MySQL 实战

Day5 MySQL 实战

一、学习内容

1. 数据导入导出

1.1 将之前创建的任意一张MySQL表导出,且是CSV格式

参考教材:https://www.yiibai.com/mysql/export-table-to-csv.html

CSV代表逗号分隔值。 您经常使用CSV文件格式在Microsoft Excel,Open Office,Google Docs等应用程序之间交换数据。

以CSV文件格式从MySQL数据库中获取数据将非常有用,因为您可以按照所需的方式分析和格式化数据。

MySQL提供了一种将查询结果导出到位于数据库服务器中的CSV文件的简单方法。

在导出数据之前,必须确保:

  • MySQL服务器的进程对包含目标CSV文件的目标文件夹具有写访问权限。
  • 要导出的目标CSV文件不能存在。
# 示例:
	SELECT * from customers 
	WHERE city='NYC'
	INTO OUTFILE 'E:/Learning/MySQL/customer.csv'
	FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"'
	LINES TERMINATED BY '\r\n';
  • 导出失败常见问题:
    • [Err] 1290 - The MySQL server is running with the --secure-file-priv option so it cannot execute this statement
      查看官方文档,secure_file_priv参数用于限制LOAD DATA, SELECT …OUTFILE, LOAD_FILE()传到哪个指定目录。查看 secure_file_priv 的值(命令:SHOW VARIABLES LIKE “secure_file_priv”;),默认为NULL,表示限制不能导入导出。
      解决方法:打开my.cnf 或 my.ini,加入 secure_file_priv=’’ 语句后重启mysql。
      问题分析请查阅:https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/fdipzone/article/details/78634992
    • 其他常见问题:mysql导出导入文件问题整理

1.2 再将CSV表导入数据库
参考教材:https://www.yiibai.com/mysql/import-csv-file-mysql-table.html

LOAD DATA INFILE语句允许您从文本文件读取数据,并将文件的数据快速导入数据库的表中。

在导入文件操作之前,需要准备以下内容:

  • 将要导入文件的数据对应的数据库表。
  • 准备好一个CSV文件,其数据与表的列数和每列中的数据类型相匹配。
  • 连接到MySQL数据库服务器的帐户具有FILE和INSERT权限。
# 示例:
	LOAD DATA INFILE 'E:/Learning/MySQL/customer.csv' 
	INTO TABLE customers1 
	FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
	ENCLOSED BY '"'
	LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
	IGNORE 1 ROWS;
  • 常见错误:
    [Err] 1366 - Incorrect decimal value: ‘138500.00" "181’ for column ‘creditLimit’ at row 1

二、作业

项目七: 各部门工资最高的员工(难度:中等)

创建Employee 表,包含所有员工信息,每个员工有其对应的 Id, salary 和 department Id。

+----+-------+--------+--------------+
| Id | Name  | Salary | DepartmentId |
+----+-------+--------+--------------+
| 1  | Joe   | 70000  | 1            |
| 2  | Henry | 80000  | 2            |
| 3  | Sam   | 60000  | 2            |
| 4  | Max   | 90000  | 1            |
+----+-------+--------+--------------+

创建Department 表,包含公司所有部门的信息。

+----+----------+
| Id | Name     |
+----+----------+
| 1  | IT       |
| 2  | Sales    |
+----+----------+

编写一个 SQL 查询,找出每个部门工资最高的员工。例如,根据上述给定的表格,Max 在 IT 部门有最高工资,Henry 在 Sales 部门有最高工资。

+------------+----------+--------+
| Department | Employee | Salary |
+------------+----------+--------+
| IT         | Max      | 90000  |
| Sales      | Henry    | 80000  |
+------------+----------+--------+
# 创建表 Empolyee 
	mysql> CREATE TABLE Employee (
	    -> Id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
	    -> Name VARCHAR(50) NULL,
	    -> Salary INT NULL,
	    -> DepartmentId INT NOT NULL
	    -> );
	Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.24 sec)

