NAME
cpio - copy files to and from archives
SYNOPSIS
Copy-out mode
In copy-out mode, cpio copies files into an archive. It reads a list
of filenames, one per line, on the standard input, and writes the
archive onto the standard output. A typical way to generate the list
of filenames is with the find command; you should give find the -depth
option to minimize problems with permissions on directories that are
unreadable. see “Options”.
cpio {-o|--create} [-0acvABLV] [-C bytes] [-H format] [-M message] [-O
[[user@]host:]archive] [-F [[user@]host:]archive]
[--file=[[user@]host:]archive] [--format=format] [--message=mes-
sage][--null] [--reset-access-time] [--verbose] [--dot] [--append]
[--block-size=blocks] [--dereference] [--io-size=bytes] [--rsh-com-
mand=command] [--help] [--version] < name-list [> archive]
Copy-in mode
In copy-in mode, cpio copies files out of an archive or lists the
archive contents. It reads the archive from the standard input. Any
non-option command line arguments are shell globbing patterns; only
files in the archive whose names match one or more of those patterns
are copied from the archive. Unlike in the shell, an initial ‘.’ in a
filename does match a wildcard at the start of a pattern, and a ‘/’ in
a filename can match wildcards. If no patterns are given, all files
are extracted. see “Options”.
cpio {-i|--extract} [-bcdfmnrtsuvBSV] [-C bytes] [-E file] [-H format]
[-M message] [-R [user][:.][group]] [-I [[user@]host:]archive] [-F
[[user@]host:]archive] [--file=[[user@]host:]archive] [--make-directo-
ries] [--nonmatching] [--preserve-modification-time] [--numeric-uid-
gid] [--rename] [-t|--list] [--swap-bytes] [--swap] [--dot] [--uncondi-
tional] [--verbose] [--block-size=blocks] [--swap-halfwords] [--io-
size=bytes] [--pattern-file=file] [--format=format]
[--owner=[user][:.][group]] [--no-preserve-owner] [--message=message]
[--force-local] [--no-absolute-filenames] [--absolute-filenames]
[--sparse] [--only-verify-crc] [--to-stdout] [--quiet] [--rsh-com-
mand=command] [--help] [--version] [pattern...] [< archive]
Copy-pass mode
In copy-pass mode, cpio copies files from one directory tree to
another, combining the copy-out and copy-in steps without actually
using an archive. It reads the list of files to copy from the standard
input; the directory into which it will copy them is given as a non-
option argument. see “Options”.
cpio {-p|--pass-through} [-0adlmuvLV] [-R [user][:.][group]] [--null]
[--reset-access-time] [--make-directories] [--link] [--quiet] [--pre-
serve-modification-time] [--unconditional] [--verbose] [--dot]
[--dereference] [--owner=[user][:.][group]] [--no-preserve-owner]
[--sparse] [--help] [--version] destination-directory < name-list
DESCRIPTION
GNU cpio is a tool for creating and extracting archives, or copying
files from one place to another. It handles a number of cpio formats
as well as reading and writing tar files.
Following archive formats are supported: binary, old ASCII, new ASCII,
crc, HPUX binary, HPUX old ASCII, old tar, and POSIX.1 tar. The tar
format is provided for compatibility with the tar program. By default,
cpio creates binary format archives, for compatibility with older cpio
programs. When extracting from archives, cpio automatically recognizes
which kind of archive it is reading and can read archives created on
machines with a different byte-order.
OPTIONS
‘-0, --null’
Read a list of filenames terminated by a null character, instead
of a newline, so that files whose names contain newlines can be
archived. GNU find is one way to produce a list of null-termi-
nated filenames. This option may be used in copy-out and copy-
pass modes.
‘-a, --reset-access-time’
Reset the access times of files after reading them, so that it
does not look like they have just been read.
‘-A, --append’
Append to an existing archive. Only works in copy-out mode.
The archive must be a disk file specified with the -O or -F
(-file) option.
‘-b, --swap’
Swap both halfwords of words and bytes of halfwords in the data.
Equivalent to -sS. This option may be used in copy-in mode.
Use this option to convert 32-bit integers between big-endian
and little-endian machines.
‘-B’ Set the I/O block size to 5120 bytes. Initially the block size
is 512 bytes.
‘--block-size=BLOCK-SIZE’
Set the I/O block size to BLOCK-SIZE * 512 bytes.
‘-c’ Identical to “-H newc”, use the new (SVR4) portable format. If
you wish the old portable (ASCII) archive format, use “-H odc”
instead.
