C++类构造函数、拷贝构造函数最深理解
用一道例题加深理解:
【问题描述】设计一个CRectangle类,其中包括CPoint类的两个对象成员,表示左上角和右下角的两个点。要求求解矩形的面积。
注意,每个类的构造函数、拷贝构造函数需要输出“*** is called”,具体的请根据输出进行分析。
(main函数已经给定)
【样例输出】
#Define p1######
CPoint contstructor with default value(0,0) is called.
#Define p2 ######
CPoint contstructor with default value(0,0) is called.
#Define rect1 ######
CPoint contstructor with default value(0,0) is called.
CPoint contstructor with default value(0,0) is called.
CRectangle default contstructor is called.
#Define rect2 ######
CPoint copy contstructor is called.
CPoint copy contstructor is called.
CPoint copy contstructor is called.
CPoint copy contstructor is called.
CRectangle contstructor with (CPoint,CPoint) is called.
#Define rect3 ######
CPoint contstructor with default value(0,0) is called.
CPoint contstructor with default value(0,0) is called.
CRectangle contstructor with (int,int,int,int) is called.
#Define rect4 ######
CPoint copy contstructor is called.
CPoint copy contstructor is called.
CRectangle copy contstructor is called.
#Calculate area ######
rect1面积为0
rect2面积为200
rect3面积为50
rect4面积为200
从输出可以看出CPoint类有无形参构造函数、两个整型的构造函数和拷贝构造函数
CPoint()
{
x = y = 0;
cout<<"CPoint contstructor with default value(0,0) is called."<<endl;
}
CPoint(int a,int b)
{
x = a;
y = b;
cout<<"CPoint contstructor with default value(0,0) is called."<<endl;
}
CPoint(CPoint &p)
{
x = p.x;
y = p.y;
cout<<"CPoint copy contstructor is called."<<endl;
}
CRectangle类有4个构造函数:1、默认构造函数;2、形参为CPoint类的构造函数;3、形参为三个整型的构造函数;4、拷贝构造函数
CRectangle()
{
cout<<"CRectangle contstructor with (CPoint,CPoint) is called."<<endl;
}
CRectangle(CPoint a,CPoint b):p1(a),p2(b)//形参的传递,此处可以调用四次CPoint拷贝构造函数
{
cout<<"CRectangle contstructor with (CPoint,CPoint) is called."<<endl;
}
CRectangle(int a,int b,int c,int d):p1(a,b),p2(c,d)//可以用这样的方式再次调用CPoint的构造函数
{
cout<<"CRectangle contstructor with (int,int,int,int) is called."<<endl;
}
CRectangle(CRectangle &p):p1(p.p1),p2(p.p2)
{
cout<<"CRectangle copy contstructor is called."<<endl;
}
【强调】
调用CPoint拷贝构造函数时,使用列表初始化。
格式为:
CRectangle(CPoint a,CPoint b):p1(a),p2(b);
CRectangle(CRectangle &p):p1(p.p1),p2(p.p2);
不能在函数体内用
CRectangle(CPoint a,CPoint b)
{
p1 = a;
p2 = b;
}
可以看一下运行结果
我们发现函数调用了构造函数,和我们的预想完全不一样,因为我们希望调用四次拷贝构造函数,这就是初始化列表的作用。
——————————下面上代码——————————
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class CPoint
{
public:
CPoint()
{
x = y = 0;
cout<<"CPoint contstructor with default value(0,0) is called."<<endl;
}
CPoint(int a,int b)
{
x = a;
y = b;
cout<<"CPoint contstructor with default value(0,0) is called."<<endl;
}
CPoint(CPoint &p)
{
x = p.x;
y = p.y;
cout<<"CPoint copy contstructor is called."<<endl;
}
int Get_x(){return x;}
int Get_y(){return y;}
private:
int x,y;
};
class CRectangle
{
public:
CRectangle()
{
cout<<"CRectangle contstructor with (CPoint,CPoint) is called."<<endl;
}
CRectangle(CPoint a,CPoint b):p1(a),p2(b)
{
cout<<"CRectangle contstructor with (CPoint,CPoint) is called."<<endl;