# 插入数据
	mysql> INSERT INTO Employee (Id, Name, Salary, DepartmentId) VALUES (1, "Joe", 70000, 1);
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Employee (Id, Name, Salary, DepartmentId) VALUES (2, "Henry", 80000, 2);
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.19 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Employee (Id, Name, Salary, DepartmentId) VALUES (3, "Sam", 60000, 2);
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Employee (Id, Name, Salary, DepartmentId) VALUES (4, "Max", 90000, 1);
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

# 创建表 Department 
	mysql> CREATE TABLE Department (
	    -> Id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
	    -> Name VARCHAR(50) NULL
	    -> );
	Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)

# 插入数据
	mysql> INSERT INTO Department (Id, Name) VALUES (1, "IT");
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Department (Id, Name) VALUES (2, "Sales");
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

# 查询结果
	mysql> SELECT
	    -> d.Name AS Department,
	    -> e.Name AS Employee,
	    -> e.Salary AS Salary
	    -> FROM
	    -> Employee AS e, 
	    -> Department AS d  
	    -> WHERE e.DepartmentId = d.Id AND
	    -> e.Salary >= (SELECT MAX(Salary) FROM Employee WHERE DepartmentId=d.Id) 
	    -> ORDER BY Salary DESC;
	+------------+----------+--------+
	| Department | Employee | Salary |
	+------------+----------+--------+
	| IT         | Max      | 90000  |
	| Sales      | Henry    | 80000  |
	+------------+----------+--------+
	2 rows in set (0.14 sec)

项目八: 换座位(难度:中等)

小美是一所中学的信息科技老师,她有一张 seat 座位表,平时用来储存学生名字和与他们相对应的座位 id。
其中纵列的 id 是连续递增的
小美想改变相邻俩学生的座位。
你能不能帮她写一个 SQL query 来输出小美想要的结果呢?
请创建如下所示seat表:
示例:

+---------+---------+
|    id   | student |
+---------+---------+
|    1    | Abbot   |
|    2    | Doris   |
|    3    | Emerson |
|    4    | Green   |
|    5    | Jeames  |
+---------+---------+

假如数据输入的是上表,则输出结果如下:

+---------+---------+
|    id   | student |
+---------+---------+
|    1    | Doris   |
|    2    | Abbot   |
|    3    | Green   |
|    4    | Emerson |
|    5    | Jeames  |
+---------+---------+

注意:
如果学生人数是奇数,则不需要改变最后一个同学的座位。

# 创建表 seat
	mysql> CREATE TABLE seat (
	    -> id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
	    -> student VARCHAR(50) NULL
	    -> );
	Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.28 sec)

# 插入数据
	mysql> INSERT INTO seat (id, student) VALUES (1, "Abbot");
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO seat (id, student) VALUES (2, "Doris");
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO seat (id, student) VALUES (3, "Emerson");
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO seat (id, student) VALUES (4, "Green");
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO seat (id, student) VALUES (5, "Jeames");
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

# 查询结果
	mysql> SELECT * FROM (
	    -> SELECT id,student FROM seat WHERE id%2=1 AND id= (SELECT count(*) FROM seat)
	    -> UNION
	    -> SELECT id+1,student FROM seat WHERE id%2=1 AND id!=(SELECT count(*) FROM seat)
	    -> UNION
	    -> SELECT id-1,student FROM seat WHERE id%2=0) s1 ORDER BY id;
	+----+---------+
	| id | student |
	+----+---------+
	|  1 | Doris   |
	|  2 | Abbot   |
	|  3 | Green   |
	|  4 | Emerson |
	|  5 | Jeames  |
	+----+---------+
	5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

项目九: 分数排名(难度:中等)

编写一个 SQL 查询来实现分数排名。如果两个分数相同,则两个分数排名(Rank)相同。请注意,平分后的下一个名次应该是下一个连续的整数值。换句话说,名次之间不应该有“间隔”。
创建以下score表:

+----+-------+
| Id | Score |
+----+-------+
| 1  | 3.50  |
| 2  | 3.65  |
| 3  | 4.00  |
| 4  | 3.85  |
| 5  | 4.00  |
| 6  | 3.65  |
+----+-------+

