sql多表查询

一、介绍

首先先准备表

员工表和部门表

#建表
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20) 
);

create table employee1(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int
);

#插入数据
insert into department values
(200,'技术'),
(201,'人力资源'),
(202,'销售'),
(203,'运营');

insert into employee1(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('egon','male',18,200),
('alex','female',48,201),
('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
('yuanhao','female',28,202),
('liwenzhou','male',18,200),
('jingliyang','female',18,204)
;

查看表：

二、多表连接查询

1.交叉连接：不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积、

select * from employee1 ,department;

2.内连接：找两张表共有的部分，相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果。（只连接匹配的行）

#找两张表共有的部分，相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果
#department没有204这个部门，因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
select * from employee1,department where employee1.dep_id=department.id;

#上面用where表示的可以用下面的内连接表示，建议使用下面的那种方法
select * from employee1 inner join department on employee1.dep_id=department.id;

#也可以这样表示哈

select employee1.id,employee1.name,employee1.age,employee1.sex,department.name from 
employee1,department where employee1.dep_id=department.id;

 

注意：内连接的join可以忽略不写，但是还是加上看起来清楚点

3.左连接：优先显示左表全部记录。

#左链接：在按照on的条件取到两张表共同部分的基础上，保留左表的记录
select * from employee1 left join department on department.id=employee1.dep_id;
select * from department left join  employee1 on department.id=employee1.dep_id;

 

4.右链接：优先显示右表全部记录。

#右链接：在按照on的条件取到两张表共同部分的基础上，保留右表的记录
select * from employee1 right join department on department.id=employee1.dep_id;

select * from department right join employee1 on department.id=employee1.dep_id;

5.全外连接：显示左右两个表的全部记录。

注意：mysql不支持全外连接 full join
强调：mysql可以使用union间接实现全外连接

select * from employee1 left join department on department.id=employee1.dep_id
union
select * from employee1 right join department on department.id=employee1.dep_id; 

三、符合条件连接查询

示例1：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,
即找出公司所有部门中年龄大于25岁的员工

select * from employee1 inner join department on employee1.dep_id=department.id 

and age>25;

 

示例2：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且以age字段的升序方式显示

select * from employee1 inner join department on employee1.dep_id=department.id 
=

and age>25 and age>25 order by age asc;

四、子查询

#1：子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
#2：内层查询语句的查询结果，可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
#3：子查询中可以包含：IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
#4：还可以包含比较运算符：= 、 !=、> 、<等

小练习

#查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
select name from department where id in (
select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25
);
#查看技术部员工姓名
select name from employee where dep_id = (select id from department where name='技术');

#查看小于2人的部门名
select name from department where id in (
select dep_id from employee1 group by dep_id having count(id) < 2
)
union
select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee1);

#提取空部门                              #有人的部门
select * from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee1);


或者：
select name from department where id in
(
select dep_id from employee1 group by dep_id having count(id) < 2
union
select id from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee1);
);

五、综合练习

一、SELECT语句关键字的定义顺序

1 SELECT DISTINCT <select_list>
2 FROM <left_table>
3 <join_type> JOIN <right_table>
4 ON <join_condition>
5 WHERE <where_condition>
6 GROUP BY <group_by_list>
7 HAVING <having_condition>
8 ORDER BY <order_by_condition>
9 LIMIT <limit_number>

SELECT语句关键字的定义顺序