}
CRectangle(int a,int b,int c,int d):p1(a,b),p2(c,d)//可以用这样的方式再次调用CPoint的构造函数
{
cout<<"CRectangle contstructor with (int,int,int,int) is called."<<endl;
}
CRectangle(CRectangle &p):p1(p.p1),p2(p.p2)
{
cout<<"CRectangle copy contstructor is called."<<endl;
}
int GetArea()
{
int d = p1.Get_x()-p2.Get_x();
int l = p1.Get_y()-p2.Get_y();
return d*l;
}
private:
CPoint p1,p2;
};
int main()
{
int a=1, b=1, c=6, d=11;
cout<<"# Define p1 ######"<<endl;
CPoint p1;
cout<<"# Define p2 ######"<<endl;
CPoint p2(10,20);
cout<<"# Define rect1 ######"<<endl;
CRectangle rect1;
cout<<"# Define rect2 ######"<<endl;
CRectangle rect2(p1, p2);
cout<<"# Define rect3 ######"<<endl;
CRectangle rect3(a, b, c, d);
cout<<"# Define rect4 ######"<<endl;
CRectangle rect4(rect2);
cout<<"# Calculate area ######"<<endl;
cout << "rect1面积为" << rect1.GetArea() << endl;
cout << "rect2面积为" << rect2.GetArea() << endl;
cout << "rect3面积为" << rect3.GetArea() << endl;
cout << "rect4面积为" << rect4.GetArea() << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
这个代码是我经过完善后的最终版本,下面贴最初的版本,带大家一起看看优劣 (zz方案)。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//请在这里补充CPoint,CRectangle类的定义
class CPoint
{
public:
CPoint(int a=0,int b=0)
{
x=a;
y=b;
cout<<"CPoint contstructor with default value(0,0) is called."<<endl;
}
CPoint(CPoint &p)
{
x=p.x;
y=p.y;
cout<<"CPoint copy contstructor is called."<<endl;
}
int x,y; //没有放在私有成员private里
};
class CRectangle
{
public:
CRectangle()
{
x1=y1=x2=y2=0;
cout<<"CRectangle default contstructor is called."<<endl;
}
CRectangle(CPoint a,CPoint b):p1(a),p2(b)
{
x1=p1.x;
y1=p1.y;
x2=p2.x;
y2=p2.y;
cout<<"CRectangle contstructor with (CPoint,CPoint) is called."<<endl;
}
CRectangle(int a,int b,int c,int d)
{
x1=a;
y1=b;
x2=c;
y2=d;
cout<<"CRectangle contstructor with (int,int,int,int) is called."<<endl;
}
CRectangle(CRectangle &p):p1(p.p1),p2(p.p2)
{
x1=p1.x;
y1=p1.y;
x2=p2.x;
y2=p2.y;
cout<<"CRectangle copy contstructor is called."<<endl;
}
int GetArea();
private:
CPoint p1,p2;
int x1,y1,x2,y2;
};
int CRectangle::GetArea()
{
int l,d;
l=x2-x1;
d=y2-y1;
return (l*d);
}
int main()
{
int a=1, b=1, c=6, d=11;
cout<<"# Define p1 ######"<<endl;
CPoint p1;
cout<<"# Define p2 ######"<<endl;
CPoint p2(10,20);
cout<<"# Define rect1 ######"<<endl;
CRectangle rect1;
cout<<"# Define rect2 ######"<<endl;
CRectangle rect2(p1, p2);
cout<<"# Define rect3 ######"<<endl;
CRectangle rect3(a, b, c, d);
cout<<"# Define rect4 ######"<<endl;
CRectangle rect4(rect2);
cout<<"# Calculate area ######"<<endl;
cout << "rect1面积为" << rect1.GetArea() << endl;
cout << "rect2面积为" << rect2.GetArea() << endl;
cout << "rect3面积为" << rect3.GetArea() << endl;
cout << "rect4面积为" << rect4.GetArea() << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
在此代码里,我在CRectangle类中定义的private变量是四个点的坐标。相应地,为了得到X1、2,Y1、2的具体值,我们只能把CPoint中的x、y设置在public中,因为一旦设置为私有变量,在类外就无法得到了。
对比来看,经过更改后的代码更能将类构造、拷贝构造函数淋漓尽致展示出来。
最后的最后---->>>贴一个运行结果
希望能帮助到你yo~