例如,根据上述给定的 Scores 表,你的查询应该返回(按分数从高到低排列):

+-------+------+
| Score | Rank |
+-------+------+
| 4.00  | 1    |
| 4.00  | 1    |
| 3.85  | 2    |
| 3.65  | 3    |
| 3.65  | 3    |
| 3.50  | 4    |
+-------+------+
# 创建表
	mysql> CREATE TABLE score (
	    -> Id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
	    -> Score float(6,3) NULL
	    -> );
	Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.31 sec)

# 插入数据
	mysql> INSERT INTO score (Id, Score) VALUES (1, 3.50);
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO score (Id, Score) VALUES (2, 3.65);
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO score (Id, Score) VALUES (3, 4.00);
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO score (Id, Score) VALUES (4, 3.85);
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO score (Id, Score) VALUES (5, 4.00);
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO score (Id, Score) VALUES (6, 3.65);
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

# 查询结果
	mysql> SELECT Score,(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT score) from score WHERE score >= s.score) as Rank
		-> from score as s 
		-> ORDER BY Score DESC;
	+-------+------+
	| Score | Rank |
	+-------+------+
	| 4.00  | 1    |
	| 4.00  | 1    |
	| 3.85  | 2    |
	| 3.65  | 3    |
	| 3.65  | 3    |
	| 3.50  | 4    |
	+-------+------+
	6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

三、MySQL 实战 - 复杂项目

项目十:行程和用户(难度:困难)

【参考网上教程】

Trips 表中存所有出租车的行程信息。每段行程有唯一键 Id,Client_Id 和 Driver_Id 是 Users 表中 Users_Id 的外键。Status 是枚举类型,枚举成员为 (‘completed’, ‘cancelled_by_driver’, ‘cancelled_by_client’)。

+----+-----------+-----------+---------+--------------------+----------+
| Id | Client_Id | Driver_Id | City_Id |        Status      |Request_at|
+----+-----------+-----------+---------+--------------------+----------+
| 1  |     1     |    10     |    1    |     completed      |2013-10-01|
| 2  |     2     |    11     |    1    | cancelled_by_driver|2013-10-01|
| 3  |     3     |    12     |    6    |     completed      |2013-10-01|
| 4  |     4     |    13     |    6    | cancelled_by_client|2013-10-01|
| 5  |     1     |    10     |    1    |     completed      |2013-10-02|
| 6  |     2     |    11     |    6    |     completed      |2013-10-02|
| 7  |     3     |    12     |    6    |     completed      |2013-10-02|
| 8  |     2     |    12     |    12   |     completed      |2013-10-03|
| 9  |     3     |    10     |    12   |     completed      |2013-10-03| 
| 10 |     4     |    13     |    12   | cancelled_by_driver|2013-10-03|
+----+-----------+-----------+---------+--------------------+----------+

Users 表存所有用户。每个用户有唯一键 Users_Id。Banned 表示这个用户是否被禁止,Role 则是一个表示(‘client’, ‘driver’, ‘partner’)的枚举类型。

+----------+--------+--------+
| Users_Id | Banned |  Role  |
+----------+--------+--------+
|    1     |   No   | client |
|    2     |   Yes  | client |
|    3     |   No   | client |
|    4     |   No   | client |
|    10    |   No   | driver |
|    11    |   No   | driver |
|    12    |   No   | driver |
|    13    |   No   | driver |
+----------+--------+--------+

写一段 SQL 语句查出 2013年10月1日 至 2013年10月3日 期间非禁止用户的取消率。基于上表,你的 SQL 语句应返回如下结果,取消率(Cancellation Rate)保留两位小数。

