8、重新审视尼日利亚的通货膨胀及其驱动因素:机器学习方法

重新审视尼日利亚的通货膨胀及其驱动因素:机器学习方法

1. 通货膨胀理论综述

理解通货膨胀的成因并非易事,因为通货膨胀本身也可能引发更多的通货膨胀。以下是一些关键的通货膨胀理论:
- 货币数量论 :由米尔顿·弗里德曼提出,该理论认为产品的总体价格水平与经济中的货币量直接相关。用公式表示为 MV = PT,其中 M 代表经济中的货币量,V 是货币流通速度,P 是平均价格水平,T 是商品交易总量。如果货币供应量翻倍,总体价格水平也会翻倍,从而导致通货膨胀。例如,消费者购买相同的商品或服务将支付双倍的价格。在尼日利亚,政府降低通货膨胀的举措主要采用货币主义方法。
- 凯恩斯需求拉动通货膨胀理论 :凯恩斯及其支持者认为,总需求的增长是拉动通货膨胀的需求因素。个人、企业和政府等经济主体的需求总和构成了总需求。当经济处于充分就业状态时,私人投资、私人消费和政府支出的增加导致总需求上升,进而引发通货膨胀。也就是说,通货膨胀缺口是由于充分就业时总需求价值超过总供给价值而造成的。
- 成本推动通货膨胀理论 :该理论认为,供给侧力量是通货膨胀的主要来源。生产成本的增加会导致通货膨胀,由于工资占总成本的大部分,成本推动型通货膨胀通常被认为主要是工资通货膨胀过程。例如,当经济接近充分就业且技能短缺问题加剧时,工会要求提高工资的诉求更容易实现。此外,石油、煤炭等基本投入品价格的上涨也会导致消费者价格上升,20世纪70年代的石油危机使许多国家经历了严重的成本推动型通货膨胀。
- 结构主义通货膨胀理论 :结构主义者认为,通货膨胀是由不均衡的经济体系引起的,他们

相关推荐

数字IC后端项目典型问题之后端实战项目问题记录

数字IC后端培训教程之数字后端实战项目问题debug及解决方案记录

weixin_37584728的博客 1715

Android各个版本存储权限适配

虽然 Android10 上面提出了外部存储分区的概念,不过之前的版本中,我们只要为应用添加了。1、AndroidManifest添加权限设置。3、拒绝权限时跳转详细设置页面。就可以像之前的方式一样访问手机的外部存储空间。2、请求所有文件管理权限。

sig321的专栏 1848

Xilinx系列学习(一) BRAM的使用,并用PL读取BRAM数据

Xilinx系列学习(一) BRAM的使用,并用PL读取BRAM数据一,Xilinx BRAM介绍二,BRAM对应的IP核调用和使用1,BRAM对应的IP核介绍2,BMG例化IP核的调用 一,Xilinx BRAM介绍 BRAM 就是Block Memory,是Zynq的PL端的存储RAM单元。可以利用BRAM,在PS和PL之间进行数据的交换。Zynq中还有一类存储器,称为分布式随机访问存储器(D...

weixin_43941525的博客 3万+

9、眼底图像智能分析:糖尿病视网膜病变的自动化识别与分级系统

本博客介绍了一种基于深度学习的糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)自动化识别与分级系统。该系统通过视网膜图像的预处理、数据增强、集成模型的构建与优化,实现了对DR的高效识别与分级。识别系统采用二分类任务,准确率达到97.67%,而分级系统通过四分类策略取得了95.2%的准确率。系统在基层社区和医院中具有广泛的应用前景,为DR的早期筛查和精准诊断提供了有效工具。

pea55的博客 146

PyTorch深度学习实战(29)——变分自编码器(Variational Autoencoder, VAE)

变分自编码器 (Variational Autoencoder, VAE) 是一种结合了自编码器和概率建模的生成模型,通过编码器将输入数据映射到潜在空间中的概率分布,并通过解码器将从潜在空间采样得到的潜在变量映射回原始数据空间,实现了数据的生成和特征学习。

盼小辉丶的博客 1万+

路径规划 | 图解RRT*算法(附ROS C++/Python/Matlab仿真)

RRT*算法针对传统RRT算法进行了渐进最优改进,在添加节点到搜索树的过程中进行重连选择。本文图解RRT*算法原理,并采用ROS C++、Python、Matlab三种语言实现算法,加深理解

FRIGIDWINTER的博客 9408

最大面积验证码通用解法

最大面积验证码、面积验证通用解法

九月镇灵将的博客 1044

国科大学习资料--机器人智能控制_袁如意老师PPT后习题答案(学长精心整理)

