Linux系统——软件安装

已于 2024-10-17 11:07:52 修改
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分类专栏： Linux系统管理 文章标签： linux 运维 服务器
于 2024-10-16 10:06:30 首次发布
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Linux系统——软件安装

一、软件安装包格式

1、Linux安装包格式

  • RHEL/CentOS
    xxxx.rpm

  • Debian/Ubuntu
    xxxx.deb

  • 源码安装包
    xxxx.tar.gz, xxxx.tar.bz2

2、软件安装包命名格式

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sr0  /mnt/ 
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only

[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/Packages/ 


wireshark-1.10.14-25.el7.x86_64.rpm
软件名-版本-系统版本.架构.rpm

二、软件操作

1、使用工具

  • rpm
  • yum

2、rpm工具

  • 安装软件
# rpm -ivh 软件安装包 

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/dhcp-4.2.5-82.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm 
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:dhcp-12:4.2.5-82.el7.centos      ################################# [100%]

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/wireshark-1.10.14-25.el7.x86_64.rpm 
error: Failed dependencies:   // 错误的依赖
	libcares.so.2()(64bit) is needed by wireshark-1.10.14-25.el7.x86_64
	libpcap.so.1()(64bit) is needed by wireshark-1.10.14-25.el7.x86_64
	libsmi.so.2()(64bit) is needed by wireshark-1.10.14-25.el7.x86_64
  • 查看软件是否安装
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q dhcp 
dhcp-4.2.5-82.el7.centos.x86_64

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q wireshark 
package wireshark is not installed

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa 

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep ssh
openssh-server-7.4p1-21.el7.x86_64
libssh2-1.8.0-4.el7.x86_64
openssh-clients-7.4p1-21.el7.x86_64
openssh-7.4p1-21.el7.x86_64
  • 查询文件由哪个软件生成
[root@localhost ~]# which ifconfig 
/usr/sbin/ifconfig

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qf /usr/sbin/ifconfig 
net-tools-2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7.x86_64
  • 查询软件生成的文件
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ql coreutils
  • 卸载软件
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q wireshark
wireshark-1.10.14-25.el7.x86_64

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e wireshark

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q wireshark
package wireshark is not installed

3、yum工具

优势：自动解决软件的依赖关系

前提条件：合适的yum源/仓库
yum源类型：本地源、FTP源、HTTP源(阿里、华为、网易、清华大学)

yum源存放位置: /etc/yum.repos.d/xxxxx.repo

3.1 替换国内的Base源

[root@localhost ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
--2024-10-17 10:52:30--  https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
Resolving mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)... 124.193.244.243, 124.193.244.240, 124.193.244.238, ...
Connecting to mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)|124.193.244.243|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 2523 (2.5K) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo’

100%[==============================================================>] 2,523       --.-K/s   in 0s      

2024-10-17 10:52:30 (303 MB/s) - ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo’ saved [2523/2523]
  • 安装软件
[root@localhost ~]# yum install httpd 

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q httpd
httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64
  • 卸载软件
[root@localhost ~]# yum remove httpd 

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q httpd
package httpd is not installed
  • 更新软件
[root@localhost ~]#  yum update 软件名称 

[root@localhost ~]# yum update httpd 
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
No packages marked for update
  • 搜索
[root@localhost ~]# yum provides vim 
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
2:vim-enhanced-7.4.629-7.el7.x86_64 : A version of the VIM editor which includes recent enhancements
Repo        : base
Matched from:
Provides    : vim = 7.4.629-7.el7

[root@localhost ~]# yum search ifconfig
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
========================================== Matched: ifconfig ===========================================
net-tools.x86_64 : Basic networking tools

3.2 编写yum源配置文件 (FTP源)

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql80.repo
[mysql80]
name=mysql80
baseurl=ftp://10.11.0.254/software/mysql8.0.12/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
  • 查看可用yum源
[root@localhost ~]# yum repolist 
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
mysql80                                                                          | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
mysql80/primary_db                                                               | 8.6 kB  00:00:00     
repo id                              repo name                                                    status
base/7/x86_64                        CentOS-7 - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com                         10,072
extras/7/x86_64                      CentOS-7 - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com                          526
mysql80                              mysql80                                                           6
updates/7/x86_64                     CentOS-7 - Updates - mirrors.aliyun.com                       6,173
repolist: 16,777

