innobackupex mysql备份及恢复（全量和增量）

环境：

Ubuntu 12.04.5 LTS
mysql 5.5.47
备份路径 /backup/

安装

 apt-get install percona-xtrabackup

一、 全量备份

root@iZu1dc59z8tZ:/var/lib# innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --user=root --password=123123 /backup/           

InnoDB Backup Utility v1.5.1-xtrabackup; Copyright 2003, 2009 Innobase Oy
and Percona LLC and/or its affiliates 2009-2013.  All Rights Reserved.

This software is published under
the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991.

Get the latest version of Percona XtraBackup, documentation, and help resources:
http://www.percona.com/xb/ubuntu

160217 11:17:53  innobackupex: Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup' as 'root'  (using password: YES).
160217 11:17:53  innobackupex: Connected to MySQL server
160217 11:17:53  innobackupex: Executing a version check against the server...
160217 11:17:53  innobackupex: Done.
IMPORTANT: Please check that the backup run completes successfully.
           At the end of a successful backup run innobackupex
           prints "completed OK!".

innobackupex: Using mysql server version 5.5.47-0ubuntu0.14.04.1

innobackupex: Created backup directory /backup/2016-02-17_11-17-53

160217 11:17:53  innobackupex: Starting ibbackup with command: xtrabackup_55  --defaults-file="/etc/mysql/my.cnf"  --defaults-group="mysqld" --backup --suspend-at-end --target-dir=/backup/2016-02-17_11-17-53 --tmpdir=/tmp
innobackupex: Waiting for ibbackup (pid=30486) to suspend
innobackupex: Suspend file '/backup/2016-02-17_11-17-53/xtrabackup_suspended_2'

xtrabackup_55 version 2.1.8 for Percona Server 5.5.35 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: undefined)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
>> log scanned up to (3233814)
[01] Copying ./ibdata1 to /backup/2016-02-17_11-17-53/ibdata1
[01]        ...done
>> log scanned up to (3233814)
xtrabackup: Creating suspend file '/backup/2016-02-17_11-17-53/xtrabackup_suspended_2' with pid '30487'

160217 11:17:55  innobackupex: Continuing after ibbackup has suspended
160217 11:17:55  innobackupex: Starting to lock all tables...
160217 11:17:55  innobackupex: All tables locked and flushed to disk

160217 11:17:55  innobackupex: Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
innobackupex: in subdirectories of '/var/lib/mysql'
innobackupex: Backing up files '/var/lib/mysql/phpmyadmin/*.{frm,isl,MYD,MYI,MAD,MAI,MRG,TRG,TRN,ARM,ARZ,CSM,CSV,opt,par}' (37 files)
>> log scanned up to (3233814)
innobackupex: Backing up files '/var/lib/mysql/mysql/*.{frm,isl,MYD,MYI,MAD,MAI,MRG,TRG,TRN,ARM,ARZ,CSM,CSV,opt,par}' (72 files)
innobackupex: Backing up files '/var/lib/mysql/performance_schema/*.{frm,isl,MYD,MYI,MAD,MAI,MRG,TRG,TRN,ARM,ARZ,CSM,CSV,opt,par}' (18 files)
innobackupex: Backing up files '/var/lib/mysql/blog/*.{frm,isl,MYD,MYI,MAD,MAI,MRG,TRG,TRN,ARM,ARZ,CSM,CSV,opt,par}' (29 files)
160217 11:17:56  innobackupex: Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files

160217 11:17:56  innobackupex: Waiting for log copying to finish

xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '3233814'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.>> log scanned up to (3233814)

xtrabackup: Creating suspend file '/backup/2016-02-17_11-17-53/xtrabackup_log_copied' with pid '30487'
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (3233814) to (3233814) was copied.
160217 11:17:57  innobackupex: All tables unlocked

innobackupex: Backup created in directory '/backup/2016-02-17_11-17-53'
160217 11:17:57  innobackupex: Connection to database server closed
160217 11:17:57  innobackupex: completed OK!