人工神经元激活函数的作用是什么? 答:激活函数是用来加入非线性因素的,提高神经网络对模型的表达能力,解决线性模型所不能解决的问题。 人工神经网络的学习规则有哪些?各有何特征? 答:大类可以分为无监督学习算法、有监督学习算法和强化学习。其中无监督学习算法指只有输入信息,没有期望的输出信息,如Hebb学习规则,神经元连接强度的变化与两个相互连接的神经元的激活水平成正比。竞争学习法则:网络各输出单元相互竞争,最后达到只有一个最强者激活。有监督学习算法指同时提供输入信息和对应的期望输出信息,如误差学习(Delta学

无名何许人的博客 1488

深度学习工具包 DeepLearningToolbox

深度学习工具包Deprecation notice.-----This toolbox is outdated and no longer maintained.There are much better tools available for deep learning than this toolbox, e.g. [Theano](http://deeplearning.net/software/theano/), [torch](http://torch.ch/) or [tensorflow](http://www.tensorflow.org/)I would suggest you use one of the tools mentioned above rather than use this toolbox.Best, Rasmus.DeepLearnToolbox================A Matlab toolbox for Deep Learning.Deep Learning is a new subfield of machine learning that focuses on learning deep hierarchical models of data.It is inspired by the human brain's apparent deep (layered, hierarchical) architecture.A good overview of the theory of Deep Learning theory is[Learning Deep Architectures for AI](http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~bengioy/papers/ftml_book.pdf)For a more informal introduction, see the following videos by Geoffrey Hinton and Andrew Ng.* [The Next Generation of Neural Networks](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyzOUbkUf3M) (Hinton, 2007)* [Recent Developments in Deep Learning](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdIURAu1-aU) (Hinton, 2010)* [Unsupervised Feature Learning and Deep Learning](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmNOAtZIgIk) (Ng, 2011)If you use this toolbox in your research please cite [Prediction as a candidate for learning deep hierarchical models of data](http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/pubdb/views/publication_details.php?id=6284)```@MASTERSTHESIS\{IMM2012-06284, author = "R. B. Palm", title = "Prediction as a candidate for learning deep hierarchical models of data", year = "2012",}```Contact: rasmusbergpalm at gmail dot comDirectories included in the toolbox-----------------------------------`NN/` - A library for Feedforward Backpropagation Neural Networks`CNN/` - A library for Convolutional Neural Networks`DBN/` - A library for Deep Belief Networks`SAE/` - A library for Stacked Auto-Encoders`CAE/` - A library for Convolutional Auto-Encoders`util/` - Utility functions used by the libraries`data/` - Data used by the examples`tests/` - unit tests to verify toolbox is workingFor references on each library check REFS.mdSetup-----1. Download.2. addpath(genpath('DeepLearnToolbox'));Example: Deep Belief Network---------------------```matlabfunction test_example_DBNload mnist_uint8;train_x = double(train_x) / 255;test_x = double(test_x) / 255;train_y = double(train_y);test_y = double(test_y);%% ex1 train a 100 hidden unit RBM and visualize its weightsrand('state',0)dbn.sizes = [100];opts.numepochs = 1;opts.batchsize = 100;opts.momentum = 0;opts.alpha = 1;dbn = dbnsetup(dbn, train_x, opts);dbn = dbntrain(dbn, train_x, opts);figure; visualize(dbn.rbm{1}.W'); % Visualize the RBM weights%% ex2 train a 100-100 hidden unit DBN and use its weights to initialize a NNrand('state',0)%train dbndbn.sizes = [100 100];opts.numepochs = 1;opts.batchsize = 100;opts.momentum = 0;opts.alpha = 1;dbn = dbnsetup(dbn, train_x, opts);dbn = dbntrain(dbn, train_x, opts);%unfold dbn to nnnn = dbnunfoldtonn(dbn, 10);nn.activation_function = 'sigm';%train nnopts.numepochs = 1;opts.batchsize = 100;nn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.10, 'Too big error');```Example: Stacked Auto-Encoders---------------------```matlabfunction test_example_SAEload mnist_uint8;train_x = double(train_x)/255;test_x = double(test_x)/255;train_y = double(train_y);test_y = double(test_y);%% ex1 train a 100 hidden unit SDAE and use it to initialize a FFNN% Setup and train a stacked denoising autoencoder (SDAE)rand('state',0)sae = saesetup([784 100]);sae.ae{1}.activation_function = 'sigm';sae.ae{1}.learningRate = 1;sae.ae{1}.inputZeroMaskedFraction = 0.5;opts.numepochs = 1;opts.batchsize = 100;sae = saetrain(sae, train_x, opts);visualize(sae.ae{1}.W{1}(:,2:end)')% Use the SDAE to initialize a FFNNnn = nnsetup([784 100 10]);nn.activation_function = 'sigm';nn.learningRate = 1;nn.W{1} = sae.ae{1}.W{1};% Train the FFNNopts.numepochs = 1;opts.batchsize = 100;nn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.16, 