[root@localhost ~]# yum install mysql-community-server 

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep mysql 
mysql-community-common-8.0.12-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-client-8.0.12-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-libs-compat-8.0.12-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-libs-8.0.12-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-server-8.0.12-1.el7.x86_64

3.3 HTTP源的使用

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/openstack.repo
[openstack]
name=openstack
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.9.2009/cloud/x86_64/openstack-stein/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0

[root@localhost ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
openstack                                                                        | 3.0 kB  00:00:00     
openstack/primary_db                                                             | 1.1 MB  00:00:00     
repo id                              repo name                                                    status
base/7/x86_64                        CentOS-7 - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com                         10,072
extras/7/x86_64                      CentOS-7 - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com                          526
mysql80                              mysql80                                                           6
openstack                            openstack                                                     2,737
updates/7/x86_64                     CentOS-7 - Updates - mirrors.aliyun.com                       6,173
repolist: 19,514

[root@localhost ~]# yum install openstack-keystone

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q openstack-keystone
openstack-keystone-15.0.1-1.el7.noarch

epel源的使用

[root@localhost ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
--2024-10-17 14:24:05--  https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
Resolving mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)... 124.193.244.241, 124.193.244.242, 124.193.244.243, ...
Connecting to mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)|124.193.244.241|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 664 [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo’

100%[==============================================================>] 664         --.-K/s   in 0s      

2024-10-17 14:24:05 (275 MB/s) - ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo’ saved [664/664]


[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q ntfs-3g
ntfs-3g-2022.10.3-1.el7.x86_64

4、yum缓存

  • 开启yum缓存
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/yum.conf

[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
keepcache=1
  • 获取缓存的安装包
[root@localhost ~]# yum install openstack-glance 

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /glance

[root@localhost ~]# find /var/cache/yum/ -name "*.rpm" -exec cp {} /glance/ \;
  • 编写本地源
[root@localhost ~]# createrepo /glance/ 
Spawning worker 0 with 42 pkgs
Spawning worker 1 with 41 pkgs
Spawning worker 2 with 41 pkgs
Spawning worker 3 with 41 pkgs
Workers Finished
Saving Primary metadata
Saving file lists metadata
Saving other metadata
Generating sqlite DBs
Sqlite DBs complete

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/glance.repo 
[glance]
name=glance
baseurl=file:///glance
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0

[root@localhost ~]# yum install openstack-glance

三、源码软件的安装

灵活性高，支持自定义安装路径、功能参数

1、安装流程

1、下载软件安装包 (.tar.gz, .tar.bz2)
2、解压缩
3、切换软件的解压目录
4、配置软件安装路径、功能参数
5、编译， 将代码转换成计算机可执行的文件
6、安装，生成软件相关的文件

2、安装htop软件

htop: 性能监控工具，类似任务管理器

  • 下载htop安装包
[root@localhost ~]# lftp 10.11.0.254
lftp 10.11.0.254:~> ls
drwxr-x---    2 1007     1007           31 Aug 15  2023 myscore
drwxr-xr-x    6 0        0              80 Jul 14 01:23 robin
drwxr-xr-x   35 1000     1000         4096 Sep 29 08:34 software
drwxr-xr-x   10 1000     1000         4096 Sep 28 09:01 upload

lftp 10.11.0.254:/> cd software/htop/
lftp 10.11.0.254:/software/htop> ls
-rw-rw-r--    1 1000     1000       308109 Apr 10  2018 htop-2.2.0.tar.gz
lftp 10.11.0.254:/software/htop> 
lftp 10.11.0.254:/software/htop> get htop-2.2.0.tar.gz 
308109 bytes transferred                            
lftp 10.11.0.254:/software/htop> exit
  • 解压缩
[root@localhost ~]# tar xf htop-2.2.0.tar.gz
  • 配置软件安装目录
[root@localhost ~]# cd htop-2.2.0/
[root@localhost htop-2.2.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/htop
  • 编译
[root@localhost htop-2.2.0]# make
  • 安装
[root@localhost htop-2.2.0]# make install
  • 验证软件的运行
[root@localhost ~]# /usr/local/htop/bin/htop

3、系统环境变量PATH

  • 作用
    保存命令路径，系统在执行命令时，会在PATH的路径下查找命令，如果能找到会成功执行，否则提示命令未找到

  • 查看PATH变量的值

[root@localhost ~]# echo $PATH 
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin:/usr/local/htop/bin
  • 修改PATH的值，添加新的路径
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/profile
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/htop/bin
[root@localhost ~]# 
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile
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