Go语言Web开发：史上最全

Go Dgg

已于 2025-04-05 15:25:41 修改

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文章标签： golang

于 2025-04-05 14:45:16 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/weixin_73833086/article/details/147011358

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Go语言Web开发：史上最全

在现代Web开发中，Go语言（又称Golang）以其简洁的语法、高效的性能和强大的并发能力，逐渐成为开发者的热门选择。本文将深入探讨Go语言在Web开发中的应用，从基础的Socket编程到RESTful API设计，帮助读者全面掌握Go Web开发的核心技能。

1. Socket编程

Socket是网络通信的基础，允许程序在网络中进行数据的发送和接收。在Go中，可以使用net包来实现Socket编程。

示例：创建TCP服务器

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"net"
)

func main() {
	listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":8080")
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println("Error creating listener:", err)
		return
	}
	defer listener.Close()
	fmt.Println("Server is listening on port 8080...")

	for {
		conn, err := listener.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			fmt.Println("Error accepting connection:", err)
			continue
		}
		fmt.Println("Client connected:", conn.RemoteAddr())
		go handleConnection(conn)
	}
}

func handleConnection(conn net.Conn) {
	defer conn.Close()
	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(conn)
	for scanner.Scan() {
		msg := scanner.Text()
		fmt.Println("Received:", msg)
		conn.Write([]byte("Echo: " + msg + "\n"))
	}
}

2. 单控制器和多控制器

在Go中，可以通过net/http包来实现单控制器和多控制器的路由管理。

示例：单控制器

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello, World!")
	})
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

示例：多控制器

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/home", homeHandler)
	http.HandleFunc("/about", aboutHandler)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

func homeHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Welcome to the Home Page!")
}

func aboutHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "About Us")
}

3. 获取请求头和请求参数

可以通过r.Header获取请求头，通过r.URL.Query()获取查询参数。

示例：

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/query", queryHandler)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

func queryHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Header: %v\n", r.Header)
	params := r.URL.Query()
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Params: %v\n", params)
}

4. HTML模板和静态资源

使用html/template包来渲染HTML模板，并通过http.FileServer提供静态资源。

示例：

package main

import (
	"html/template"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/", homeHandler)
	http.Handle("/static/", http.StripPrefix("/static/", http.FileServer(http.Dir("static"))))
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

func homeHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	tmpl := template.Must(template.ParseFiles("templates/index.html"))
	tmpl.Execute(w, "Hello, Template!")
}

5. 向模板传递数据

通过tmpl.Execute将数据传递给模板。

示例：

func homeHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	data := map[string]string{
		"Title": "My Page",
		"Name":  "John Doe",
	}
	tmpl := template.Must(template.ParseFiles("templates/index.html"))
	tmpl.Execute(w, data)
}

6. 在模板调用函数

可以在模板中调用自定义函数。

示例：

func main() {
	funcMap := template.FuncMap{
		"ToUpper": strings.ToUpper,
	}
	tmpl := template.New("index.html").Funcs(funcMap)
	tmpl = template.Must(tmpl.ParseFiles("templates/index.html"))
	http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		tmpl.Execute(w, "hello")
	})
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

7. 文件上传

通过multipart/form-data处理文件上传。

示例：

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"net/http"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/upload", uploadHandler)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

func uploadHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	file, header, err := r.FormFile("file")
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Fprintln(w, err)
		return
	}
	defer file.Close()

	out, err := os.Create(header.Filename)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Fprintln(w, err)
		return
	}
	defer out.Close()

	_, err = io.Copy(out, file)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Fprintln(w, err)
		return
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "File uploaded successfully: %s", header.Filename)
}

8. 文件下载

通过设置响应头来实现文件下载。

示例：

package main

import (
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/download", downloadHandler)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

func downloadHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	http.ServeFile(w, r, "example.txt")
}

9. Ajax请求返回JSON数据

通过encoding/json包将数据编码为JSON并返回。

示例：

package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/api/data", dataHandler)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

func dataHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	data := map[string]string{
		"message": "Hello, JSON!",
	}
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(data)
}

10. 正则表达式

使用regexp包进行正则表达式操作。

示例：

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"regexp"
)

func main() {
	re := regexp.MustCompile(`\d+`)
	fmt.Println(re.FindString("age: 25"))
}

11. 创建和获取Cookie

通过http.SetCookie设置Cookie，通过r.Cookie获取Cookie。

示例：

package main

import (
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/setcookie", setCookieHandler)
	http.HandleFunc("/getcookie", getCookieHandler)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

func setCookieHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	cookie := http.Cookie{
		Name:  "username",
		Value: "john",
		Path:  "/",
	}
	http.SetCookie(w, &cookie)
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Cookie set")
}

func getCookieHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	cookie, err := r.Cookie("username")
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "No cookie found")
		return
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Cookie value: %s", cookie.Value)
}

12. RESTful API设计

设计RESTful API时，通常使用不同的HTTP方法来处理资源。

示例：

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/api/users", usersHandler)
	http.HandleFunc("/api/users/", userHandler)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

func usersHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	switch r.Method {
	case "GET":
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Get all users")
	case "POST":
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Create a new user")
	}
}

func userHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	switch r.Method {
	case "GET":
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Get user by ID")
	case "PUT":
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Update user by ID")
	case "DELETE":
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Delete user by ID")
	}
}