pam_cracklib ? PAM module to check the password against dictionary words
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DESCRIPTION
This module can be plugged into the password stack of a given application to
provide some plug-in strength-checking for passwords.
The action of this module is to prompt the user for a password and check its
strength against a system dictionary and a set of rules for identifying poor
choices.
The first action is to prompt for a single password, check its strength and
then, if it is considered strong, prompt for the password a second time (to
verify that it was typed correctly on the first occasion). All being well, the
password is passed on to subsequent modules to be installed as the new
authentication token.
The strength checks works in the following manner: at first the Cracklib
routine is called to check if the password is part of a dictionary; if this is
not the case an additional set of strength checks is done. These checks are:
Palindrome
    Is the new password a palindrome?
Case Change Only
    Is the new password the the old one with only a change of case?
Similar
    Is the new password too much like the old one? This is primarily controlled
    by one argument, difok which is a number of characters that if different
    between the old and new are enough to accept the new password, this
    defaults to 10 or 1/2 the size of the new password whichever is smaller.
    To avoid the lockup associated with trying to change a long and complicated
    password, difignore is available. This argument can be used to specify the
    minimum length a new password needs to be before the difok value is
    ignored. The default value for difignore is 23.
Simple
    Is the new password too small? This is controlled by 5 arguments minlen,
    dcredit, ucredit, lcredit, and ocredit. See the section on the arguments
    for the details of how these work and there defaults.
Rotated  验证密码是否是翻转过来的（自己没有验证，也不知道翻译正确与否）
    Is the new password a rotated version of the old password?
Already used  验证当前要修改的密码以前是否使用过
    Was the password used in the past? Previously used passwords are to be
    found in /etc/security/opasswd.
Same consecutive characters
    Optional check for same consecutive characters.
Contains user name
    Optional check whether the password contains the user's name in some form.
This module with no arguments will work well for standard unix password
encryption. With md5 encryption, passwords can be longer than 8 characters and
the default settings for this module can make it hard for the user to choose a
satisfactory new password. Notably, the requirement that the new password
contain no more than 1/2 of the characters in the old password becomes a
non-trivial constraint. For example, an old password of the form "the quick
brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs" would be difficult to change... In
addition, the default action is to allow passwords as small as 5 characters in
length. For a md5 systems it can be a good idea to increase the required
minimum size of a password. One can then allow more credit for different kinds
of characters but accept that the new password may share most of these
characters with the old password.
OPTIONS
debug
    This option makes the module write information to syslog(3) indicating the
    behavior of the module (this option does not write password information to
    the log file).
type=XXX
这个其实修改的是：那个修改密码时出现的UNIX字符串的
    The default action is for the module to use the following prompts when
    requesting passwords: "New UNIX password: " and "Retype UNIX password: ".
    The default word UNIX can be replaced with this option.
retry=N 重试次数
    Prompt user at most N times before returning with error. The default is 1
difok=N  保留历史密码的个数，就是以前多少次之前使用过的密码不能再被使用
    This argument will change the default of 5 for the number of characters in
    the new password that must not be present in the old password. In addition,
    if 1/2 of the characters in the new password are different then the new
    password will be accepted anyway.
difignore=N 
    How many characters should the password have before difok will be ignored.
    The default is 23.
minlen=N  密码最短位数
    The minimum acceptable size for the new password (plus one if credits are
    not disabled which is the default). In addition to the number of characters
    in the new password, credit (of +1 in length) is given for each different
    kind of character (other, upper, lower and digit). The default for this
    parameter is 9 which is good for a old style UNIX password all of the same
    type of character but may be too low to exploit the added security of a md5
    system. Note that there is a pair of length limits in Cracklib itself, a
    "way too short" limit of 4 which is hard coded in and a defined limit (6)
    that will be checked without reference to minlen. If you want to allow
    passwords as short as 5 characters you should not use this module.
dcredit=N   密码中数字的个数
    (N >= 0) This is the maximum credit for having digits in the new password.
    If you have less than or N digits, each digit will count +1 towards meeting
    the current minlen value. The default for dcredit is 1 which is the
    recommended value for minlen less than 10.
    (N < 0) This is the minimum number of digits that must be met for a new
    password.
ucredit=N  密码中大写字母的个数
    (N >= 0) This is the maximum credit for having upper case letters in the
    new password. If you have less than or N upper case letters each letter
    will count +1 towards meeting the current minlen value. The default for
    ucredit is 1 which is the recommended value for minlen less than 10.
    (N < 0) This is the minimum number of upper case letters that must be met
    for a new password.
lcredit=N 密码中小写字母的个数
    (N >= 0) This is the maximum credit for having lower case letters in the
    new password. If you have less than or N lower case letters, each letter
    will count +1 towards meeting the current minlen value. The default for
    lcredit is 1 which is the recommended value for minlen less than 10.
    (N < 0) This is the minimum number of lower case letters that must be met
    for a new password.
ocredit=N  其他字符的个数，比如键盘上的标点符号、特殊符号等
    (N >= 0) This is the maximum credit for having other characters in the new
    password. If you have less than or N other characters, each character will
    count +1 towards meeting the current minlen value. The default for ocredit
    is 1 which is the recommended value for minlen less than 10.
    (N < 0) This is the minimum number of other characters that must be met for
    a new password.
minclass=N  密码中包含字符的种类个数 ，默认种类有四种，数字、小写字母、大写字母、其他字符。取值范围也是1-4
    The minimum number of required classes of characters for the new password.
    The default number is zero. The four classes are digits, upper and lower
    letters and other characters. The difference to the credit check is that a
    specific class if of characters is not required. Instead N out of four of
    the classes are required.
maxrepeat=N  密码中连续相同字符出现的个数
    Reject passwords which contain more than N same consecutive characters. The
    default is 0 which means that this check is disabled.
reject_username  验证密码中是否包含用户名
    Check whether the name of the user in straight or reversed form is
    contained in the new password. If it is found the new password is rejected.
use_authtok
    This argument is used to force the module to not prompt the user for a new
    password but use the one provided by the previously stacked password
    module.
dictpath=/path/to/dict    验证密码的字典文件路径参数
    Path to the cracklib dictionaries.
 
 
使用举例：
EXAMPLES
For an example of the use of this module, we show how it may be stacked with
the password component of pam_unix(8)
#
# These lines stack two password type modules. In this example the
# user is given 3 opportunities to enter a strong password. The
# "use_authtok" argument ensures that the pam_unix module does not
# prompt for a password, but instead uses the one provided by
# pam_cracklib.
#
passwd  password required       pam_cracklib.so retry=3
passwd  password required       pam_unix.so use_authtok

Another example (in the /etc/pam.d/passwd format) is for the case that you want
to use md5 password encryption:
#%PAM-1.0
#
# These lines allow a md5 systems to support passwords of at least 14
# bytes with extra credit of 2 for digits and 2 for others the new
# password must have at least three bytes that are not present in the
# old password
#
password  required pam_cracklib.so \
               difok=3 minlen=15 dcredit= 2 ocredit=2
password  required pam_unix.so use_authtok nullok md5

And here is another example in case you don't want to use credits:
#%PAM-1.0
#
# These lines require the user to select a password with a minimum
# length of 8 and with at least 1 digit number, 1 upper case letter,
# and 1 other character
#
password  required pam_cracklib.so \
               dcredit=-1 ucredit=-1 ocredit=-1 lcredit=0 minlen=8
password  required pam_unix.so use_authtok nullok md5

AUTHOR
pam_cracklib was written by Cristian Gafton < gafton@redhat.com>