completed OK! 表示备份成功。

还有很多其他常用的参数。
–stream=tar 压缩类型, 默认是输出到终端,如果保存为文件

innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --user=root --password=*** /backup/ --stream=tar > /backup/`date +"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S"`.tar
#or gzip 压缩
innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --user=root --password=*** /backup/ --stream=tar  | gzip > /backup/`date +"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S"`.tar.gz

–parallel=4 –throttle=400 并行个数，根据主机配置选择合适的，默认是1个，多个可以加快备份速度。

二、 全量恢复

恢复备份文件要保证MySQL datadir文件为空，否则会报错

测试恢复

service mysql stop #停止MySQL
mv /var/lib/mysql/ /var/lib/mysql_bak #备份原mysql 的datadir
mkdir /var/lib/mysql

恢复第一步：应用日志

如果加了压缩，需要解压

mkdir /backup/20160217_114521
tar -ixvf /backup/20160217_114521.tar.gz -C /backup/20160217_114521

innobackupex  --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --apply-log /backup/20160217_114521

恢复第二步：拷贝文件到MySQL datadir

innobackupex  --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf  --copy-back /backup/20160217_114521

恢复第三步：修改文件权限,启动mysql服务。

chown mysql: /var/lib/mysql -R
service mysql start

三、 增量备份

增量备份需要基于全备，先假设我们已经有了一个全备（/backup/20160217_114521），在该全表的基础上做增量备份。
第一次在数据库插入一条数据,在全备上做增量备份

innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --user=root --password=123123   --incremental-basedir=/backup/20160217_114521 --incremental /backup/

incremental-basedir=全备的目录
–incremental=增量备份的目录

第二次在数据库插入一条数据,在第一次增量备份上做增量备份

innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --user=root --password=123123   --incremental-basedir=/backup/2016-02-17_12-15-30 --incremental /backup/

incremental-basedir=在第一次增量备份的目录
--incremental=增量备份的目录

备份目录下，有一个文件xtrabackup_checkpoints记录着备份信息，全备的信息如下：

root@iZu1dc59z8tZ:/backup# cat 20160217_114521/xtrabackup_checkpoints 
backup_type = full-prepared
from_lsn = 0
to_lsn = 3233814
last_lsn = 3233814
compact = 0
root@iZu1dc59z8tZ:/backup# cat 2016-02-17_12-15-30/xtrabackup_checkpoints                
backup_type = incremental
from_lsn = 3233814
to_lsn = 3234430
last_lsn = 3234430
compact = 0
root@iZu1dc59z8tZ:/backup# cat 2016-02-17_12-1/xtrabackup_checkpoints     
2016-02-17_12-15-30/ 2016-02-17_12-17-31/ 
root@iZu1dc59z8tZ:/backup# cat 2016-02-17_12-17-31/xtrabackup_checkpoints 
backup_type = incremental
from_lsn = 3234430
to_lsn = 3234537
last_lsn = 3234537
compact = 0

从上面可以看出，增量备份的from_lsn正好等于全备的to_lsn。

四、 增量恢复

//测试恢复
service mysql stop #停止MySQL
mv /var/lib/mysql/ /var/lib/mysql_bak #备份原mysql 的datadir
mkdir /var/lib/mysql

恢复第一步：应用所有增量日志

1，应用全量的日志

innobackupex  --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --apply-log --redo-only /backup/20160217_114521

2，应用增量的日志

//第一次增量
innobackupex  --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --apply-log --redo-only /backup/20160217_114521 --incremental-dir=/backup/2016-02-17_12-15-30/ 

……

//最后一次增量
innobackupex  --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf --apply-log  /backup/20160217_114521 --incremental-dir=/backup/2016-02-17_12-17-31/

恢复第二步：拷贝文件到MySQL datadir

innobackupex  --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/my.cnf  --copy-back /backup/20160217_114521

恢复第三步：修改文件权限,启动mysql服务。

chown mysql: /var/lib/mysql -R
service mysql start