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));
HttpEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formParams, "UTF-8");
HttpPost request = new HttpPost(“http://localhost/index.html”);
request.setEntity(entity);
List formParams = new ArrayList();
formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "中国"));
formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));
UrlEncodedFormEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formParams, "UTF-8");
System.out.println(entity.getContentType());
System.out.println(entity.getContentLength());
System.out.println(EntityUtils.getContentCharSet(entity));
System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity));
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8
39
UTF-8
param1=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD¶m2=value2
<form action="http://localhost/index.html" method="POST"
enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="text" name="param1" value="中国"/>
<input type="text" name="param2" value="value2"/>
<input type="file" name="param3"/>
<inupt type="submit" value="submit"/>
</form>
MultipartEntity entity = new MultipartEntity();
entity.addPart("param1", new StringBody("中国", Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
entity.addPart("param2", new StringBody("value2", Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
entity.addPart("param3", new FileBody(new File("C:\\1.txt")));
HttpPost request = new HttpPost(“http://localhost/index.html”);
request.setEntity(entity);
二、HTTP响应
HttpUriRequest request = ...;
HttpResponse response =httpClient.execute(request);
// 从response中取出HttpEntity对象
HttpEntity entity =response.getEntity();
// 查看entity的各种指标
System.out.println(entity.getContentType());
System.out.println(entity.getContentLength());
System.out.println(EntityUtils.getContentCharSet(entity));
// 取出服务器返回的数据流
InputStream stream =entity.getContent();
或者采用如下的接口方式httpClient.execute(request,new ResponseHandler<T> response)进行调用,它的返回值直接对应的即为用户自己想获取的数据的类型及值。
具体实例解析,通过下述方法,即可获取到指定url的页面内容。
public static String executeStringByGet(String url, final Charset charset) {
String result = "";
HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpGet get = new HttpGet(url);
try {
result = client.execute(get, new ResponseHandler<String>() {
@Override
public String handleResponse(HttpResponse response) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
if(entity != null) {
if(response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
return new String(EntityUtils.toByteArray(entity), charset.getValue());
}
}
return "";
}
});
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return result;
}
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import org.apache.http.Header;
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.HttpStatus;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
/**
* 类HttpClientTest.java的实现描述:TODO 类实现描述
* @author zheng.zhaoz 2012-2-9 下午07:33:18
*/
public class HttpClientTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
//創建一個httpGet方法
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet("http://www.cnblogs.com/loveyakamoz/archive/2011/07/21/2113252.html");
//設置httpGet的參數信息
httpGet.setHeader("Accept", "Accept text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8");
httpGet.setHeader("Accept-Charset", "GB2312,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7");
httpGet.setHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");
httpGet.setHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-cn,zh;q=0.5");
httpGet.setHeader("Connection", "keep-alive");
httpGet.setHeader("Cookie", "__utma=226521935.73826752.1323672782.1325068020.1328770420.6;");
httpGet.setHeader("Host", "www.cnblogs.com");
httpGet.setHeader("refer", "http://www.baidu.com/s?tn=monline_5_dg&bs=httpclient4+MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager");
httpGet.setHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:6.0.2) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/6.0.2");
System.out.println("Accept-Charset: " + httpGet.getFirstHeader("Accept-Charset"));
System.out.println("Execute request: " + httpGet.getURI());
HttpResponse response = null;
try {
response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
} catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//输出响应的所有头信息
if(response != null) {
Header headers[] = response.getAllHeaders();
int i = 0;
while (i < headers.length) {
System.out.println(headers[i].getName() + ": " + headers[i].getValue());
i++;
}
if(response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
try {
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
// 将源码流保存在一个byte数组当中,因为可能需要两次用到该流
byte[] bytes = EntityUtils.toByteArray(entity);
String charSet = "";
// 如果头部Content-Type中包含了编码信息,那么我们可以直接在此处获取
charSet = EntityUtils.getContentCharSet(entity);
System.out.println("In header: " + charSet);
// 如果头部中没有,需要 查看页面源码,这个方法虽然不能说完全正确,因为有些粗糙的网页编码者没有在页面中写头部编码信息
if (charSet == "") {
String regEx="(?=<meta).*?(?<=charset=[\\'|\\\"]?)([[a-z]|[A-Z]|[0-9]|-]*)";
Pattern p=Pattern.compile(regEx, Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);
Matcher m=p.matcher(new String(bytes)); // 默认编码转成字符串,因为我们的匹配中无中文,所以串中可能的乱码对我们没有影响
boolean result = m.find();
if (m.groupCount() == 1) {
charSet = m.group(1);
} else {
charSet = "";
}
}
System.out.println("Last get: " + charSet);
// 可以将原byte数组按照正常编码专成字符串输出(如果找到了编码的话)
System.out.println("Encoding string is: " + new String(bytes, charSet));
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
//关闭连接
httpClient.getConnectionManager().shutdown();
}
}
Header 是使用 commons-httpclient,但是commons-httpclient是一个遗留版本,官方已经不推荐使用,正确的方法是使用httpclient项目的httpcore-x.xxx.jar包中的Hed