+------------+-------------------+
|     Day    | Cancellation Rate |
+------------+-------------------+
| 2013-10-01 |       0.33        |
| 2013-10-02 |       0.00        |
| 2013-10-03 |       0.50        |
+------------+-------------------+
# 创建表 Trips 
	mysql> CREATE TABLE Trips (
	    -> Id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
	    -> Client_Id INT NOT NULL,
	    -> Driver_Id INT NOT NULL,
	    -> City_Id INT NOT NULL,
	    -> Status ENUM('completed', 'cancelled_by_driver', 'cancelled_by_client') NULL,
	    -> Request_at VARCHAR(50) NULL
	    -> );
	Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.33 sec)

# 插入数据
	mysql> INSERT INTO Trips (Id, Client_Id, Driver_Id, City_Id, Status, Request_at) VALUES ('1', '1', '10', '1', 'completed', '2013-10-01');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Trips (Id, Client_Id, Driver_Id, City_Id, Status, Request_at) VALUES ('2', '2', '11', '1', 'cancelled_by_driver', '2013-10-01');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Trips (Id, Client_Id, Driver_Id, City_Id, Status, Request_at) VALUES ('3', '3', '12', '6', 'completed', '2013-10-01');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Trips (Id, Client_Id, Driver_Id, City_Id, Status, Request_at) VALUES ('4', '4', '13', '6', 'cancelled_by_client', '2013-10-01');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Trips (Id, Client_Id, Driver_Id, City_Id, Status, Request_at) VALUES ('5', '1', '10', '1', 'completed', '2013-10-02');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Trips (Id, Client_Id, Driver_Id, City_Id, Status, Request_at) VALUES ('6', '2', '11', '6', 'completed', '2013-10-02');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Trips (Id, Client_Id, Driver_Id, City_Id, Status, Request_at) VALUES ('7', '3', '12', '6', 'completed', '2013-10-02');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Trips (Id, Client_Id, Driver_Id, City_Id, Status, Request_at) VALUES ('8', '2', '12', '12', 'completed', '2013-10-03');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Trips (Id, Client_Id, Driver_Id, City_Id, Status, Request_at) VALUES ('9', '3', '10', '12', 'completed', '2013-10-03');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Trips (Id, Client_Id, Driver_Id, City_Id, Status, Request_at) VALUES ('10', '4', '13', '12', 'cancelled_by_driver', '2013-10-03');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)


# 创建表 Users 
	mysql> CREATE TABLE Users (
	    -> Users_Id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
	    -> Banned VARCHAR(50) NULL,
	    -> Role ENUM('client', 'driver', 'partner') NULL
	    -> );
	Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.32 sec)

# 插入数据
	mysql> INSERT INTO Users (Users_Id, Banned, Role) VALUES ('1',  'No',  'client');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Users (Users_Id, Banned, Role) VALUES ('2',  'Yes', 'client');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Users (Users_Id, Banned, Role) VALUES ('3',  'No',  'client');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.12 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Users (Users_Id, Banned, Role) VALUES ('4',  'No',  'client');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Users (Users_Id, Banned, Role) VALUES ('10', 'No',  'driver');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Users (Users_Id, Banned, Role) VALUES ('11', 'No',  'driver');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.18 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Users (Users_Id, Banned, Role) VALUES ('12', 'No',  'driver');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Users (Users_Id, Banned, Role) VALUES ('13', 'No',  'driver');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

# 查询结果
	mysql> SELECT t.Request_at AS 'Day',
	    -> ROUND((SUM(CASE WHEN t.Status LIKE 'cancelled%' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END))/COUNT(*),2) AS 'Cancellation Rate'
	    -> FROM Trips AS t INNER JOIN Users AS u
	    -> ON  u.Users_Id = t.Client_Id AND u.Banned = 'No'
	    -> GROUP BY t.Request_at ;
	+------------+-------------------+
	| Day        | Cancellation Rate |
	+------------+-------------------+
	| 2013-10-01 |              0.33 |
	| 2013-10-02 |              0.00 |
	| 2013-10-03 |              0.50 |
	+------------+-------------------+
	3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

项目十一:各部门前3高工资的员工(难度:中等)

将项目7中的employee表清空,重新插入以下数据(其实是多插入5,6两行):