'Too big error');```Example: Convolutional Neural Nets---------------------```matlabfunction test_example_CNNload mnist_uint8;train_x = double(reshape(train_x',28,28,60000))/255;test_x = double(reshape(test_x',28,28,10000))/255;train_y = double(train_y');test_y = double(test_y');%% ex1 Train a 6c-2s-12c-2s Convolutional neural network %will run 1 epoch in about 200 second and get around 11% error. %With 100 epochs you'll get around 1.2% errorrand('state',0)cnn.layers = { struct('type', 'i') %input layer struct('type', 'c', 'outputmaps', 6, 'kernelsize', 5) %convolution layer struct('type', 's', 'scale', 2) %sub sampling layer struct('type', 'c', 'outputmaps', 12, 'kernelsize', 5) %convolution layer struct('type', 's', 'scale', 2) %subsampling layer};cnn = cnnsetup(cnn, train_x, train_y);opts.alpha = 1;opts.batchsize = 50;opts.numepochs = 1;cnn = cnntrain(cnn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = cnntest(cnn, test_x, test_y);%plot mean squared errorfigure; plot(cnn.rL);assert(er<0.12, 'Too big error');```Example: Neural Networks---------------------```matlabfunction test_example_NNload mnist_uint8;train_x = double(train_x) / 255;test_x = double(test_x) / 255;train_y = double(train_y);test_y = double(test_y);% normalize[train_x, mu, sigma] = zscore(train_x);test_x = normalize(test_x, mu, sigma);%% ex1 vanilla neural netrand('state',0)nn = nnsetup([784 100 10]);opts.numepochs = 1; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 100; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samples[nn, L] = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.08, 'Too big error');%% ex2 neural net with L2 weight decayrand('state',0)nn = nnsetup([784 100 10]);nn.weightPenaltyL2 = 1e-4; % L2 weight decayopts.numepochs = 1; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 100; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesnn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');%% ex3 neural net with dropoutrand('state',0)nn = nnsetup([784 100 10]);nn.dropoutFraction = 0.5; % Dropout fraction opts.numepochs = 1; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 100; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesnn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');%% ex4 neural net with sigmoid activation functionrand('state',0)nn = nnsetup([784 100 10]);nn.activation_function = 'sigm'; % Sigmoid activation functionnn.learningRate = 1; % Sigm require a lower learning rateopts.numepochs = 1; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 100; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesnn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');%% ex5 plotting functionalityrand('state',0)nn = nnsetup([784 20 10]);opts.numepochs = 5; % Number of full sweeps through datann.output = 'softmax'; % use softmax outputopts.batchsize = 1000; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesopts.plot = 1; % enable plottingnn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');%% ex6 neural net with sigmoid activation and plotting of validation and training error% split training data into training and validation datavx = train_x(1:10000,:);tx = train_x(10001:end,:);vy = train_y(1:10000,:);ty = train_y(10001:end,:);rand('state',0)nn = nnsetup([784 20 10]); nn.output = 'softmax'; % use softmax outputopts.numepochs = 5; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 1000; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesopts.plot = 1; % enable plottingnn = nntrain(nn, tx, ty, opts, vx, vy); % nntrain takes validation set as last two arguments (optionally)[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');```[![Bitdeli Badge](https://d2weczhvl823v0.cloudfront.net/rasmusbergpalm/deeplearntoolbox/trend.png)](https://bitdeli.com/free "Bitdeli Badge")

OV9734 DATASHEET,完整规格书

OV9734完整规格书,包括电气参数,尺寸规格,寄存器配置表等

最新的sdio 4.0 spec 协议标准 带书签 高清完整PDF版

Part-E1-SDIO-Specification-Ver4.00-Final-120220.pdf:最新的sdio 4.0 spec 协议标准 带书签 高清完整PDF版,包括SDIO 接口的外设,SDIO 接口官方协议等。

上一篇: 22、信息检索与聊天机器人开发实践
下一篇: 25、Kubernetes 服务:原理、类型与应用实践
vim8coder
博客等级 码龄1天 0粉丝 1693原创
评论
成就一亿技术人!
拼手气红包6.0元
还能输入1000个字符  | 博主筛选后可见
 
 条评论被折叠 查看
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

个

红包个数最小为10个

元

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43元 前往充值 >
需支付:10.00元
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付元
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值