‘-C IO-SIZE, --io-size=IO-SIZE’
Set the I/O block size to IO-SIZE bytes.
‘-d, --make-directories’
Create leading directories where needed.
‘-E FILE, --pattern-file=FILE’
Read additional patterns specifying filenames to extract or list
from FILE. The lines of FILE are treated as if they had been
non-option arguments to cpio. This option is used in copy-in
mode,
‘-f, --nonmatching’
Only copy files that do not match any of the given patterns.
‘-F, --file=archive’
Archive filename to use instead of standard input or output. To
use a tape drive on another machine as the archive, use a file-
name that starts with ‘HOSTNAME:’. The hostname can be preceded
by a username and an ‘@’ to access the remote tape drive as that
user, if you have permission to do so (typically an entry in
that user’s ‘~/.rhosts’ file).
‘--force-local’
With -F, -I, or -O, take the archive file name to be a local
file even if it contains a colon, which would ordinarily indi-
cate a remote host name.
‘-H FORMAT, --format=FORMAT’
Use archive format FORMAT. The valid formats are listed below;
the same names are also recognized in all-caps. The default in
copy-in mode is to automatically detect the archive format, and
in copy-out mode is ‘bin’.
‘bin’ The obsolete binary format.
‘odc’ The old (POSIX.1) portable format.
‘newc’ The new (SVR4) portable format, which supports file systems hav-
ing more than 65536 i-nodes.
‘crc’ The new (SVR4) portable format with a checksum added.
‘tar’ The old tar format.
‘ustar’
The POSIX.1 tar format. Also recognizes GNU tar archives, which
are similar but not identical.
‘hpbin’
The obsolete binary format used by HPUX’s cpio (which stores
device files differently).
‘hpodc’
The portable format used by HPUX’s cpio (which stores device
files differently).
‘-i, --extract’
Run in copy-in mode. see “Copy-in mode”.
‘-I archive’
Archive filename to use instead of standard input. To use a
tape drive on another machine as the archive, use a filename
that starts with ‘HOSTNAME:’. The hostname can be preceded by a
username and an ‘@’ to access the remote tape drive as that
user, if you have permission to do so (typically an entry in
that user’s ‘~/.rhosts’ file).
‘-k’ Ignored; for compatibility with other versions of cpio.
‘-l, --link’
Link files instead of copying them, when possible.
‘-L, --dereference’
Copy the file that a symbolic link points to, rather than the
symbolic link itself.
‘-m, --preserve-modification-time’
Retain previous file modification times when creating files.
‘-M MESSAGE, --message=MESSAGE’
Print MESSAGE when the end of a volume of the backup media (such
as a tape or a floppy disk) is reached, to prompt the user to
insert a new volume. If MESSAGE contains the string “%d”, it is
replaced by the current volume number (starting at 1).
‘-n, --numeric-uid-gid’
Show numeric UID and GID instead of translating them into names
when using the ‘--verbose option’.
‘--no-absolute-filenames’
Create all files relative to the current directory in copy-in
mode, even if they have an absolute file name in the archive.
‘--absolute-filenames’ (default)
Do not strip leading file name components that contain “..” and
leading slashes from file names in copy-in mode
‘--no-preserve-owner’
Do not change the ownership of the files; leave them owned by
the user extracting them. This is the default for non-root
users, so that users on System V don’t inadvertently give away
files. This option can be used in copy-in mode and copy-pass
mode
‘-o, --create’
Run in copy-out mode. see “Copy-out mode”.
‘-O archive’
Archive filename to use instead of standard output. To use a
tape drive on another machine as the archive, use a filename
that starts with ‘HOSTNAME:’. The hostname can be preceded by a
username and an ‘@’ to access the remote tape drive as that
user, if you have permission to do so (typically an entry in
that user’s ‘~/.rhosts’ file).
‘--only-verify-crc’
Verify the CRC’s of each file in the archive, when reading a CRC
format archive. Don’t actually extract the files.
‘-p, --pass-through’
Run in copy-pass mode. see “Copy-pass mode”.
‘--quiet’
Do not print the number of blocks copied.
‘-r, --rename’
Interactively rename files.
‘-R [user][:.][group], --owner [user][:.][group]’
Set the ownership of all files created to the specified user
and/or group in copy-out and copy-pass modes. Either the user,
the group, or both, must be present. If the group is omitted
but the “:” or “.” separator is given, use the given user’s
login group. Only the super-user can change files’ ownership.