+----+-------+--------+--------------+
| Id | Name  | Salary | DepartmentId |
+----+-------+--------+--------------+
| 1  | Joe   | 70000  | 1            |
| 2  | Henry | 80000  | 2            |
| 3  | Sam   | 60000  | 2            |
| 4  | Max   | 90000  | 1            |
| 5  | Janet | 69000  | 1            |
| 6  | Randy | 85000  | 1            |
+----+-------+--------+--------------+

编写一个 SQL 查询,找出每个部门工资前三高的员工。例如,根据上述给定的表格,查询结果应返回:

+------------+----------+--------+
| Department | Employee | Salary |
+------------+----------+--------+
| IT         | Max      | 90000  |
| IT         | Randy    | 85000  |
| IT         | Joe      | 70000  |
| Sales      | Henry    | 80000  |
| Sales      | Sam      | 60000  |
+------------+----------+--------+

此外,请考虑实现各部门前N高工资的员工功能。

# 创建表 Employee 
	mysql> CREATE TABLE IF Not Exists Employee (
	    -> Id INT NOT NULL,
	    -> Name VARCHAR(50) NULL,
	    -> Salary INT NULL,
	    -> DepartmentId INT NOT NULL
	    -> );
	Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.03 sec)

# 插入数据
	mysql> TRUNCATE TABLE Employee;
	Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.42 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO  Employee (Id, Name, Salary, DepartmentId) VALUES ('1', 'Joe', '70000', '1');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO  Employee (Id, Name, Salary, DepartmentId) VALUES ('2', 'Henry', '80000', '2');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO  Employee (Id, Name, Salary, DepartmentId) VALUES ('3', 'Sam', '60000', '2');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO  Employee (Id, Name, Salary, DepartmentId) VALUES ('4', 'Max', '90000', '1');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO  Employee (Id, Name, Salary, DepartmentId) VALUESs ('5', 'Janet', '69000', '1');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO  Employee (Id, Name, Salary, DepartmentId) VALUES ('6', 'Randy', '85000', '1');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

# 创建表 Department 
	mysql> CREATE TABLE IF Not Exists Department (
	    -> Id INT NOT NULL
	    -> Name VARCHAR(50)
	    -> );
	Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.07 sec)

# 插入数据
	mysql> TRUNCATE TABLE Department;
	Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Department (Id, Name) VALUES ('1', 'IT');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
	
	mysql> INSERT INTO Department (Id, Name) VALUES ('2', 'Sales');
	Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

# 查询结果
	mysql> SELECT department.name AS department, e1.name AS employee, e1.salary AS
	 salary
	    -> FROM employee e1
	    -> JOIN department ON e1.departmentid = department.id
	    -> WHERE ( SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT e2.salary)
	    -> FROM employee e2
	    -> WHERE e2.salary > e1.salary AND e1.departmentid = e2.departmentid ) < 3
	    -> ORDER BY department.name, e1.salary DESC;
	+------------+----------+--------+
	| department | employee | salary |
	+------------+----------+--------+
	| IT         | Max      |  90000 |
	| IT         | Randy    |  85000 |
	| IT         | Joe      |  70000 |
	| Sales      | Henry    |  80000 |
	| Sales      | Sam      |  60000 |
	+------------+----------+--------+
	5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

项目十二 分数排名 - (难度:中等)

依然是昨天的分数表,实现排名功能,但是排名是非连续的,如下:

+-------+------+
| Score | Rank |
+-------+------+
| 4.00  | 1    |
| 4.00  | 1    |
| 3.85  | 3    |
| 3.65  | 4    |
| 3.65  | 4    |
| 3.50  | 6    |
+-------+------
# 查询结果
	mysql> SELECT Score, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM score AS s2 WHERE s2.Score > s1.Score)+1 AS 'Rank'
	    -> FROM score AS s1
	    -> ORDER BY Score DESC;
	+-------+------+
	| Score | Rank |
	+-------+------+
	| 4.000 |    1 |
	| 4.000 |    1 |
	| 3.850 |    3 |
	| 3.650 |    4 |
	| 3.650 |    4 |
	| 3.500 |    6 |
	+-------+------+
	6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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