‘--rsh-command=COMMAND’
Notifies cpio that is should use COMMAND to communicate with
remote devices.
‘-s, --swap-bytes’
Swap the bytes of each halfword (pair of bytes) in the
files.This option can be used in copy-in mode.
‘-S, --swap-halfwords’
Swap the halfwords of each word (4 bytes) in the files. This
option may be used in copy-in mode.
‘--sparse’
Write files with large blocks of zeros as sparse files. This
option is used in copy-in and copy-pass modes.
‘-t, --list’
Print a table of contents of the input.
‘--to-stdout’
Extract files to standard output. This option may be used in
copy-in mode.
‘-u, --unconditional’
Replace all files, without asking whether to replace existing
newer files with older files.
‘-v, --verbose’
List the files processed, or with ‘-t’, give an ‘ls -l’ style
table of contents listing. In a verbose table of contents of a
ustar archive, user and group names in the archive that do not
exist on the local system are replaced by the names that corre-
spond locally to the numeric UID and GID stored in the archive.
‘-V, --dot’
Print a ‘.’ for each file processed.
‘--version’
Print the cpio program version number and exit.
EXAMPLES
When creating an archive, cpio takes the list of files to be processed
from the standard input, and then sends the archive to the standard
output, or to the device defined by the ‘-F’ option. Usually find or
ls is used to provide this list to the standard input. In the follow-
ing example you can see the possibilities for archiving the contents of
a single directory.
% ls | cpio -ov > directory.cpio
The ‘-o’ option creates the archive, and the ‘-v’ option prints the
names of the files archived as they are added. Notice that the options
can be put together after a single ‘-’ or can be placed separately on
the command line. The ‘>’ redirects the cpio output to the file
‘directory.cpio’.
If you wanted to archive an entire directory tree, the find command can
provide the file list to cpio:
% find . -print -depth | cpio -ov > tree.cpio
This will take all the files in the current directory, the directories
below and place them in the archive tree.cpio. Again the ‘-o’ creates
an archive, and the ‘-v’ option shows you the name of the files as they
are archived. see “Copy-out mode”. Using the ‘.’ in the find state-
ment will give you more flexibility when doing restores, as it will
save file names with a relative path vice a hard wired, absolute path.
The ‘-depth’ option forces ‘find’ to print of the entries in a direc-
tory before printing the directory itself. This limits the effects of
restrictive directory permissions by printing the directory entries in
a directory before the directory name itself.
Extracting an archive requires a bit more thought because cpio will not
create directories by default. Another characteristic, is it will not
overwrite existing files unless you tell it to.
% cpio -iv < directory.cpio
This will retrieve the files archived in the file directory.cpio and
place them in the present directory. The ‘-i’ option extracts the
archive and the ‘-v’ shows the file names as they are extracted. If
you are dealing with an archived directory tree, you need to use the
‘-d’ option to create directories as necessary, something like:
% cpio -idv < tree.cpio
This will take the contents of the archive tree.cpio and extract it to
the current directory. If you try to extract the files on top of files
of the same name that already exist (and have the same or later modifi-
cation time) cpio will not extract the file unless told to do so by the
-u option. see “Copy-in mode”.
In copy-pass mode, cpio copies files from one directory tree to
another, combining the copy-out and copy-in steps without actually
using an archive. It reads the list of files to copy from the standard
input; the directory into which it will copy them is given as a non-
option argument. see “Copy-pass mode”.
% find . -depth -print0 | cpio --null -pvd new-dir
The example shows copying the files of the present directory, and sub-
directories to a new directory called new-dir. Some new options are
the ‘-print0’ available with GNU find, combined with the ‘--null’
option of cpio. These two options act together to send file names
between find and cpio, even if special characters are embedded in the
file names. Another is ‘-p’, which tells cpio to pass the files it
finds to the directory ‘new-dir’.
BUGS
The GNU folks, in general, abhor man pages, and create info documents
instead. The maintainer of cpio falls into this category. Thus this
man page may not be complete, nor current, and was included in the Red
Hat CVS tree because man is a great tool :).
REPORTING BUGS
Please report bugs via https://bugzilla.redhat.com.
SEE ALSO
The full documentation for cpio is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If
the info and cpio programs are properly installed at your site, the
command
info cpio
should give you access to the complete manual. The online copy of the
documentation is available at the following address:
http://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/manual
CPIO(1L)
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